手术安全核查实施的方法与效果

目的探讨提高麻醉医生、手术医生、巡回护士三方手术安全核查执行率的方法与效果。方法医院管理部门对手术安全核查内容及流程进行规范,实施院科两级培训方法,手术室进行视频滚动播放具体操作方法。于麻醉实施前、手术开始前、患者离开手术室前分别由麻醉医生、手术医生、巡回护士主持核查。并实施三级质量控制,由医务处和护理部、总护士长、护士长三级进行质量控制。结果麻醉医生、手术医生、巡回护士三方手术安全核查执行率提高(P0.01)。结论持续质量改进可以提高手术安全核查执行率,保证患者手术安全。     

小儿显微镜下颅内肿瘤摘除术的手术配合护理

目的探究小儿显微镜下颅内肿瘤摘除术的手术配合护理措施。方法选取2015年4月～2017年12月本院收治的100例颅内肿瘤摘除术患儿作为研究对象。使用计算机抽取随机数字法将100例患儿分为观察组和对照组,每组各50例。观察组应用核查标识及time out程序干预,对照组应用常规护理。比较两组患儿的手术安全核查执行率、住院时间及患儿家属的满意度评分。结果观察组手术开始前安全核查执行率(100.00%)、患儿离开手术室前安全核查执行率(100.00%)高于对照组(88.00%、72.00%)(P0.05);观察组患儿住院时间[(10.36±2.32)d]少于对照组[(18.24±2.45)d];且观察组患儿家属的满意度评分[(88.24±4.61)分]高于对照组[(79.34±3.35)分](P0.05)。结论对显微镜下颅内肿瘤摘除术患儿采取核查标识及time out程序干预的效果更优,能显著提高安全核查执行率,提高患儿家属的满意度。     

品管圈活动在手术室护理工作中的应用效果分析

目的探讨品管圈活动在手术室护理工作中的应用效果。方法选取2013年1月~2014年12月该院收治的245例进行外科手术的患者进行回顾性分析,根据治疗时间安排患者分组,2013年1~12月进行外科手术的124例患者列入对照组,2014年1~12月进行外科手术的121例患者列入观察组,观察组121例患者是我院在实施品管圈活动后进行治疗。比对两组患者护理中发生差错情况、手术安全核查执行情况、术中正确使用体位垫摆放体位发生皮肤受损情况,患者对围术期优质护理工作的满意度情况以及品管圈活动开展前后护理人员的护理能力。结果观察组患者护理中发生差错情况的概率为3.31%、术中正确使用体位垫摆放体位发生皮肤受损情况概率为4.96%低于对照组患者的6.45%和12.90%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者手术安全核查执行情况概率为95.04%,明显高于对照组患者的78.23%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者对围术期优质护理工作的满意度为96.69%,高于对照组患者的83.06%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);品管圈活动开展后,护理人员各方面的护理能力均突出升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论手术室护理工作中开展品管圈活动,能够明显提高和改善手术室护理工作的质量,提高患者对围术期优质护理工作的满意度,促进护理人员工作能力的提高,对于发展护理事业具有积极的意义,值得应用推广。     

品管圈活动在骨科患者手术安全核查执行率中的应用

目的通过品管圈活动来降低骨科手术风险率,提高骨科手术患者的手术安全核查制度的正确执行率。方法开展品管圈活动,找出有效差错发生的原因,采取各种对策,降低骨科手术患者的病房手术安全核查制度的错误执行率。结果通过品管圈活动能有效降低骨科手术患者的病房手术安全核查制度的错误执行率,从43%降至活动后15.38%,活动前后差错发生率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论开展品管圈活动能有效调动护士的工作积极性及主观能动性,增强护士发现问题和解决问题的能力。通过运用PDCA循环能不断提高护理质量,保障护理安全。     

手术安全核查制度在手术不同阶段的应用效果

[目的]探讨手术安全核查制度在手术不同阶段的应用效果。[方法]对照组核查由巡回护士负责主持,核查资料由手术室保存,未实施严格的手术安全核查制度;实验组核查由麻醉医生主持,核查资料纳入病案保存,采取了严格的手术安全核查制度,比较两组在手术不同阶段安全核查的依从性。[结果]两组手术医生、麻醉医生在麻醉实施前、手术开始前及病人离开手术室前安全核查的依从性比较,实验组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组手术护士在麻醉实施前、手术开始前安全核查的依从性比较,实验组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]将手术安全核查表制度作为核心制度来落实,可提高手术人员安全核查的依从性。     

手术安全核查制度在手术不同阶段的应用效果

[目的]探讨手术安全核查制度在手术不同阶段的应用效果.[方法]对照组核查由巡回护士负责主持,核查资料由手术室保存,未实施严格的手术安全核查制度;实验组核查由麻醉医生主持,核查资料纳入病案保存,采取了严格的手术安全核查制度,比较两组在手术不同阶段安全核查的依从性.[结果]两组手术医生、麻醉医生在麻醉实施前、手术开始前及病人离开手术室前安全核查的依从性比较,实验组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组手术护士在麻醉实施前、手术开始前安全核查的依从性比较,实验组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]将手术安全核查表制度作为核心制度来落实,可提高手术人员安全核查的依从性.     

三方协同干预模式在手术室安全管理中的应用研究

目的分析三方协同干预模式在手术室安全管理中的应用效果。方法为加强手术室安全管理,手术室于2015年1月-2015年12月实施手术室安全核查模式下三方协同干预模式,选择实施前后各58例择期手术患者作为研究对象,比较实施前后手术安全核查执行情况、不合格情况、差错率。结果实施后,麻醉实施前、手术开展前、患者离开手术室前安全核查执行率均明显高于实施前(94.83%vs 75.86%,93.10%vs 77.59%,94.83%vs 74.14%)(χ~2=8.340,5.583,9.469,P0.05);安全核查流程不正确等不合格率8.62%明显低于实施前29.31%(χ~2=8.077,P0.05);患者身份识别错误等差错发生率1.72%明显低于实施前12.07%(χ~2=4.833,P0.05)。结论三方协同干预模式有助于提高手术安全核查执行效率,保障手术安全。     

手术室岗位管理对护理质量和满意度的影响

目的探究手术室岗位管理对护理质量和满意度的影响。方法选取2013年1月~2013年12月期间本院收治的200例进行手术治疗的患者为对照组,选取2014年1月~2014年12月期间本院收治的200例进行手术治疗的患者为观察组,观察组治疗期间医护人员实施手术室岗位管理。比较两组对手术室护理质量的评分、对手术室护理的满意度、医生和护士对手术室岗位的满意度。结果观察组对手术用物正确率、贵重仪器设备完好率、执行手术患者核查流程正确率、手术体位摆放合格率、服务态度的质量评分每项均高于95.0分,显著高于对照组,观察组对术前访视讲解、各项指导工作、护士服务态度、入室护士接待、服务持续性的满意度每项均高于90.0%,显著高于对照组,观察组的医生对物品准备、体位摆放、无菌操作、接待患者、在位率的满意率均超过95.0%,对照组的医生满意度超过60.0%,显著低于观察组,观察组的护士对绩效分配、接班模式的满意率均高于95.0%,对照组高于50.0%,显著低于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用手术室岗位管理能够显著提高护理质量,提高医生、护士对手术室岗位的满意度,提高患者对护理质量的满意度,可以进一步推广和使用。     

手术麻醉信息管理系统中风险预警的构建及应用

目的 探讨手术室护理信息管理系统中风险预警的构建以及其对手术室护理安全的重要影响。方法 构建手术室护理信息管理系统中的手术患者安全核查、手术器械追溯、手术耗材管理和收费、术中输血和用药管理、病理标本管理、术中压力性损伤防护等6个风险预警提示模块,并评估其在手术室护理安全管理中的作用。结果 患者安全核查执行率、器械追溯执行率、标本信息准确率、手术压力性损伤上报率、医护人员和患者满意度明显上升;过期物品使用率、手术收费漏费和差错率、手术压力性损伤发生率明显降低。结论 手术室护理信息管理系统中的各种风险预警提示,可强化手术室护士的风险意识,提高其风险识别和管理能力,实现手术全程安全监管和无缝对接,保障手术患者的医疗安全。     

手术室管理中品管圈的运用探讨

目的：探讨品管圈在手术室管理中的应用效果。方法：选取2014年11月—2015年11月期间,在我院接受手术治疗的患者110例,随机分为对照组与观察组,各55例,对照组患者采用常规手术室管理,观察组患者采用品管圈管理,观察两组患者的管理质量以及患者和手术室工作人员的满意程度。结果：管理后,观察组患者的管理质量以及患者与手术室工作人员的满意度均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：品管圈应用于手术室管理中可有效降低不良手术事件的发生率,提高患者与工作人员的满意程度,改善手术室管理的质量,值得在临床上推广和应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.