经桡动脉介入时桡动脉痉挛的危险因素研究

目的观察经桡动脉介入时,引起桡动脉痉挛的危险因素及临床预后,尤其是与桡动脉闭塞的关系。方法选择择期行经桡动脉冠状动脉造影或介入治疗的患者1427例。术前行双侧桡动脉超声检查。术后1个月随访患者预后情况。根据患者是否发生桡动脉痉挛分为桡动脉痉挛组(112例)和非桡动脉痉挛组(1315例),比较2组术前、术中和术后的差异。结果 112例(7.8%)患者发生桡动脉痉挛。logistic回归分析显示,桡动脉痉挛的独立预测因素为女性、桡动脉直径、糖尿病、反复穿刺和桡动脉变异。术后1个月有1361例患者完成了随访(失访率4.6%),较多桡动脉痉挛患者存在持续前臂中重度疼痛(16.1% vs 6.8%,P=0.001)。结论桡动脉痉挛主要是由桡动脉细小、变异和术中反复穿刺导致。桡动脉痉挛常合并持续前臂疼痛,但并不增加桡动脉闭塞发生率。     

Interruption of blood flow during compression and radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the possible relationship between compression after transradial catheterization and radial artery occlusion. Background: Radial artery occlusion is an important concern of transradial catheterization. Interruption of radial artery flow during compression might influence the rate of radial artery occlusion at follow-up. METHODS: A prospective study including 275 consecutive patients undergoing transradial catheterization was conducted. Arterial sheaths were removed immediately after procedures and conventional compressive dressings were left in place for 2 hr. The pulse oximeter signal in the index finger during ipsilateral ulnar compression was used for the assessment of radial artery flow. RESULTS: Radial artery flow was absent in 174 cases (62%) immediately after entry-site compression. After 2 hr of conventional hemostasis, radial artery flow was absent in 162 cases (58%) before bandage removal. At 7-day follow-up, 12 patients (4.4%) had absent pulsations and radial artery flow was absent in 29 cases (10.5%). Patients with an occluded radial artery at follow-up had significantly smaller arterial diameters at baseline (2.23+/-0.4 mm vs. 2.40+/-0.5 mm; P=0.032) and more frequently had absent flow during hemostasis (90% vs. 54%, P<0.001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that absent flow before compressive bandages removal was the only independent predictor of radial artery occlusion at follow-up (OR=6.7; IC 95%: 1.95-22.9; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Flow-limiting compression is a frequent finding during conventional hemostasis after transradial catheterization. Absence of radial artery flow during compression represents a strong predictor of radial artery occlusion.     

Transradial right and left heart catheterizations: a comparison to traditional femoral approach.

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the transradial versus transfemoral approach to combined right- and left-heart catheterization. BACKGROUND: Central venous access from peripheral veins has been a historically useful technique. Although the need for right-heart catheterization has been considered an exclusion for transradial catheterization, we have combined a peripheral approach to the central venous system with radial arterial access which permits bilateral heart catheterization using a transradial approach. METHODS: Over an 18-month period all right-heart catheterizations done in conjunction with arterial access were reviewed. Salvage procedures, mixed site access, and biopsy procedures were excluded. Radial procedures were performed using radial artery access and a forearm vein. Femoral procedures used femoral artery/vein. Demographics, procedural information, and postprocedural complications including those requiring vascular ultrasound or transfusion were recorded and used for comparison between groups. RESULTS: Total of 175 femoral/105 radial cases done by 4 operators met criteria for comparison. Both groups had similar procedural indications and age. Procedural durations were shorter (P < .01) with radial 70 +/- 5.0 min (+/-95% CI) vs. femoral 75 +/- 5.4 min (+/-95% CI). Crossover was noted in several patients from both groups; radial procedures (n = 2) failed due to previous shoulder trauma. Femoral crossover to radial involved difficult arterial access. Complications related to access site occurred in 12 femoral and 0 radial patients. CONCLUSIONS: Using the forearm for central venous access appears safer than using the femoral vessels. Transradial catheterizations can be done in combination with forearm venous access procedures with excellent results and enhanced patient safety.     

Reduction in spasm with a long hydrophylic transradial sheath

Objectives: We aimed to assess the efficiency of a long hydrophilic sheath in reducing radial spasm for transradial approach. Background: Despite a lower access site complication rate, cardiac catheterization using transradial approach is not widely used. Radial spasm is one of the main issues for transradial angiography and percutaneous interventions. We assumed that radial artery protection using a long hydrophilic‐coated sheath would reduce radial spasm compared to a bare short sheath. Methods: Three hundred and fifty one patients (pts) admitted for transradial coronary angiography ± percutaneous coronary interventions were randomly assigned to a long hydrophilic‐coated or a short sheath (control group). Primary end point was the occurrence of a radial spasm defined by significant patient pain evaluated by scale score (>4) or significant catheter frictions during manipulation. Procedure failure, radial occlusion, and local complications were also assessed. Results: Radial spasm was significantly reduced when using the long‐coated compared to the short sheath in 7 (4%) vs. 32 pts (18%) P < 0.001. No difference was found regarding procedure failure respectively 1.2% vs. 0.6%, local complication 0.6% vs. 1.2%, and radial occlusion 3.5% vs. 3.5%. Conclusion: Radial artery protection using the long hydrophilic‐coated sheath was efficient in the prevention of radial spasm for transradial approach. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The Predictors of Post-Procedural Arm Pain after Transradial Approach in 1706 Patients Underwent Transradial Catheterization

BackgroundAlthough patients prefer radial over femoral approach, some develop post-procedural arm pain after transradial procedures. This complication has been poorly defined in prior studies. We evaluated the extent of non-ischemic arm pain after transradial arterial access and identify variables that may be associated with this complication.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a 1706 patient database on patients who underwent transradial catheterization at three experienced radial centers. Arm pain was assessed by adult visual analogue scale (score > 4) defined as moderate to severe pain at the accessed forearm not related to hand ischemia and was evaluated at one day after the procedure. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of post-procedural arm pain.ResultsThe overall incidence of post-procedural arm pain one day after a transradial procedure was 4.5%. Covariate associated with post-procedural arm pain were hemostasis compression >4 h (odds ratio (OR) = 29.47, p < 0.001), radial artery occlusion by Doppler evaluation (OR = 3.35, p < 0.001), radial artery diameter < 2.8 mm (OR = 2.66, p = 0.01), and multiple puncture attempts (OR = 2.31, p = 0.03).ConclusionApproximately 1 in 20 patients undergoing transradial procedure have post-procedural arm pain one day after the procedure. Predictors of this complication relate to radial hemostasis, radial artery occlusion, radial artery diameter, and number of access attempts.     

Radial artery flow‐mediated dilation predicts arterial spasm during transradial coronary interventions

Background : Transradial coronary catheterization has emerged over the last years as a favorable catheterization practice, based on evidence that it is associated with less vascular complications and shorter hospital stays. However, access site crossover appears to be more frequent when the initial route is the transradial one, one of the main reasons being arterial spasm. We hypothesized that radial flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) measurements could be used as a preprocedural method to assess the likelihood of arterial spasm. Methods : The study population consisted of patients scheduled for transradial diagnostic catheterization in whom ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed. FMD was measured 1–2 days before PCI. The primary endpoint of the study was operator‐defined (operators were blinded as to the FMD results) radial artery spasm. Results : A total of 172 patients (110 male, age 65.3 ± 9) were included. Radial artery spasm was recorded in 13 patients (7.6%). FMD showed a very significant univariate association with the occurrence of spasm (P < 0.001) and was the most important predictor of spasm in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (beta ?3.15; P < 0.001), followed by baseline radial artery diameter (P = 0.04), the number of catheters used (P = 0.049) and the administered volume of contrast medium (P = 0.017). Conclusion : Preprocedural FMD is a significant predictor of arterial spasm before elective transradial PCI. It is a low cost, safe, and feasible noninvasive modality, whose results might be taken into account when deciding on the vascular access route for an elective procedure, the size of sheaths or catheters to be used or the intensity of antispasm medication.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Assessment of the efficacy of phentolamine to prevent radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterization procedures: A randomized study comparing phentolamine vs. verapamil

The objective of this study was to evaluate phentolamine as radial artery spasmolytic in transradial catheterization procedures. Radial artery spasm is a relatively frequent complication during transradial approach, causing patient discomfort or even making it impossible to continue the procedure. As radial artery spasm is mediated by the stimulation of α‐adrenoreceptors, the use of the α‐blocker phentolamine could make sense as spasmolytic. We designed a randomized double‐blind study to compare phentolamine vs. verapamil, the standard spasmolytic agent. Five hundred patients (250 in each arm) submitted to a transradial cardiac catheterization were consecutively included and randomly assigned to receive 2.5 mg of verapamil or 2.5 mg of phentolamine after sheath insertion. Both vasodilator agents induced a significant radial artery diameter increase (from 2.22 ± 0.53 to 2.48 ± 0.57 mm, P < 0.001 for verapamil, and from 2.20 ± 0.53 to 2.45 ± 0.53 mm, P < 0.001 for phentolamine). However, verapamil was more efficacious to prevent radial artery spasm (13.2% compared with 23.2% in phentolamine‐treated patients; P = 0.004). Follow‐up (20 ± 18 days) evaluation of the radial artery patency by plestismography and pulse oximetry showed no differences between the two groups in the rate of radial occlusion (3.0% vs. 3.2% in verapamil and phentolamine treated patients, respectively). Phentolamine was an effective radial vasodilator agent, although it showed less ability to prevent radial artery spasm than verapamil. Radial artery occlusion rate was almost identical for both vasodilators. Thus, phentolamine could be a valid alternative to verapamil as a radial artery spasmolytic agent. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

应用利多卡因外擦导管减少桡动脉痉挛的临床观察

目的:桡动脉痉挛是经桡动脉路径冠状动脉造影(CAG)和(或)介入治疗(PCI)的常见并发症之一。本研究旨在观察应用利多卡因外擦动脉鞘和造影导管,减少桡动脉痉挛的临床疗效。方法:将连续237例接受经桡动脉路径CAG/PCI的患者随机分为两组,分别于动脉鞘和造影/导引导管插入前应用2%利多卡因溶液(118例,利多卡因组)或0.9%氯化钠溶液(119例,对照组)外擦其表面。主要观察终点:严重桡动脉痉挛(导管推进或操作困难并伴前臂疼痛、桡动脉造影示管腔内径狭窄>70%)发生率。次要终点:前臂出血或血肿、患者不适程度以及操作成功率。结果:利多卡因组5例(4.2%)和对照组16例(13.4%)发生严重桡动脉痉挛(P=0.013);利多卡因组中无一例发生前臂出血或血肿,但对照组中3例前臂轻度出血(表现为造影剂外渗)和1例局部血肿形成,均经局部加压包扎后好转;利多卡因组因疼痛引起的重度不适减少;两组CAG/PCI均成功。结论:CAG/PCI时,应用2%利多卡因溶液外擦动脉鞘和造影/导引导管可能是一种减少严重桡动脉痉挛及其相关并发症的简易方法。     

Prevention of arterial spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions through radial artery: the SPASM study.

AIMS: Radial artery spasm remains the major limitation of transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of vasodilators in the prevention of radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions. METHODS AND RESULTS: 1,219 patients were consecutively randomized to receive placebo (n = 198), molsidomine 1 mg (n = 203), verapamil 2.5 mg (n = 409), 5 mg (n = 203) or verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg (n = 206). All drugs were administered through the arterial sheath. The primary end point was the occurrence of a radial artery spasm defined by the operator as severe limitation of the catheter movement, with or without angiographic confirmation. Main characteristics including age, sex, wrist and arterial sheath diameters and procedure duration were identical across the groups. The rate of radial artery spasm was lowest in patients receiving verapamil and molsidomine (4.9%), compared to verapamil 2.5 mg or 5 mg (8.3 and 7.9%), or molsidomine 1 mg (13.3%); and placebo (22.2%) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Radial artery spasm during transradial percutaneous interventions was effectively prevented by the administration of vasodilators. The combination of verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg provided the strongest relative risk reduction of spasm compared to placebo and should therefore be recommended during percutaneous coronary interventions through the radial approach.     

Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With History of CABG Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization Via the Radial Versus Femoral Approach

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to examine rates of radial artery access in post–coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients undergoing diagnostic catherization and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), whether operators with higher procedural volumes and higher percentage radial use were more likely to perform diagnostic catherization and/or PCI via the radial approach in post-CABG patients, and clinical and procedural outcomes in post-CABG patients who undergo diagnostic catherization and/or PCI via the radial or femoral approach.BackgroundThere are limited data comparing outcomes of patients with prior CABG undergoing transradial or transfemoral diagnostic catheterization and/or PCI.MethodsUsing the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry, all diagnostic catheterizations and PCIs performed in patients with prior CABG from July 1, 2009, to March 31, 2018 (n = 1,279,058, 1,173 sites) were evaluated. Temporal trends in transradial access were examined, and mortality, bleeding, vascular complications, and procedural metrics were compared between transradial and transfemoral access.ResultsThe rate of transradial access increased from 1.4% to 18.7% over the study period. Transradial access was associated with decreased mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75 to 0.91), decreased bleeding (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.63), decreased vascular complications (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.47), increased PCI procedural success (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.16; p < 0.0001), and significantly decreased contrast volume across all procedure types. Transradial access was associated with shorter fluoroscopy time for PCI-only procedures but longer fluoroscopy time for diagnostic procedures plus ad hoc PCI and diagnostic procedures only. Operators with a higher rate of transradial access in non-CABG patients were more likely to perform transradial access in patients with prior CABG.ConclusionsThe rate of transradial artery access in patients with prior CABG undergoing diagnostic catheterization and/or PCI has increased over the past decade in the United States, and it was more often performed by operators using a transradial approach in non-CABG patients. Compared with transfemoral access, transradial access was associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with prior CABG.     

Transulnar versus transradial artery approach for coronary angioplasty: the PCVI-CUBA study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare in terms of efficacy and safety the transulnar to the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty. Background: Opposite to the transradial approach, which is now widely used in catheterization laboratories worldwide, the ulnar artery approach is rarely used for cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Diagnostic coronarography, followed or not by angioplasty, was performed by transulnar or transradial approach, chosen at random. A positive (normal) direct or reverse Allen's test was required before tempting the radial or the ulnar approach, respectively. MACE were recorded till 1-month follow-up. Doppler ultrasound assessment of the forearm vessels was scheduled for all the angioplastied patients. RESULTS: Successful access was obtained in 93.1% of patients in the ulnar group (n = 216), and in 95.5% of patients in the radial group (n = 215), P = NS. One hundred and three and 105 angioplasty procedures were performed in 94 and 95 patients in ulnar and radial group, with success in 95.2% and 96.2% of procedures in ulnar and radial group, respectively (P = NS). Freedom from MACE at 1-month follow-up was observed in 93 patients in both groups (97.8% for ulnar group and 95.8% for radial group), P = NS. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.7% of patients after transulnar and in 4.7% of patients after transradial angioplasty. A big forearm hematoma, and a little A-V fistula were observed, each in one patient, in the ulnar group. CONCLUSION: The transulnar approach for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary interventions is a safe and effective alternative to the transradial approach, as both techniques share a high success rate and an extremely low incidence of entry site complications. The transulnar approach has the potential to spare injury to the radial artery in anticipation of its use as a coronary bypass conduit.     

Evaluation of a spasmolytic cocktail to prevent radial artery spasm during coronary procedures.

Radial artery spasm is a frequent complication of the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty. Recently, we have been able to quantify spasm using the automatic pullback device. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail in reducing the incidence and severity of radial artery spasm. A hundred patients undergoing coronary procedures via the radial artery were divided into two groups of 50 each. Patients in group A received intra-arterial cocktail (5 mg of verapamil plus 200 micro g nitroglycerine in 10 ml of normal saline), while patients in group B did not receive any vasodilating drug. The pullback device was used for sheath removal at the end of the procedure. Seven (14%) patients in group A experienced pain (i.e., pain score of III-V) during automatic sheath removal, as compared to 17 (34%) in group B (P = 0.019). The mean pain score was significantly lower in group A than in group B (1.7 +/- 0.94 vs. 2.08 +/- 1.07; P = 0.03). The maximal pullback force (MPF) was also significantly lower for group A (0.53 +/- 0.52 kg; range, 0.10-3.03 kg) as compared to group B (0.76 +/- 0.45 kg; range, 0.24-1.99 kg; P = 0.013). Only 4 (8%) patients in group A had an MPF value greater than 1.0 kg, suggesting the presence of significant radial artery spasm, as opposed to 11 (22%) in group B (P = 0.029). Administration of an intra-arterial vasodilating cocktail prior to sheath insertion reduces the occurrence and severity of radial artery spasm.     

A simple and effective regimen for prevention of radial artery spasm during coronary catheterization

Radial artery spasm occurs frequently during the transradial approach for coronary catheterization. Premedications with nitroglycerin and verapamil have been documented to be effective in preventing radial spasms. Verapamil is relatively contraindicated for some patients with left ventricular dysfunction, hypotension and bradycardia. We would like to know whether nitroglycerin alone is sufficient for the prevention of radial artery spasm. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare the spasmolytic effect between heparin alone, heparin plus nitroglycerin and heparin plus nitroglycerin and varapamil during transradial cardiac catheterization. In this study, a total of 406 patients underwent transradial cardiac catheterization and intervention. After successful cannulation and sheath insertion of radial arteries, 133 patients in group A received 3,000 units of heparin, 100 microg of nitroglycerin and 1.25 mg of verapamil via sheath, 135 patients in group B received 3,000 units of heparin and 100 microg of nitroglycerin, and 93 patients in group C received 3,000 units of heparin. Five patients in group A (3.8%), 6 patients in group B (4.4%) and 19 patients in group C (20.4%) showed radial spasms. There is no statistically significant difference between groups A and B (p = 0.804), but there are strong statistically significant differences between groups A and C (p = 0.001) and groups B and C (p = 0.003). Intra-arterial premedication with 100 microg nitroglycerin and 3,000 units of heparin is effective in preventing radial spasms during transradial cardiac catheterization.     

Predictors of Conversion from Radial Into Femoral Access in Cardiac Catheterization

Background

Fewer bleeding complications and early ambulation make radial access a privileged route for cardiac catheterization. However, transradial (TR) approach is not always successful, requiring its conversion into femoral access.

Objectives

To evaluate the rate of conversion from radial into femoral access in cardiac catheterization and to identify its predictors.

Methods

Prospective dual-center registry, including 7632 consecutive patients undergoing catheterization via the radial access between Jan/2009 and Oct/2012. We evaluated the incidence of conversion into femoral access and its predictors by logistic regression analysis.

Results

The patients’ mean age was 66 ± 11 years, and 32% were women. A total of 2969 procedures (38.4%) were percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), and the most used first intention arterial access was the right radial artery (97.6%). Radial access failure rate was 5.8%. Independent predictors of conversion from radial into femoral access were the use of short introducer sheaths (OR 3.047, CI: 2.380-3.902; p < 0.001), PCI (OR 1.729, CI: 1.375-2.173; p < 0.001), female sex (OR 1.569, CI: 1.234-1.996; p < 0.001), multivessel disease (OR 1.457, CI: 1.167-1.819; p = 0.001), body surface area (BSA) ≤ 1.938 (OR 1.448, CI: 1.120-1.871; p = 0.005) and age > 66 years (OR 1.354, CI: 1.088-1.684; p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Transradial approach for cardiac catheterization has a high success rate and the need for its conversion into femoral access in this cohort was low. Female sex, older age, smaller BSA, the use of short introducer sheaths, multivessel disease and PCI were independent predictors of conversion into femoral access.     

Anatomical variations affect radial artery spasm and procedural achievement of transradial cardiac catheterization

Transradial cardiac catheterization (TRCC) has unique technical challenges such as access difficulty related to anatomical variations and/or radial artery (RA) spasm. We sought to evaluate the incidence of anatomical variations of the RA and whether they would affect RA spasm and procedural achievement of TRCC. A total of 744 consecutive patients who underwent TRCC were analyzed by routine radial arteriography. Anatomical variations were defined as abnormal origin of the RA and/or radioulnar loop and/or tortuous configuration. RA spasm was defined as >75 % stenosis at first radial arteriography. Overall, anatomical variations were noted in 68 patients (9.1 %), including 39 cases of abnormal origin (5.2 %), 11 cases of radioulnar loop (1.5 %), and 42 cases of tortuous configuration (5.6 %). Transradial procedures failed in 26 patients (3.5 %), and more frequently in patients with anatomical variation than in those with normal anatomy (23.5 % vs 1.5 %, P < 0.001). Importantly, on multivariate analysis the presence of anatomical variation was a distinct predictor of transradial procedure failure (odds ratio (OR) 17.80; 95 % CI 7.55–43.73; P < 0.001). RA spasm was observed in 83 patients (11.2 %), and more frequently in patients with anatomical variation than in those with normal anatomy (35.3 % vs 8.7 %, P < 0.001). Anatomical variation (OR 4.74; 95 % CI 2.61–8.47; P < 0.001) and female gender (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.01–4.73; P = 0.041) were distinct predictors of RA spasm. Anatomical variations were observed in 9.1 % of the patients, and strongly correlated with RA spasm and procedural achievement of TRCC.     

Prevention of radial artery occlusion—Patent hemostasis evaluation trial (PROPHET study): A randomized comparison of traditional versus patency documented hemostasis after transradial catheterization

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hemostasis with patency in avoiding radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization. Background: Radial artery occlusion is an infrequent but discouraging complication of transradial access. It is related to factors such as sheath to artery ratio and is less common in patients receiving heparin. Despite being clinically silent in most cases, it limits future transradial access. Patients and Methods: Four hundred thirty‐six consecutive patients undergoing transradial catheterization were prospectively enrolled in the study. Two hundred nineteen patients were randomized to group I, and underwent conventional pressure application for hemostasis. Two hundred seventeen patients were randomized to group II and underwent pressure application confirming radial artery patency using Barbeau's test. Radial artery patency was studied at 24 hr and 30 days using Barbeau's test. Results: Thirty‐eight patients had evidence of radial artery occlusion at 24 hr. Twenty patients had persistent evidence of radial artery occlusion at 1 month. Group II, with documented patency during hemostatic compression, had a statistically and clinically lower incidence of radial artery occlusion (59% decrease at 24 hr and 75% decrease at 30 days, P < 0.05), compared with patients in group I. Low body weight patients were at significantly higher risk of radial artery occlusion. No procedural variables were found to be associated with radial artery occlusion. Conclusion: Patent hemostasis is highly effective in reducing radial artery occlusion after radial access and guided compression should be performed to maintain radial artery patency at the time of hemostasis, to prevent future radial artery occlusion. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Comparison of a priori versus provisional heparin therapy on radial artery occlusion after transradial coronary angiography and patent hemostasis (from the PHARAOH Study)

Systemic anticoagulation decreases the risk of radial artery occlusion (RAO) after transradial catheterization and standard occlusive hemostasis. We compared the efficacy and safety of provisional heparin use only when the technique of patent hemostasis was not achievable to standard a priori heparin administration after radial sheath introduction. Patients referred for coronary angiography were randomized in 2 groups. In the a priori group, 200 patients received intravenous heparin (50 IU/kg) immediately after sheath insertion. In the provisional group, 200 patients did not receive heparin during the procedure. After sheath removal, hemostasis was obtained using a TR band (Terumo corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a plethysmography-guided patent hemostasis technique. In the provisional group, no heparin was given if radial artery patency could be obtained and maintained. If radial patency was not achieved, a bolus of heparin (50 IU/kg) was given. Radial artery patency was evaluated at 24 hours (early RAO) and 30 days after the procedure (late RAO) by plethysmography. Patent hemostasis was obtained in 67% in the a priori group and 74% in the provisional group (p = 0.10). Incidence of RAO remained similar in the 2 groups at the early (7.5% vs 7.0%, p = 0.84) and late (4.5% vs 5.0%, p = 0.83) evaluations. Women, patients with diabetes, patients having not received heparin, and patients without radial artery patency during hemostasis had more RAO. By multivariate analysis, patent radial artery during hemostasis (odds ratio [OR] 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004 to 0.28, p = 0.002) and diabetes (OR 11, 95% CI 3 to 38,p <0.0001) were independent predictors of late RAO, whereas heparin was not (OR 0.45 95% CI 0.13 to 1.54, p = 0.20). In conclusion, our results suggest that maintenance of radial artery patency during hemostasis is the most important parameter to decrease the risk of RAO. In selected cases, provisional use of heparin appears feasible and safe when patent hemostasis is maintained.     

Ulnar artery as access site for cardiac catheterization: anatomical considerations

Transradial approach to coronary angiography and angioplasty has been widely accepted in the last few years. As an alternative approach from the forearm, with some potential advantages, we decided to test the transulnar approach as a first-choice strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transulnar approach was tried in 131 patients. In 29 patients there was no palpable ulnar artery or Allen test was negative. From the remaining 92 patients we performed successful coronary angiography and angioplasties in 59 patients (64% success rate in those who had palpable artery). The most frequent reason for access site failure (54.5% of all failed procedures) was inability to introduce wire despite good arterial flow. We found that the ulnar artery was not the largest artery of the forearm (mean diameter 2.76 +/- 0.08 mm compared with radial artery 3.11 +/- 0.12 mm) and had relatively frequent anatomical anomalies-11.9%. There were no major local complications, with very few minor complications. Spasm frequency was 13.6%, which is higher than that reported for transradial studies. CONCLUSIONS: Transulnar artery approach is feasible for cardiac catheterization: however, it has higher access site failure rates in an unselected patient population. It could be used as an alternative option in selected patients, but operators must be prepared to overcome frequent anatomical anomalies and spasm.     

Patent hemostasis of radial artery: Comparison of two methods

BACKGROUND Radial artery obstruction is the most common complication of coronary angiography performed via transradial access. Patent hemostasis can significantly reduce the risk of radial artery occlusion. Previous studies utilized sophisticated methods to evaluate radial artery patency. Simplified and easily applicable methods for successful patent hemostasis are currently lacking.AIM To determine which method(pulse oximeter vs the traditional radial artery palpation) is better to achieve patent hemostasis.METHODS This prospective, single center study included 299 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention between November 2017 and July 2019. Patients less than 18 years old, with a history of radial artery disease, or no palpable artery pulse were excluded from the study. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group, radial artery flow was assessed by palpation of the artery during hemostasis(traditional method). In the second group, radial artery patency was estimated with the use of a pulse oximeter. Two different compression devices were used for hemostasis(air chamber and pressure valve). The primary study endpoint was the achievement of successful patent hemostasis.RESULTS The two groups(pulse oximeter vs artery palpation) had no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, risk factors, or comorbidities except for supraventricular arrhythmias. The percentage of patients with successful patent hemostasis was significantly higher in the pulse oximeter group(82.2% vs 68.1%, P = 0.005). A lower percentage of patients with spasm was recorded in the pulse oximeter group(9.9% vs 19.0%, P = 0.024). The incidence of local complications, edema, bleeding, hematoma, vagotonia, or pain did not differ between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, the use of a pulse oximeter(OR: 2.35, 95%CI: 1.34-4.13, P = 0.003) and advanced age(OR: 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.07, P = 0.006), were independently associated with an increased probability of successful patent hemostasis. The type of hemostatic device did not affect patent hemostasis(P = 0.450).CONCLUSION Patent hemostasis with the use of pulse oximeter is a simple, efficient, and safe method that is worthy of further investigation. Larger randomized studies are required to consider its clinical implications.     

经桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗术后桡动脉损伤的影响因素分析

目的:探讨接受桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗患者术后,桡动脉损伤的情况及影响因素。方法:入选2008年5月至2009年10月,于安贞医院就诊拟行冠状动脉造影的患者966例,随机分为4F动脉鞘管组和6F动脉鞘管组。分析两组患者桡动脉并发症〔如桡动脉闭塞(RAO)、桡动脉痉挛(RAS)等〕的发生率,通过多因素Logistic回归分析RAO的危险因素。结果:4F鞘管组和6F鞘管组中,RAO(0.8%vs.2.9%,P=0.018),RAS(1.2%vs.3.5%,P=0.021),桡动脉内膜增厚率(1.0%vs.4.1%,P=0.002),前臂小血肿(0.6%vs.2.5%,P=0.020),患肢疼痛(1.2%vs.4.1%,P=0.006)等的发生率及压迫止血时间〔(4.62±0.98)vs.(6.36±0.93)h,P<0.001〕,4F组均低于6F组,差异有统计学意义。两组患者均未出现前臂大血肿、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘及骨筋膜室综合征。RAO经多因素回归分析显示,大尺径动脉鞘管、术后压迫止血时间过长是发生RAO的危险因素。结论:经桡动脉PCI中选择小直径动脉鞘管,避免术后长时间的压迫止血有利于降低RAO的发生率,同时减少桡动脉内膜损伤,提高患者舒适度。