牛磺酸对百草枯中毒大鼠肾损伤的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨不同剂量牛磺酸对百草枯中毒大鼠肾脏氧化应激和炎症反应的影响。方法:选取48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组、百草枯染毒组、百草枯染毒+小剂量牛磺酸组和百草枯染毒+大剂量牛磺酸组。采用生化检测仪检测大鼠血清肌酐及尿素氮水平;比色法检测血标本中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平评估氧化应激状态;另以ELISA法检测血标本中IL-6及细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)水平评估炎症反应;DHE荧光探针检测肾脏活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;Western blot法检测大鼠肾脏标本丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)中p-P38 MAPK、p-JNK和pERK1/2的蛋白水平;并以real-time PCR法检测大鼠肾脏内TNF-α、TGF-β1及IL-6的mRNA水平。结果:百草枯中毒大鼠血清肌酐及尿素氮增高,牛磺酸干预后降低了中毒大鼠的肌酐及尿素氮水平,且大剂量牛磺酸组的肌酐及尿素氮水平更低。牛磺酸的干预不仅明显减轻了肾脏组织的氧化应激与炎症反应,同时也降低了百草枯中毒大鼠肾脏的MAPK活性。结论:牛磺酸干预能减轻百草枯中毒大鼠的肾损伤,其作用机制可能与下调了肾脏MAPK活性、减轻了肾脏氧化应激及炎症反应有关。     

增强自噬减轻大鼠造影剂所致急性肾损伤的实验研究

目的 建立造影剂所致急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)大鼠模型,探讨自噬在CI-AKI中的作用及机制.方法 将18只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组(Con组)、CI-AKI组和雷帕霉素+造影剂组(Rapa组).CI-AKI组腹腔注射超大剂量的碘海醇(12.25 g/kg I),Rapa组于碘海醇注射前1周连续腹腔注射雷帕霉素(5 mg/(kg·d)),Con组腹腔注射等剂量的生理盐水.注射后24 h观察大鼠血肌酐水平、肾组织病理、肾组织中LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和Beclin-1表达水平及过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量的变化.结果 与Con组比较,CI-AKI组大鼠血肌酐水平明显升高((239.93±27.00) μmol/L比(51.70±10.59)μmol/L,P＜0.05),肾小管重度损伤,肾组织中自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和Beclin-1表达均增加(均P＜0.05),而CAT含量减少((14.86±0.32)U/mg比(18.72±1.46)U/mg),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与CI-AKI组比较,雷帕霉素预处理增加了肾组织中LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ和Beclin-1的表达及CAT含量((17.62±1.86)U/mg比(14.86±0.32)U/mg,P＜0.05),减轻了造影剂所致的肾小管损伤,并降低了血肌酐水平((187.62±47.76) μmol/L比(239.93±27.00) μmol/L),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 造影剂可诱导自噬激活,增强自噬可减轻造影剂所致氧化应激损伤及肾损伤.     

Moringa oleifera Extract Extenuates Echis ocellatus Venom-Induced Toxicities,Histopathological Impairments and Inflammation via Enhancement of Nrf2 Expression in Rats

Echis ocellatus snakebite causes more fatalities than all other African snake species combined. Moringa oleifera reportedly possesses an antivenom property. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of M. oleifera ethanol extract (MOE) against E. ocellatus venom (EOV) toxicities. Thirty male rats were grouped as follows (n = 5): Group 1 (normal control received saline), groups 2 to 6 were administered intraperitoneally, 0.22 mg/kg (LD50) of EOV. Group 2 was left untreated while group 3 to 6 were treated post-envenoming with 0.2 mL of polyvalent antivenom, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of MOE respectively. MOE significantly (p < 0.05) normalized the altered haematological indices and blood electrolytes profiles. MOE attenuated venom-induced cellular dysfunctions, characterized by a significant increase in NRF2, and concomitant downregulation of increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities in the serum and heart of the treated rats. MOE normalized the elevated TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and heart tissues. Furthermore, the IgG titre value was significantly (p < 0.5) higher in the envenomed untreated group compared to the MOE-treated groups. Hemorrhagic, hemolytic and coagulant activities of the venom were strongly inhibited by the MOE dose, dependently. Lesions noticed on tissues of vital organs of untreated rats were abolished by MOE. Our findings substantiate the effectiveness of MOE as a potential remedy against EOV toxicities.     

谷氨酰胺对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用

 目的：探讨谷氨酰胺对大鼠缺血再灌注肠黏膜的作用及其可能机制。方法：成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只随机分为假手术组（sham组）、缺血再灌注损伤组（I/R组）和谷氨酰胺治疗组（Gln组）。Gln组给予谷氨酰胺1 g·kg-1·d-1连续灌胃7 d。Sham组和I/R组以同等剂量生理盐水灌胃7 d。Sham组仅分离肠系膜上动脉（SMA）而不夹闭根部。I/R组和Gln组均用无损伤血管夹夹闭SMA根部,30 min后放松血管夹形成再灌注损伤模型。各组大鼠均于制模后24 h采集静脉血和回肠标本。检测血清D-乳酸、内毒素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）水平,HE染色法观察肠组织病理损伤情况。结果：I/R组的D-乳酸、内毒素、MDA水平和Chius病理评分均高于sham组和Gln组（P<0.05）,血清SOD活力均低于sham组和Gln组(P<0.05)。结论：谷氨酰胺对缺血再灌注损伤的肠黏膜屏障具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化应激反应有关。     

褪黑素对烟雾吸入所致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的通过建立褪黑素干预大鼠烟雾吸入性损伤模型,探讨褪黑素对急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法成年清洁级雄性SD大鼠72只随机分为空白组、损伤组和褪黑素组。空白组不做任何处理,损伤组于吸入性损伤处理后腹腔注射1%乙醇生理盐水（10ml/kg）,褪黑素组于吸入性损伤处理后腹腔注射褪黑素（10mg/kg,1次/8h）。三组大鼠分别在3h、12h、24h三个时相腹主动脉取血2ml后处死,动脉血离心后检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）含量和白细胞介素10（IL-10）。肺组织匀浆测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的含量。取右下肺组织作病理切片,光镜下观察肺组织病理情况。结果光镜下见空白组大鼠肺泡腔结构完整,壁光滑;损伤组肺泡壁增厚,肺间质炎症细胞浸润;褪黑素组肺组织较损伤组病理表现有所减轻。褪黑素组各时相点血清TNF-α和IL-6含量高于空白组（P〈0.05）,低于损伤组（P〈0.05）。损伤组各时相点IL-10含量与空白组相比无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,而褪黑素组IL-10含量与空白组、损伤组相比均升高（P〈0.05）。褪黑素组各时相点肺组织SOD含量均高于损伤组（P〈0.05）,低于空白组（P〈0.05）。褪黑素组各时相肺组织MDA和MPO含量均高于空白组（P〈0.05）,低于损伤组（P〈0.05）。结论褪黑素可以减轻炎症及氧化应激,对烟雾吸入性损伤所致急性肺损伤发挥一定的保护作用。     

In vivo and in vitro hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of Moringa stenopetala

Background

Moringa stenopetala, Baker f. (Moringaceae) is used for food and medicine in Southern Ethiopia.

Objective

To substantiate the hypotensive effect of M. stenopetala in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

An in vivo experiment was carried out on male guinea pigs anaesthetized with pentobarbital. The arterial blood pressure was recorded from a carotid artery filled with heparinized saline via an arterial cannula connected to a pressure transducer. For the in vitro experiment the descending thoracic aorta was removed and kept moistened in Krebs-Henseleit solution and then mounted in a 20ml tissue bath maintained at 37°C and bubbled with a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide.

Results

Crude aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala caused significant fall in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg in normotensive anaesthetized guinea pigs (n = 12). The effect might have been mediated by non-autonomic nervous system as the effect is not altered by atropine and propranolol. The extract also caused significant dose and time dependent inhibition of K⁺ induced contraction on guinea pig aorta.

Conclusion

M.stenopetala has blood pressure lowering effect substantiating the use of the plant in traditional medicine.     

莱菔硫烷对大鼠肾缺血再灌注诱发肠损伤的影响*

目的： 探讨大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤（RIRI）模型对肠的影响以及莱菔硫烷的抗氧化保护作用。方法： Wistar 大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、缺血用药组和灌注用药组,制备RIRI 模型,缺血用药组大鼠在夹闭左侧 肾动脉后立即给予莱菔硫烷,灌注用药组大鼠为去除血管夹待肾脏恢复血液灌注后立即给予莱菔硫烷。肾缺血再 灌注24 h 后,取血、肾和肠。H-E 染色光镜下观察大鼠肾、肠组织病理变化情况,应用生化自动分析仪检测血清 中氧化应激时的生化指标的变化,实时定量RT-PCR 检测大鼠肠组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）基因表达水平,免 疫印迹检测大鼠肠组织SOD蛋白水平的变化。结果：H-E 染色显示模型组、缺血用药组和灌注用药组小肠组织 的形态结构与对照组相比未见明显区别;模型组、缺血用药组、灌注用药组大鼠肠组织肌酐、尿素氮、丙二醛 含量、过氧化氢与对照组相比均明显升高,缺血用药组、灌注用药组又低于模型组,缺血用药组又低于灌注用 药组;模型组、缺血用药组、灌注用药组大鼠肠组织SOD活性与对照组相比均明显降低,缺血用药组和灌注用 药组SOD活性明显高于模型组,缺血用药组又高于灌注用药组;RIRI 组、缺血用药组、灌注用药组大鼠肠组织 SOD mRNA表达、SOD蛋白表达与对照组相比均明显升高,缺血用药组和灌注用药组明显高于模型组,但缺血 用药组和灌注用药组SOD mRNA表达、SOD蛋白表达无明显差别。结论：RIRI 可造成肠组织过氧化损伤,使肠 组织处于高度的氧化应激状态。RIRI 发生后,莱菔硫烷增强机体对ROS的清除作用,降低了肠组织的过氧化损 伤程度。缺血后即刻给予莱菔硫烷,与再灌注后给药相比,更能有效降低肠组织过氧化损伤程度。     

大鼠急性肾损伤导致肝细胞凋亡的实验研究

 目的：观察大鼠急性肾损伤（AKI）引起肝细胞凋亡的细胞学特点。方法：建立AKI（包括缺血性和非缺血性）大鼠模型后应用免疫印迹法、免疫组织化学染色法和光学、电子显微镜技术对AKI大鼠的肾脏和肝脏进行观察。结果：(1) 缺血性AKI 肾小管出现了大面积细胞坏死和细胞凋亡的表现。不论是缺血性还是非缺血性AKI的动物都发生了急性肾功能损伤和急性肝功能受损。(2) 免疫印迹法测定结果显示AKI动物肝脏的肿瘤坏死因子受体α（TNFRα）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）蛋白表达增强。从caspase-3免疫组化染色的结果可以看出阳性细胞均出现在AKI动物肝脏内。(3) 电子显微镜观察发现AKI动物肝脏中确有细胞凋亡和副凋亡的表现。(4) 缺血性与非缺血性AKI诱导肝细胞凋亡的表现相同。结论：AKI可引起肝细胞凋亡和副凋亡,其中经TNFRα启动的caspase依赖的细胞死亡构成了AKI引起的肝细胞凋亡。这种肝细胞凋亡是由肾功能损伤导致的血尿毒物质引起的。     

谷氨酰胺对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤后闭合蛋白的保护作用

目的:探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤后闭合蛋白(occludin)的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只随机分为假手术组(sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)和谷氨酰胺预处理组(Gln组)。Gln组给予谷氨酰胺1 g·kg-1·d-1连续灌胃7 d。Sham组和I/R组以同等剂量生理盐水灌胃7d。Sham组仅分离肠系膜上动脉而根部不夹闭。I/R组和Gln组均用无损伤血管夹夹闭SMA根部30 min后放松血管夹形成再灌注损伤模型。各组大鼠均于制模后24 h采集静脉血和回肠标本。酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-10和IL-2水平。全自动生化仪检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平。免疫组化及Western blotting法检测occludin蛋白的表达情况。结果:I/R组occludin蛋白表达明显低于正常对照组及谷氨酰胺处理组(P0.05);I/R组TNF-α和MDA水平均高于sham组和Gln组(P0.05)。I/R组血清的SOD活力、GSH、GSH-Px、IL-10和IL-2均低于sham组和Gln组(P0.05)。结论:谷氨酰胺对肠缺血再灌注损伤后的occludin蛋白具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制炎症反应、抗氧化应激有关。     

肠缺血后处理抑制大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致的急性肺损伤

目的： 研究肠缺血后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注（I/R）所致急性肺损伤的影响及机制。 方法： 40只SD大鼠随机分为5组（n=8）：假手术组（对照组）,仅分离而不阻断肠系膜上动脉（SMA）;肠I/R损伤组,阻断SMA 1 h后再灌注1 h;缺血预处理（IPC）组,在长时间阻断SMA前预先阻断SMA 10 min然后开放 10 min;缺血后处理（IPo）组,在阻断SMA 1 h后连续进行3个循环的开放 SMA 30 s /阻断SMA 30 s (总时间为3 min),然后开放1 h;延迟后处理（delay）组,在再灌注3 min （IPo的总时间）后行3个循环的 30 s 缺血/ 30 s再灌注的缺血后处理,余同IPo组。监测平均动脉压（MAP）,于再灌注1 h 后取肺组织光镜下观察肺形态学的变化,检测血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量并计算肺通透性指数,称肺湿重及干重并计算肺含水率,检测肺组织丙二醛（MDA）的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的活性,检测血清TNF-α及IL-6的浓度。结果： 缺血后处理与预处理都能显著改善肺损伤,显著降低肺通透性指数及肺含水率,同时降低血浆TNF-α与IL-6的浓度、肺组织MDA含量及MPO活性,升高SOD活性。后处理被延迟3min后,其肺保护作用消失,且不能显著改变上述指标。 结论： 缺血后处理与预处理都具有抗肠I/R后肺损伤的作用,可能与其清除氧自由基、抑制中性粒细胞的肺内聚集及炎症细胞因子的释放有关;而且,再灌注早期后处理对肺的保护作用最关键。     

高交感活性诱导的大鼠心肌损伤模型中氧化应激的受体调控机制*

 目的：研究高交感活性诱发大鼠心肌损伤的氧化应激受体调控机制。方法：Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、普萘洛尔（Pro) 组、哌唑嗪(Praz)组、普萘洛尔+哌唑嗪 (Pro+Praz) 组、维生素E(VE)组及普萘洛尔+哌唑嗪+维生素E (Pro+Praz+VE) 组,除对照组外其余各组均腹腔注射去甲肾上腺素(NE) 复制高交感活性引起的心肌损伤模型,同时灌胃给予相应药物,连续给药16 d,期间监测各组动物体重的变化。16 d后进行心室重构指标（心指数和羟脯氨酸含量）、病理组织学检查、氧化/抗氧化指标（MDA、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和T-AOC）和能量代谢指标（Na+-K+ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+ATPase）分析。结果：从第9天开始,模型组动物体重与对照组的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,心指数和左心室肥厚明显增加,氧化/抗氧化和能量代谢障碍;Pro、Praz、Pro+Praz和VE各组均出现不同程度的动物体重、心指数、左心室肥厚和氧化/抗氧化失衡的改善;Pro、Praz和Pro+Praz能明显升高左心室Na+-K+ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+ATPase的活性,Pro+Praz作用最明显（P<0.05）。结论：肾上腺素受体依赖是高交感活性诱导心肌氧化应激损伤的重要途径。     

Bark extract of Bathysa cuspidata attenuates extra-pulmonary acute lung injury induced by paraquat and reduces mortality in rats

This study investigated the effect of the bark extract of Bathysa cuspidata on paraquat (PQ)-induced extra-pulmonary acute lung injury (ALI) and mortality in rats. ALI was induced with a single dose of PQ (30 mg/kg, i.p.), and animals were treated with B. cuspidata extract (200 and 400 mg/kg). Analyses were conducted of survival, cell migration, lung oedema, malondialdehyde, proteins carbonyls, catalase, superoxide dismutase, histopathology and the stereology of lung tissue. Rats exposed to PQ and treated with 200 and 400 mg of the extract presented lower mortality (20% and 30%), compared with PQ alone group (50%). Furthermore, lung oedema, septal thickening, alveolar collapse, haemorrhage, cell migration, malondialdehyde and proteins carbonyl levels decreased, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were maintained. These results show that the bark extract of B. cuspidata reduced PQ-induced extra-pulmonary ALI and mortality in rats and suggest that these effects may be associated with the inhibition of oxidative damage.     

Hepatoprotective effect of 3-alkynyl selenophene on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide

The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of 3-alkynyl selenophene (compound a), a selenophene compound, on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. The animals received compound a (25 and 50 mg/kg; per oral, p.o.) in the first day of treatment. In the second day, the rats received D-GalN (500 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, i.p.) and LPS (50 μg/kg; intraperitoneal, i.p.). Twenty-four hours after D-GalN/LPS administration animals were euthanized to the biochemical and histological analysis. Compound a (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) protected against the increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity induced by D-GalN/LPS. Compound a at 50 mg/kg protected against the increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity induced by D-GalN/LPS. The inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity and the decrease of ascorbic acid levels caused by D-GalN/LPS were protected by compound a (25 and 50 mg/kg). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase activities were not altered in all groups. The histological data showed that sections of liver from D-GalN/LPS-treated rats presented massive hemorrhage, the presence of inflammatory cells and necrosis. Compound a attenuated D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic histopathological alterations. Based on the results, we demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of compound a on acute liver injury induced by D-GalN/LPS.     

远志皂苷元对氧化应激损伤的视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的: 观察远志皂苷元(senegenin,Sen)对氧化应激损伤的视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的影响并初步探讨其作用机制。方法: 采用上丘荧光金逆行标记RGCs后,体外原代RGCs混合细胞培养,随机分为control组、H₂O₂组、Sen+H₂O₂和Sen组。检测带荧光金荧光细胞的活力。同上述分组处理视网膜,用Hoechst 33258 染色后观察视网膜细胞核形态的变化,Western blotting检测视网膜细胞cleaved caspase-3、细胞色素C及Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果: 与control组比较,Sen浓度在10、20和40 μmol/L时, RGCs活力无明显变化(P>0.05),但Sen浓度达到80和160 μmol/L时,RGCs活力明显下降,差异显著(P<0.01)。25、50、100和200 μmol/L H₂O₂明显降低RGCs活力(P<0.05)。Sen浓度在10、20和40 μmol/L时,对50 μmol/L H₂O₂损伤的RGCs有较好的保护作用(P<0.05),其中40 μmol/L Sen保护作用最为明显。Hoechst 33258染色表明Sen可以减少H₂O₂引起的视网膜细胞凋亡。Western blotting结果表明Sen促进Bcl-2蛋白的表达,降低线粒体细胞色素C的释放,下调cleaved caspase-3的表达。 结论: Sen保护RGCs对抗氧化应激引起的损伤,其机制可能与其增强Bcl-2蛋白表达和减少氧化应激引起的细胞凋亡有关。     

Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract on toluene diisocyanate-induced immune-mediated inflammatory responses in rats

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a small tree cultivated throughout India. We have investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera (MOEE, an herbal remedy) on the potential prevention of immune-mediated inflammatory responses in toluene diisocyanate (TDI as antigen)-induced asthma in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n = 8/group): Group-I = unsensitized control; Group-II = TDI control/vehicle; Group-III = dexamethasone (DXM) 2.5 mg/kg; and, Groups IV and V = 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight [BW] of MOEE, respectively. All rats (except unsensitized controls) were sensitized by intranasal application of 10% TDI to induce airway hypersensitivity. Animals in Groups II-V were given their respective drug treatment per os from 1 wk prior to initiation of sensitization until the day of final provocation with 5% TDI. After this last challenge, all rats were examined for hyperreactivity symptoms and then sacrificed to determine their total and differential leucocytes in blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid and levels of TNF proportional, variant, IL-4, and IL-6 in their BAL and serum. Homogenates of one lung lobe from each animal were utilized to assess oxidative stress; a separate lobe underwent histologic examination to assess airway inflammatory status. The results suggest that asthmatic symptoms were found in TDI control rats only, while both MOEE- and DXM-treated rats did not manifest any airway abnormality. In MOEE- and DXM-treated rats, neutrophil and eosinophil levels in the blood were decreased significantly; levels of total cells and each different cell in their BAL fluid were markedly decreased as compared to those in TDI controls. TNF alpha, IL-4, and IL-6 were predominant in serum as well as in BAL fluids in TDI controls, but these levels were reduced significantly by MOEE treatment. The antioxidant activity in relation to antiinflammatory activity of the extract and histopathological observations also reflected a protective effect. Based on the above findings and observations, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera may possess some beneficial properties that act against chemically stimulated immune-mediated inflammatory responses that are characteristic of asthma in the rat.     

胆红素对抗脂多糖诱导致大鼠急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨胆红素对抗急性肺损伤（ALI）的作用及其机制。方法： 用雄性Wistar大鼠（200-250 g） 30只，随机分为生理盐水对照组、脂多糖（LPS）致ALI动物模型组、胆红素干预组。观察病理形态变化并检测肺组织肺系数（LI）；支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中白细胞（WBC）计数、中性粒细胞（PMN）百分比、蛋白质含量（Pr）；肺泡通透指数（LPI）及肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）水平变化。结果： （1）ALI模型组LI，BALF中WBC计数、PMN百分比、Pr及LPI均显著高于生理盐水对照组（均P<0.01）。胆红素干预组LI，BALF中WBC计数和LPI均显著低于AIL模型组（均P<0.01），PMN百分比和Pr明显低于ALI模型组（均P<0.05），且与生理盐水对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）ALI模型组MDA含量显著多于生理盐水对照组（P<0.01），SOD活性和GSH-Px含量都明显低于生理盐水对照组(P<0.01)。胆红素干预组MDA含量明显低于ALI模型组 (P<0.01)，而SOD活性和GSH-Px含量显著多于ALI模型组（P<0.01，P<0.05)且与生理盐水对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论： 胆红素通过其抗氧化作用对抗大鼠急性肺损伤。     

硫化氢对肢体缺血再灌注所致大鼠急性肺损伤的作用及机制

目的: 探讨内、外源性硫化氢(H₂S)在肢体缺血再灌注(IR)所致大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)中的作用并初探其机制。方法: 应用双大腿根部止血带复制大鼠双后肢缺血及再灌注后肺损伤模型。将120只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、IR组、NaHS+IR组和抑制H₂S生成的炔丙基甘氨酸(PPG)+IR组。肢体缺血再灌注后4 h处死动物, 测定肺系数;光镜下观察肺组织形态学改变;化学法检测血浆H₂S、NO、CO含量,肺组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(CSE)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和血红素加氧酶(HO)活性以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中中性粒细胞(PMN)数目和蛋白含量变化,并对血浆H₂S含量与上述指标进行相关性分析。结果: 大鼠肢体IR可引起肺组织明显的形态学改变、肺系数和肺组织MDA含量增加、BALF中PMN数目和蛋白含量增加、血浆H₂S含量和肺组织CSE活性下降、肺组织iNOS活性和HO活性及血浆中NO含量和CO含量增加。预先给予NaHS可显著减轻IR所致上述指标的改变; 而预先给予PPG可加重IR所致肺损伤, 使BALF中PMN数目和蛋白含量、血浆NO含量和肺组织iNOS活性进一步增加, 但对血浆CO含量和肺组织HO活性无明显影响。H₂S含量与CSE活性、血浆CO含量、肺组织HO活性呈正相关(均P<0.01);与其它指标呈负相关(均P<0.01)。结论: H₂S/CSE体系的下调参与介导了大鼠肢体IR所致大鼠ALI的发生, 内、外源性H₂S具有抗肢体IR所致ALI的作用, 该作用可能与其抗氧化效应、减轻PMN所致肺部过度炎症反应以及下调NO/iNOS体系、上调CO/HO体系有一定关系。     

右美托咪定减轻失血性休克/复苏大鼠急性肾损伤

目的:研究右美托咪定对失血性休克/复苏(HS/R)大鼠急性肾损伤的影响。方法:健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组:生理盐水对照组(NS组)、右美托咪定组(D组)、HS/R组和HS/R+D组。容量复苏后6 h处死动物,采集血和肾组织标本。检测各组血清中肌酐和尿素氮的浓度;检测各组大鼠肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)含量;Western blot法检测肾组织血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)和核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达;HE染色观察肾组织病理学改变。结果:与NS组比较,HS/R组MDA含量升高,SOD活性降低(P0.05);与HS/R组比较,HS/R+D组MDA含量降低,SOD活性升高(P0.05)。与NS组比较,HS/R组TNF-α和IL-1β含量升高(P0.05);与HS/R组比较,HS/R+D组TNF-α和IL-1β含量降低(P0.05)。与NS组比较,HS/R组肾组织NF-κB表达升高;与HS组比较,HS/R+D组肾组织NF-κB表达降低(P0.05)。与NS组比较,HS/R组肾组织HO-1表达升高;与HS/R组比较,HS/R+D组HO-1表达进一步升高(P0.05)。肾组织病理学检查可见,右美托咪定治疗可明显减轻肾细胞变性、坏死及炎性细胞浸润程度。结论:右美托咪定可减轻HS/R大鼠急性肾损伤,其作用机制可能与上调HO-1表达及抑制NF-κB表达有关。     

二氧化硫对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注所致肺损伤的影响及其作用机制

 目的：探讨内、 外源性二氧化硫(SO2)对肢体缺血再灌注(IR)所致大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用及其机制。方法：应用双大腿根部止血带复制大鼠双后肢IR后肺损伤模型。96只SD大鼠随机分为6组：假手术(sham)组、肢体缺血4 h再灌注4 h(IR) 组、sham+SO2组、sham+异羟肟酸(hydroxamate, HDX)组、IR+SO2组和IR+HDX组。光镜下观察肺组织形态学改变并计数肺泡间隔中中性粒细胞（polymorphonuclear neutrophil, PMN）数目;测定肺系数和肺组织丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA)含量;测定肺内细胞间粘附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM)-1以及血清肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor,TNF）-α和白细胞介素（interleukin,IL)-1表达的变化;测定肺组织中SO2含量和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)活性;观察动物24 h存活率。结果：大鼠肢体 IR可引起肺组织出现损伤性变化,同时肺泡间隔中PMN数目、肺系数、肺组织 MDA 含量和ICAM-1水平以及血清TNF-α和IL-1含量增加,而肺组织SO2含量和AST活性下降、动物存活率降低;预先给予SO2供体Na2SO3/NaHSO3可明显减轻上述指标的变化;而预先给予体内SO2生成酶抑制剂HDX减少SO2的生成可加重IR所致的上述变化。结论：肺内AST/SO2体系下调参与介导了大鼠肢体IR致ALI的发生;外源性 SO2通过抗炎、抗氧化发挥其改善肢体IR所致的肺损伤的作用。     

Protective effects of pentoxifylline on acute liver injury induced by thioacetamide in rats

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with the effects of antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis that has been shown to induce damage in liver. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of PTX on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: control, PTX, TAA and PTX+TAA treated groups. Rats were administrated TAA together with or without PTX for a week and sacrificed 24 h after the last intragastric administration of PTX. Histopathological analysis was carried out. The liver function, the indices of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissues, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions were examined. The mRNA level of NF-κB p65 in liver was also determined. PTX significantly attenuated TAA-induced liver injury. The serum transaminase and MDA levels were reduced while the levels of SOD and GSH were increased, as compared with the TAA-treated group. PTX also remarkably suppressed the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation induced by TAA. In addition, the histopathological analysis showed that the range and degree of liver tissue lesions were improved obviously in PTX treated group. Pentoxifylline could ameliorate the effects of thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress, expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation.