(足母)趾系列皮瓣

1980年，Morrison等首先为1例拇指皮肤套状撕脱伤者，选用[足母]趾甲皮瓣移植施行拇指再造获得成功，为拇指皮肤套状撕脱伤的治疗开拓了新的方法。我们在临床应用[足母]趾甲皮瓣施行拇指再造与修复中获得较大的启发，根据[足母]趾的应用解剖，拓宽了对[足母]趾甲皮瓣的认识，从而开发出[足母]趾系列皮瓣。皮瓣切取范围：第一跖骨远1／3以远除保留[足母]趾胫侧舌状瓣外[足母]趾任何部位的组织。皮瓣切取后不仅保留原[足母]趾外形，长度与功能，为手指部分皮肤及复合组织等缺损的修复与重建，取得了满意的专科修复效果。     

急诊第二足趾趾甲皮瓣与掌背皮瓣瓦合修复单指脱套伤

拇指及手指脱套伤并不少见 ,用传统方法进行修复 ,其外观及功能均不理想[1 4 ] 。我们采用第二足趾趾甲皮瓣与掌背皮瓣瓦合移植 ,急诊修复拇手指脱套伤 19例 19指 ,再造指体全部成活 ,功能与效果满意 ,达到预期目的。一、资料与方法1 一般资料 :本组共 19例 19指 ,男 12例 ,女 7例 ;年龄 16至 32岁 ,平均 2 5岁。均系机器挤压伤致拇手指逆行套状撕脱伤。右示指 6指 ,右拇指 7指 ,左示指 2指 ,左拇指 4指。自指根部套脱 6指 ,自掌指关节以远脱套 13指。伤指脱套皮肤严重损伤均无回植条件 ,入院后急诊行第二足趾趾甲皮瓣与掌骨背动脉皮瓣瓦合…     

带瓶样足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣修复全手指皮肤套脱伤

目的探讨修复全手指皮肤套脱伤的新术式。方法选用带瓶样足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣修复全手指皮肤套脱伤8例10指。切取第二趾甲皮瓣及足背皮瓣(长度9～12cm),足背皮瓣切取面积为3cmx4cm～8cm×9cm。皮瓣血供重建方式为趾一指血管吻合及第一跖背动脉与指总动脉或桡动脉吻合。结果术后皮瓣全部存活。随访6～12个月,手指外形及屈、伸功能满意,皮瓣两点分辨觉为6～9mm。1指远侧指间关节屈曲略受限。1指远侧指间关节僵直,但不影响近侧指间关节功能,手功能评定：优8指,良2指。结论带瓶样足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣修复全手指皮肤套脱伤,修复后的手指功能外形满意,可最大限度地恢复伤指的外形和功能。     

Gillbert Ⅲ型第二趾甲皮瓣复合邻指侧方皮瓣修复全手指脱套伤

目的报道GillbertⅢ型第二趾甲皮瓣复合邻指侧方皮瓣修复全手指脱套伤的临床效果.方法在GillbertⅢ型病例中,切取第二趾甲皮瓣同时带4 cm×4 cm足背皮瓣;利用邻指侧方皮瓣转移,解决患指的部分皮肤缺损,并利用邻指侧方皮瓣中的指固有动脉与第二指甲皮瓣中一侧的趾底固有动脉吻合解决血供.结果临床应用3例脱套伤指均修复成功,其外形感觉运动恢复良好.结论(1)利用该方法在GillbertⅢ型患者中切取第二趾甲皮瓣省时而又方便;(2)利用邻指侧方皮瓣则既能弥补第二趾甲皮瓣对患指覆盖后留下的小创面,又能解决供体--"第二趾甲皮瓣"的血供.     

Mu趾甲联合足背皮瓣修复拇指和手部软组织缺损

目的：探讨拇指和手部软组织缺损显微修复的效果。方法：应用吻合血管的Mu趾甲联合足背皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤和手部皮肤缺损5例。足部创面采用整块中厚皮修复。结果：1例足背皮瓣边缘部分皮肤坏死，其余各例皮瓣完全成活，拇指和手部外观良好、功能满意。结论：Mu趾甲联合足背皮瓣移植可为拇指和手部皮肤撕脱伤提供一种可选择的良好修复方法。     

带翼状皮瓣的第二趾甲瓣修复手指皮肤套脱伤

目的解决第二趾趾甲瓣在修复手指皮肤套脱伤时，因第二趾短、细，造成手指侧方及根部皮肤难以覆盖的问题。方法对5例6指皮肤套脱伤患者，根据指背、掌侧及两侧皮肤缺损的长度，设计带翼状皮瓣的第二趾趾甲瓣。手指掌侧皮肤缺损，由第二趾跖侧皮肤覆盖，一般设计与趾根同宽；第二趾腓侧因切开后套入粗大的手指后造成的皮肤缺损由第三趾胫侧趾动脉皮瓣覆盖，第二趾胫侧趾根部缺损由蹿趾腓侧趾动脉皮瓣覆盖，其余创面长度及宽度的不足由跖背皮瓣覆盖。结果术后趾甲瓣全部存活。随访3-6个月，手指屈伸功能及外形恢复满意，手指皮肤两点分辨觉为5．9mm。结论采用带翼状皮瓣的第二趾趾甲瓣修复手指套脱伤，方法可靠，疗效满意。     

手指皮肤脱套伤治疗进展

手指皮肤脱套伤的治疗是手外科领域一大难题。手指皮肤脱套伤临床修复治疗中原位再植效果最为满意,但脱套皮肤往往挫伤严重,其适应证受到一定局限。足拇甲皮瓣修复单个手指中末节皮肤脱套伤效果好,但有较高的供区并发症发生率;腹部皮瓣修复多个手指皮肤脱套伤仍是目前最常用的方法,供区几乎无并发症发生,但临床修复效果报道不一;第2趾甲皮瓣修复手指皮肤脱套伤的长期临床随访效果好,但需牺牲一足趾;手部带蒂瓦合皮瓣修复手指未节脱套伤疗效较好,游离皮瓣修复单个手指皮肤脱套伤也可取得较好临床效果。     

不同形式的第二趾甲皮瓣移植修复不同程度的手指皮肤脱套伤

目的总结第二趾甲皮瓣的临床应用效果并探索手指皮肤脱套伤最合理的治疗方案。方法根据手指皮肤脱套伤的特点,将83例95指手指皮肤脱套伤分为二度。Ⅰ度脱套伤:2～5指皮肤脱套范围自指中节中段至指尖,采用单纯第二趾甲皮瓣修复,共59指。Ⅱ度脱套伤:2～5指皮肤脱套范围自指根部至指尖,采用带足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣修复,共36指。结果95块甲皮瓣全部存活。术后65指随访8个月～5年10个月,失访30指。按中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定,优62指、良3指。结论第二趾甲皮瓣是治疗手指皮肤脱套伤最合理的方法之一。对手指皮肤脱套伤的伤情进行分度,有利于治疗方案的选择。     

(足母)趾甲联合足背皮瓣修复拇指和手部软组织缺损

目的　探讨拇指和手部软组织缺损显微修复的效果。　方法　应用吻合血管的趾甲联合足背皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤和手部皮肤缺损 5例。足部创面采用整块中厚皮修复。　结果　 1例足背皮瓣边缘部分皮肤坏死 ,其余各例皮瓣完全成活 ,拇指和手部外观良好、功能满意。　结论　趾甲联合足背皮瓣移植可为拇指和手部皮肤撕脱伤提供一种可选择的良好修复方法。     

第二趾甲皮瓣修复手指皮肤脱套伤术后随访报告

目的：报告第二趾甲皮瓣修复手指皮肤脱套伤术后的中长期随访结果。方法：对109例121指手指皮肤脱套伤,选用第二趾甲皮瓣或带足背皮瓣的第二趾甲皮瓣进行修复。对其中61例74指进行了2～8年（平均4年）的随访。结果：随访显示,修复后的手指外形良好,指甲生长良好,指腹饱满、指腹感觉恢复S2～S4,36指两点辨别觉达到4～7mm,65指手指屈曲功能接近正常,所有病例手指都能够完成写字、持物等动作,21指能够完成捡针的精细动作,足部供区出现并发症4例,其中2例出现两种不适的表现,并发症出现率6.5%。参照中华医学会手外科分会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准结合足部供区情况进行评定,属优者45例52指,良者13例16指,可者3例6指,无差的病例,优良率95.1%。结论：第二趾甲皮瓣急诊修复手指皮肤脱套伤,修复的手指有指甲和丰满的指腹,可最大限度地恢复伤指的外形和功能。     

Flag flap - Kite flap Dorsal metacarpal flap

The flag flap is a pedicled dorsal digital flap, combining a skin paddle (the “flag”) and a vascular pedicle (the flag “pole”). Its vascularisation depends on the dorsal metacarpal arteries (DMCA). It has been described in 1963, by Holevitch [1] with harvest of a cutaneovascular pole; it has been brilliantly modified in 1979 by Foucher et al. [2–4] under the form of a unipedicled “kite” flap, although we would like to point out that Vilain has been using it since 1952 [5]. Usually harvested from the dorsum of the metacarpophalangeal region of the index finger, this flap is reliable, but it is more uncertain and less movable at the level of the other digits. Owing to its small size, it proves useful in hand traumatology because it does not sacrifice any major vascular axis. The kite flap is considered as a sensory flap (presence of a nerve supply) with a two-point discrimination, which can be assessed from 11 to 16 mm [1–6].     

A new flap model in rats: iliac osteomusculocutaneous flap

Although osteomusculocutaneous flaps are used frequently in clinical practice to repair defects involving soft tissue and bone, there are still many questions that remain to be answered regarding their basic physiology. To accomplish such basic science studies, simple and reliable animal osteomusculocutaneous flap models are needed. The purpose of this study was to describe a new flap model in rats--namely, the iliac osteomusculocutaneous flap. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used in this experiment. In 15 rats, the vascular anatomy of the iliolumbar vessels and their relation with adjacent soft tissues and the iliac bone was determined by anatomic dissection. Based on this anatomic study, the iliac osteomusculocutaneous flap model was created in rats. The flap is comprised of a skin island (3 x 3 cm) in the flank region, a 1 x 1-cm segment of iliac bone, and an abdominal wall muscle cuff. In 10 rats, the flap was raised as an island flap based on its vascular pedicle of iliolumbar vessels, and was replaced in situ. In the remaining 5 rats, the flap was transferred to the groin region as a free flap. Direct observation on postoperative day 7 revealed that the skin island of all the flaps was completely viable. Bone scintigraphy performed on postoperative day 3 in free flaps demonstrated radionuclide uptake, indicating viability of the bony segment. The dye injection study revealed ink staining within blood vessels of the bone, confirming its viability. Microangiography of the flap demonstrated vascularity of each component of the flap by the iliolumbar vessels, including a distinct branch to the iliac bone. The authors conclude that the iliac osteomusculocutaneous flap of the rat is a simple and reliable flap model that offers the following advantages: (1) It is a true osteomusculocutaneous flap, (2) it can be used as a free flap without the need for an isogeneic rat, (3) the vascular pedicle is consistent, and (4) it is harvested from a small-animal species.     

扩张皮肤软组织修复缺损中菱形皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨菱形皮瓣设计对扩张皮瓣中问松弛部分的充分利用.方法扩张后的皮肤软组织在设计旋转皮瓣修复缺损时,如果中间松弛部分不能充分利用.在旋转皮瓣上再次设计菱形皮瓣来充分利用扩张后的皮肤软组织,菱形皮瓣的尖部设计在扩张最充分部分,皮瓣蒂部设计在旋转皮瓣的切口侧,要注意保证菱形皮瓣与旋转皮瓣形成的复合皮瓣的长度与蒂的宽度比例在2.5:1.0.结果 11例在旋转皮瓣上再次设计菱形皮瓣,复合皮瓣的长宽比例最大达到3:1,多数在2.5:1.0.皮瓣全部存活,有1例皮瓣尖部小面积血运障碍,1例菱形皮瓣尖部早先轻度淤血.结论 该设计较充分、合理的利用了扩张后的皮肤软组织,最大可能的修复了缺损.复合皮瓣设计,一是注意长宽比例,二是尽量选择蒂部有知名血管的轴型皮瓣以策安全.只要设计合理,该方法是安全的,值得推广.     

The cross-leg flap: still a useful flap in children.

Reconstruction of the distal lower limb and foot is a difficult problem, especially where large areas of skin loss have occurred. The cross-leg flap is a safe and reliable alternative to free tissue transfer in paediatric lower limb trauma. By incorporating fascia or muscle the versatility of the flap can be enhanced. Our experience with the cross-leg flap in children during the last 5 years is discussed.     

A new flap model in the rat: the pectoral skin flap

The purpose of this study was to describe a new axial-pattern experimental flap model in the rat. Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used in the experiment. In 15 rats, the superficial anatomy of the ventral thoracic region was studied by anatomic dissection, dye injection, and microangiography, using 5 rats in each group. The anatomic studies revealed that the ventral thoracic skin derives its principal blood supply from the long thoracic artery--a branch of the common thoracic artery. Based on these anatomic studies, the pectoral skin flap model, pedicled on the long thoracic vessels, was created in the rat. The flap is bounded medially by the midsternal line, laterally by the anterior axillary line, and superiorly and inferiorly by transverse lines passing at the level of the suprasternal notch and the xyphoid process respectively. In 5 animals, bilateral flaps (N = 10) were raised and replaced in situ. In 15 animals, oversized flaps were created by extending the flap for both a greater width (N = 10) and length (N = 10). Although all the flaps limited to the cutaneous territory as described were found to survive totally, oversized flaps underwent partial necrosis distally. The authors conclude that the pectoral flap is a simple and reliable skin flap model for future biological and pharmacological study because it is very easy to raise, has a consistent vascular pedicle, and has well-defined borders with consistent landmarks.     

New experimental flap model in the rat: free flow-through epigastric flap

This study describes a free flow-through flap model in the rat for use in the evaluation of the physiologic and hemodynamic characteristics of this type of flap in clinical practice. The rat is a preferred animal model because it is inexpensive, readily available, and reliable. There is no free flow-through flap model available for laboratory animals, although this model gained popularity in clinical use recently. Twenty Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used in our experiment. In 5 rats, the vascular anatomy of the groin and proximal thigh region was determined by anatomic dissection. The experimental design consisted of two groups. In the experimental group (N = 5), a flow-through epigastric skin flap was harvested based on the femoral artery, preparing both its proximal and distal stumps. The flap was transferred to the contralateral groin, and end-to-end vascular anastomosis was performed between a proximal and distal stump of the femoral arteries of the flap and recipient site. The proximal stump of the femoral vein of the flap was anastomosed to the femoral vein of the recipient site. The control group was divided into two subgroups. In all control group rats (N = 10), the flap was harvested in the same manner, and transferred to the contralateral groin, but standard free-flap procedure with one artery and one vein anastomosis was performed in 5 rats (conventional free-flap subgroup), and anastomosis was not performed between the flap and the recipient site in the remaining 5 rats (graft subgroup). Survival of the flap was evaluated on postoperative day 7 by direct observation, and microangiography was performed to delineate the vascularity of the flow-through flap. The results showed that all flaps survived in the experimental group and the conventional free-flap subgroup of the control group, whereas in the graft subgroup, all flaps underwent total necrosis. The authors conclude that the flow-through epigastric flap for the rat is a simple and reliable model for future physiologic and pharmacologic studies.