UPLC-MS／MS法测定F351中催化剂四丁基溴化铵的残留量

目的:建立超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC—MS/MS)检测一类新药 F351原料药中催化剂四丁基溴化铵残留量的方法。方法:色谱柱为 Waters Atlantis HILIC Silica(2.1 mm×100 mm,3μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1 mol·L~(-1)甲酸铵溶液(pH=3.5)95:5,流速0.2 mL·min~(-1)。经石油醚和水(1:1)提取出的四丁基溴化铵通过 UPLC—MS/MS 进行检测。结果:本法的线性范围为5～100 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996);最低检测限为2.9×10~(-12)g;回收率为97.1%。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确,可用于新药 F351对催化剂四丁基溴化铵的质量控制。     

三叶青地上部分抗炎提取物固体纳米晶生物利用度及药动学研究

目的:建立同时测定大鼠血浆中三叶青地上部分抗炎提取物(THAA)9个效应组分的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS/MS)定量分析方法,评价THAA固体纳米晶血药浓度、药动学特性及口服生物利用度.方法:采用UPLC-MS/MS,CORTECSTM UPLC-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6μm)...     

正红花油中血竭掺伪龙血竭检查方法的研究

目的:建立正红花油中血竭掺伪的检测方法。方法:以7,4’-二羟基黄酮为指标建立薄层色谱(TLC)法,快速筛查正红花油中掺伪的龙血竭。TLC筛查出可疑样品,用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法进行确证并定量分析,采用SuperLu C₁₈(2)(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(25∶75)为流动相,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,选择m/z 253.1→117.1(定量)和m/z 253.1→91.0(定性)作为7,4’-二羟基黄酮检测离子对。结果:TLC方法专属性、耐用性良好。采用UPLC-MS/MS法,7,4’-二羟基黄酮质量浓度在0.470～37.58 ng·mL^-1范围内线性良好(r=0.999 7),加样平均回收率(n=6)为96.1%,RSD为3.2%。对30批正红花油进行薄层初筛,结果有24批疑似检出7,4’-二羟基黄酮。疑似样品通过UPLC-MS/MS验证,有24批正红花油超出拟定的限度,验证结果与TLC方法一致。结论:本方法快速,结果准确,灵敏度高,可...     

用UPLC-MS/MS法测定肝功能不全患者血浆中伏立康唑的浓度

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法以测定人血浆中伏立康唑的浓度,用于临床治疗药物监测.方法 血浆中加入甲醇进行蛋白沉淀,取上清液用于UPLC-MS/MS分析.分析柱为InertSustain C18 HP(3.0 mm×100 mm,3μm),流动相为水-乙腈(15:85)等度洗脱,流速0....     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测人体毛发中右美沙芬及其代谢物去甲右美沙芬

目的:建立一种准确、快速检测毛发中右美沙芬及其代谢物去甲右美沙芬的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法。方法:用含内标双苯戊二氨酯(SKF_525A)的甲醇溶液提取含有右美沙芬及其代谢物的毛发,经0.22μm微孔有机滤膜过滤,UPLC-MS/MS检测。采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3超高液相色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm),以0.2%甲酸(10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温为室温。采用电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应模式检测。结果:右美沙芬和去甲右美沙芬质量浓度均在1～100 ng·mL^-1范围内线性响应良好,线性方程分别为Y=1.349 49X-0.020 80 (r=0.998 8)和Y=0.775 10X-0.013 87 (r=0.999 1),检测限和定量限均分别为0.01 ng·mL^-1和0.025 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率在97.0%～104.8%...     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时检测人血浆中美托洛尔和曲美他嗪浓度

目的:建立同时检测人血浆中美托洛尔和曲美他嗪浓度的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,应用于临床美托洛尔和曲美他嗪血药浓度监测.方法:血浆采用甲醇沉淀蛋白方法处理后进样分析,以苯佐卡因为内标,色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7 μm),...     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测复方芦丁片中芦丁的含量

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定复方芦丁片中芦丁含量的方法。方法采用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC RBEH C 18色谱柱(2.1×100mm,1.7μm),流动相为甲醇-水溶液(42∶58),电喷雾离子化(ESI)正离子模式下选择质荷比(m/z)为301离子进行检测。结果所建方法能快速检测芦丁,在2.5~40.7ng·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995),平均加样回收率为99.5%,方法定量限为0.5ng·mL^-1,方法重复性和精密度良好。结论该方法专属性强,快速灵敏,适用于复方芦丁片中芦丁的含量测定。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸的浓度

目的:建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸的浓度。方法:血浆样品用甲基叔丁基醚提取,离心后取上清液氮气吹干,流动相复溶后进行UPLC-MS/MS测定。色谱柱:BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm);流动相:乙腈-0.01 mol.L-1醋酸铵(72∶28);流速:0.15 mL.min-1;柱温:40℃,进样量:8μL。电喷雾离子化(ESI),正离子模式多重反应选择离子检测(MRM),辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀羟基酸及内标洛伐他汀的检测离子对分别为:m/z 419→199,437→303,405→199。结果:血浆样品中辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀羟基酸线性范围分别为0.241～61.76 ng.mL-1(r=0.999,n=5)和0.344～88.16 ng.mL-1(r=0.997,n=5),日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%,方法的平均回收率分别为100.6%和106.0%,血浆基质对血浆中的辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸测定无干扰。结论:建立的UPLC-MS/MS法处理简单、灵敏、特异性高,定量准确,为辛伐他汀制剂的临床药代动力学研究提供了简便、准确的分析测定方法。     

HPLC法测定门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量和有关物质方法研究

目的 :建立高效液相色谱 (HPL C)法测定门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量和有关物质。方法 :Diamonsil C1 8色谱柱 (2 5 0 mm× 4 .6 mm ,5μm) ,以乙腈 -磷酸盐缓冲液 - 0 .0 5 mol/ L四丁基溴化铵溶液 (19∶ 81∶ 4 )为流动相 ,流速为1.0 ml/ min,用外标法测定 ,检测波长为 2 88nm。结果 :在 16～ 14 4μg/ ml的浓度范围内 ,洛美沙星的浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系 ,r=0 .9997;回收率为 99.9% ,RSD=1.2 % ;最低检测量为 2 ng/ ml。结论 :该法准确、简便、灵敏 ,可用于门冬氨酸洛美沙星注射液的含量测定和有关物质检查。     

亲水液相色谱-质谱联用法测定河豚子中的河豚毒素

目的:建立河豚子中河豚毒素的亲水液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)定量检测方法。方法:样品经匀浆,超声,乙腈沉淀离心后取上清液进样测定。色谱柱为Innovation HP Amide柱(100 mm×3.0 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.3%甲酸(体积比为70∶30);流速为0.5 mL.min-1;柱温为30℃;进样量5μL。以正离子多反应监测(MRM)方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子对为[M+H]+320.1→162.1。结果:河豚毒素的线性范围为0.0313～2.00μg.mL-1,r=0.9999;检测限(S/N=3)为0.30 ng.mL-1,即3.0 pg;加样回收率在95.9%～102.7%之间。结论:本法简单、快速,灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于河豚子中河豚毒素的定量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.