HPLC同时测定散瘀消肿膏中3种有效成分的含量

目的利用梯度洗脱,建立了高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定散瘀消肿膏中黄芩苷,大黄酚,盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法采用HPLC测定黄芩苷,大黄酚,盐酸小檗碱含量,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS柱;以乙腈：水（含0.0092mol·L-1磷酸氢二钾,0.25%磷酸,0.17%三乙胺）为流动相,线性梯度洗脱;检测波长：266nm;流速：1mL·min-1。结果黄芩苷、大黄酚和盐酸小檗碱含量测定方法的线性关系良好,线性范围和相关系数分别为5.05～101.00μg·mL-1（r=0.9998）、3.25～65.00μg·mL-1（r=0.99931）、5.70～114.00μg·mL-1（r=0.99935）;平均加样回收率为99.3%,99.3%,99.0%,方法精密度良好,RSD均小于3.0%;方法重现性良好,RSD均小于7%。结论该方法简便,准确可靠,为散瘀消肿膏提供了更全面有效的质控方法。     

HPLC法同时测定葛根芩连汤中8种有效成分的含量

目的:建立运用HPLC法同时测定葛根芩连汤中8种有效成分(葛根素、甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱、黄芩素、汉黄芩素)的含量。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱:Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲酸铵(pH3.0、10 mmol.L-1)-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速:1 mL.min-1;检测波长:270、360 nm;柱温:25℃;进样量:20μL。结果:葛根素、甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的质量浓度分别在1.12～22.3μg.mL-1(r=0.9990),1.08～21.7μg.mL-1(r=0.9991),4.10～82.0μg.mL-1(r0.9990),1.23～24.6μg.mL-1(r=0.9993),1.99～39.8μg.mL-1(r=0.9991),4.05～81.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9993),2.40～48.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9994),1.11～22.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9993)范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系。平均回收率(n=5)均在95%～10...     

葛根芩连片中3种活性成分的HPLC法测定

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定葛根芩连片中的葛根素、盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷.采用C18色谱柱,以甲醇-0.2％磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测(葛根素为250 nm,盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷为280 nm).葛根素、盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷分别在0.02～0.40μg、0.01～0.20μg和0.01～0.20 μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.2％、97.1％和97.9％,RSD分别为1.7％、2.1％和1.9％.     

HPLC法同时测定乙肝解毒胶囊中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立一种同时测定乙肝解毒胶囊中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的HPLC法.以Hypersil BDS C18为色谱柱;以A(乙腈),B[乙腈0.5%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调pH=2.5)(10∶90)]为流动相;采用梯度洗脱程序;流速为1.0mL·min-1;柱温为室温;检测波长为265nm. 黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为45.72～274.32μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),1.930～96.48μg·mL-1(r=0.9995);加样回收率分别为97.84%(RSD=1.33%,n=6) 和100.38%(RSD=1.81%,n=6).本方法快速、准确、重现性好,可以为乙肝解毒胶囊的质量控制提供依据.     

HPLC法同时测定小儿惊风七厘散中5个有效成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定小儿惊风七厘散中橙皮苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚5个有效成分含量的方法.方法 采用依利特C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1％磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:213 nm.结果 通过设定的色...     

RP-HPLC法同时测定保济丸中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、木香烃内酯及去氢木香内酯的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法同时测定保济丸中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、木香烃内酯及去氢木香内酯的含量。方法:采用AgilentExtent-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(47∶53)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为225 nm。结果:厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、木香烃内酯及去氢木香内酯的浓度分别在2.744～137.2μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),2.836～141.8μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),3.164～158.2μg.mL-1(r=0.9998)及3.148～157.4μg.mL-1(r=0.9999)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;方法回收率(n=3)为96.3%～102.7%,RSD为0.2%～1.7%。结论:本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于同时测定保济丸中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、木香烃内酯及去氢木香内酯的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定香连化滞丸中7种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定香连化滞丸中芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱、甘草酸和厚朴酚7种成分含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent Porlshell 120 SB C18,流动相为90%乙腈(A)-5%乙腈(含0.1%磷酸,B)(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为3μl,检测波长分别为芍药苷230 nm(0~10.0 min)、橙皮苷283 nm(10.1~13.0 min)、黄芩苷277 nm(13.1~14.4 min)、巴马汀(以盐酸巴马汀计)和小檗碱(以盐酸小檗碱计)265 nm(14.5~20.0 min)、甘草酸(以甘草酸铵计)250 nm(20.1~25.0 min)、厚朴酚290 nm(25.1~60.0 min)。结果:芍药苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、巴马汀(以盐酸巴马汀计)、小檗碱(以盐酸小檗碱计)、甘草酸(以甘草酸铵计)和厚朴酚的检测进样量线性范围分别为0.013 88~0.694 5、0.039 93~1.996 8、0.070 08~0.389 3、0.006 48~0.324 0、0.010 52~0.526 2、0.008 816~0.440 7、0.007 224~0.361 2μg(r≥0.999 5);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;平均加样回收率分别为97.47%~102.88%、102.06%~102.81%、97.91%~100.80%、97.53%~101.60%、97.54%~100.68%、96.23%~99.00%、97.91%~101.44%,RSD分别为1.91%、0.25%、1.25%、1.66%、1.15%、1.11%、1.36%(n=6)。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可用于香连化滞丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定抗病毒口服液(Ⅰ)中4种成分

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定抗病毒口服液(Ⅰ)中(R,S)—告依春、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱和黄苓苷的含量.方法 采用YMC公司的Hydrosphere C18柱(4.6×250mm;5μm);流动相为0.1％磷酸-乙腈,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0mL·min-1;检测波长分别为(R,S)—告依春240nm、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷278nm;柱温30℃.结果 (R,S)—告依春、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为2.18 ～32.7μg·mL-1、101.6～1523.8μg·mL-1、8.5～127.61μg·mL.1和153.7 ～ 2305.0μ·mL-1(r≧0.9998).4种成分的平均回收率在97.8％ ～99.3％之间.结论 该方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于测定抗病毒口服液(Ⅰ)中4种成分的含量.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定胃复舒中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定胃复舒胶囊中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量。方法采用KromasilC18色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(34∶60∶6∶0.2);流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:270nm,柱温:30℃。结果盐酸小檗碱的线性范围0.01756μg～0.1756μg,r=0.9999;黄芩苷线性范围0.04696μg～0.4696μg,r=0.9999;平均回收率盐酸小檗碱为99.76%,RSD为1.26%(n=9);黄芩苷为100.66%,RSD为1.10%(n=9)。结论该法简便,快速,结果可靠,可用于胃复舒胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定炎可宁片中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立测定炎可宁片中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:色谱柱:C18柱(4.6mmID×250mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水-磷酸(35∶65∶0.2)(用三乙胺调节pH值到3.0);检测波长270nm,流速:1mL·min-1。结果:盐酸小檗碱的理论板数为7489。黄芩苷的理论板数为4853。回归方程:1盐酸小檗碱:Y=3500.1+38460.8X,相关系数r=0.9999,线性范围为27.62μg·mL-1～138.10μg·ml-1(n=5),平均回收率99.17%;2黄岑苷Y=48550.1+33996.9X,相关系数r=0.9997,线性范围为26.40μg·mL-1～132.0μg·mL-1(n=5),平均回收率为99.88%。结论:该方法快速简便,准确可靠,灵敏度高,可用于炎可宁片中盐酸小檗碱和黄岑苷的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.