Plasma chemistry references values in psittaciformes

Reference values for 17 plasma chemical variables in African greys. Amazons, cockatoos and macaws were established for use in avian clinical practice. The inner limits are given for the percentiles P(2.5) and P(97.5) with a probability of 90%. The following variables were studied: urea, creatinine, uric acid, urea/uric acid ratio, osmolality, sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, bile acids, total protein, albumin/globulin ratio. Differences between methods used and values found in this study and those reported previously are discussed.     

Plasma chemistry reference values in the gyr falcon (Falco rusticolus)

Blood samples were collected from 102 clinically healthy gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus) over a time period of approximately 3 years as part of routine examination procedures. Standard blood chemistry analyses were carried out to establish normal reference values for the species. Plasma chemistry analyses included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, blood urea nitrogen, bile acids, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, phosphate, iron, total protein, total bilirubin, and uric acid. Reference intervals were determined using a quantile approach with 90 % confidence intervals of the limits. Juveniles and adults differ in ALT, creatinine, AST, glucose, LDH, and uric acid. Sexes differ in ALP, CK, AST, and phosphorus. This study provides valuable information on the plasma biochemistry values for gyr falcons that may help in the medical management of this endangered and commonly used falconry species.     

Effects of common anticoagulants (heparin,citrate and EDTA) on routine plasma biochemistry of cattle

The effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry have been studied in man and various animals but limited information exists for cattle plasma biochemistry. Ten clinically healthy Holstein cattle were blood sampled into different anticoagulants and plain tubes for harvesting plasma and serum. The concentrations of glucose, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. All of the measured parameters were significantly lower in citrated plasma than serum. Significant decreases in the amounts of urea, creatinine and total protein while significant increases in the concentration of bilirubin were seen when heparin was used as anticoagulant. Using EDTA as anticoagulant caused significant decreases in the amounts of urea, creatinine, total protein and the activities of AST compared to serum.     

Plasma chemistry in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus): Reference values and physiological variations of importance for interpretation.

Reference values (inner limits of the percentiles P(2.5) and P(97.5) are given with a probability of 95%) for 21 plasma chemical variables were established in 79 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). The following values were established: urea 0.8 to 3.9 mmol/l, creatinine 24 to 64 mumol/l, glucose 16.5 to 22.0 mmol/l, sodium 150 to 170 mmol/l, chloride 114 to 131 mmol/I, inorganic phosphorus 0.55 to 1.53 mmol/l, osmolal-ity 322 to 356 mOsmol/kg, alkaline phosphatase 31 to 121 IU/l, alanine aminotransferase 29 to 90 IU/l, aspartate aminotransferase 34 to 116 U/l, gamma glutamyl transferase 0 to 3 IU/l, lactate dehydrogenase 1008 to 2650 IU/l, creatine kinase 120 to 442 IU/l, cholinesterase 143 to 325 IU/1, glutamate dehydrogenase < 8 IU/l, total bile acids 5 to 69 mumol/l, uric acid 253 to 995 mumol/l, total protein 24 to 39 g/l, albumin 12.7 to 22.4 g/l. Reference values for the calculated albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were 0.8 to 24. Based on previous studies, reference values for calcium were established using an adjustment formula using plasma total protein concentrations (before correction 1.86 to 2.49, after correction 1.97 to 2.46 mmol/l). Results of plasma potassium concentrations were erratic which was shown to be due to a time lag between sample collection and separation of plasma and cells.     

Serum and plasma biochemical values of health loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)

Inappropriate sample handling of blood, the different collection procedures and integrity of incoming samples are significant limits to a correct interpretation of physiological ranges by practicing veterinarians in sea turtles. Several studies show the changes between serum or plasma biochemical determinations in large populations of sea turtles, but the comparison among data, methods and biochemical analysis is difficult in this species. In order to assess physiological parameters for healthy loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and therefore develop comparison between serum and plasma patterns of total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) n. 23 healthy loggerhead sea turtles (15 juvenile and eight subadult) were studied. Blood samples were collected daily from the occipital venous sinus from all turtles during three consecutive years. Plasma total protein, albumin and creatinine concentrations were similar to serum biochemical values. On the other hand, plasma urea concentrations were higher (P?<?0.05), and AST and ALT activities were lower (P?<?0.001) than serum determinations. On the basis of different age, subadult subjects showed serum urea concentrations lower (P?<?0.05) and serum AST activity higher (P?<?0.05) than serum values of juvenile subjects. No significant differences were observed between plasma values of juvenile and subadult subjects. In addition, plasma AST activity both of juvenile (P?<?0.001) and subadult (P?<?0.001), and ALT activity of subadult (P?<?0.05) subjects were lower than serum determinations. Data obtained showed significant differences between serum and plasma biochemical parameters in healthy sea turtles and only in serum values between juvenile and subadult subjects.     

Comparative studies on hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in different types of venomous snakes in Thailand

Reference values were established for some plasma biochemical and hematological profiles of venomous snakes in Thailand. The studies were performed on three groups of adult, captive born elapids, including 20 Siamese cobra, Naja kaouthia; 20 king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah; and 9 Malayan krait, Bungarus candidus. The study parameters included complete blood count, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma creatinine, uric acid, total protein, and sodium, potassium, and chloride ions. The results obtained were compared among groups of snakes. Comparative studies among groups showed statistical significant differences of some parameters among species including heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, AST, ALP, creatinine, and potassium and chloride ion levels. The differences of these parameters indicate the necessity of establishing referential data for hematological and biochemical parameters in venomous snakes. The results obtained will be useful in routine diagnostics as the hematological and metabolic profiles of venomous snakes.     

Effects of fasting on haematology and clinical chemistry values in the rat and dog

Many regulatory toxicity guidelines and the recommendation of AACC-DACC/ASVCP joint task force of the USA on clinical pathology testing require overnight fasting for rats and non-rodents before blood sampling. However, the reason why animals must be fasted before blood sampling is unclear in toxicology studies.Fasting, one of many preanalytical conditions, can lead to false low or high values, which in turn may lead to misinterpretation of test compound effects in toxicological studies. This paper reviews the literature with respect to fasting, and reports on our own studies, in the hope of increasing the awareness among investigators of these problems.Haematocrit values and plasma chemistry values in blood obtained from rats and dogs following fasting were compared with unfasted animals. In male F344 rats, after 16 h fasting, body weight decreased. Increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and decreases of plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), urea nitrogen (UN) and calcium were observed. Haematocrit, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total proteins (TP), glucose, and inorganic phosphorus (IP) were unchanged. In male beagle dogs after 16 h fasting, TG, PL, UN, calcium and IP were decreased. Haematocrit, ALP, TP, albumin, glucose, CHO, creatinine, AST/GOT, ALT/GPT, LDH and CPK were not changed.Our own studies show that in order to avoid excessive stress to test animals, the fasting period should be decided case by case, and not made uniform in toxicology studies. It would be useful if regulatory guidelines made some mention of both the effect of feeding, and of stress caused by fasting.     

Effects of experimental acute myocardial infarction on blood cell counts and plasma biochemical values in a nude rat model (Crl:NIH-Fox1RNU)

To determine the clinical pathology parameters in nude rats (Crl:NIH-Fox1^RNU) following experimental induction of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 50 male adult nude rats weighing 250–350 g were used. Complete blood count, total and differential leukocyte counts, plasma total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were determined before (time zero, T0), 1, and 5 days following experimental induction of AMI. Lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase (CK), and creatinine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB) were determined at T0, 6, and 24 h following AMI. There were no significant changes in the hematological parameters at any sampling point. Among all plasma biochemical parameters studied, only CK and CK-MB were significantly elevated 6 h following induction of AMI. These data will aid scientists and researchers in the interpretation and better application of their results when using nude rats for AMI studies.     

Normal and clinical haematology of greater and lesser flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus and Phoeniconaias minor)

Normal haematological reference values were obtained for Greater and Lesser flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus, Phoeniconaias minor). Statistically significant differences in the total white cell count and the absolute heterophil count were found in the two species. The reference values were used to identify abnormalities in the blood of five sick birds. Three of these were anaemic, all showed red cell hypochromia and four had heterophilia. The findings suggested that haematological testing is of potential diagnostic value in the species.     

Age-related hematology and plasma chemistry changes in captive Masai ostriches (Struthio camelus massaicus)

Blood samples were obtained from ostrich chicks every month during a complete calendar year to assess age-related hematology and plasma chemistry changes. Hematology analyses included total red blood cell count, hemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, total white cell count, differential white blood cell count, and thrombocyte count. Most hematology variables studied showed significant age-related differences during the development of the ostrich chicks up to 12 months of age, with the exception of eosinophil and basophil counts. Plasma chemistry analyses included alkaline phosphatase, amylase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, iron, phosphate, total protein, and uric acid. All plasma chemistry variables studied showed significant age-related differences during the development of the ostrich chicks up to 12 months of age.     

Normal blood chemistry of the Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)

Blood samples were obtained from two sub-species of captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata undulata and Chlamydotis undulara macqueenii) in order to establish normal blood chemistry reference values. The two sub-species were housed under the same conditions, the only difference being that C. u. undulata were fed exclusively on concentrated feed (in the form of pellets) and C. u. macqueenii were fed on a mixture of concentrated feed, minced meat and mixed vegetables/fruits. Twenty one different tests were conducted using a Kodak Ektachem DT II dry-chemistry system. Significant differences between the two sub-species were found for glucose, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, ammonia, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, cholesterol and triglycerides. The results obtained from this study provide important reference blood chemistry values for the two sub-species and demonstrate a possible effect of different dietary regimes or simply a genotypic variation between the sub-species.     

肝肾联合移植后前列地尔的早期应用

背景：近来有文献报道,前列地尔可促进移植肾功能的恢复,降低肾功能恢复延迟与急性排斥反应发生率,减少死亡率。 目的：观察肝肾联合移植后早期应用前列地尔对移植物功能恢复的影响。 方法：选择6例肝肾联合移植患者作为实验组,移植过程中及移植后3周内给予前列地尔30 μg/d,同期选择4例移植过程中及移植后不给予前列地尔的肝肾联合移植患者作为对照。观察两组患者移植后尿量、血肌酐、肌酐清除率、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸转移酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、移植肾血流阻力指数、胆汁引流量情况。 结果与结论：实验组患者移植后尿量、肌酐清除率、胆汁引流量均大于对照组(P < 0.05),丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸转移酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素浓度、肌酐浓度及移植肾血流阻力指数均明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。结果证实前列地尔对肝肾联合移植后移植肝、肾功能的早期恢复有积极的意义。     

Biochemical composition of blood plasma and follicular fluid in relation to follicular size in buffalo

The aim of this study was to examine the biochemical composition of follicular fluid from different-sized follicles and its relationship with that of blood plasma in buffalo. Ovaries of adult and healthy buffaloes were collected after slaughter. Follicular fluid was aspirated from three size classes of follicles (4–5, 6–9, and 10–20 mm diameter). Blood samples were also collected from these buffaloes immediately before slaughter. The follicular fluid and blood plasma samples were analyzed for metabolites (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine), ions (calcium and phosphorus), and enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). The follicular fluid calcium, urea, creatinine, albumin, and ASAT and ALAT concentrations were not affected by the size of the ovarian follicles. Follicular fluid concentrations of phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, ALK, and LDH decreased from small to large follicles. Phosphorus, albumin, and LDH concentrations in plasma were significantly lower than the levels in all follicle classes. The plasma concentrations of glucose, creatinin, cholesterol, triglyceride, protein, and glubolin were higher than in the small, medium, and large follicles. The concentration of glucose in the small follicles was significantly lower than in the medium and large follicles. Total protein concentration in fluid of small follicles was significantly higher than in the large follicles. The amount of globulin in medium follicles was higher than in the small and large follicles. The plasma concentration of ALK was significantly lower than in the small and medium follicles. ALK concentration difference between large follicles and plasma was not significant.     

Plasma biochemistry values in wild female hawksbill turtles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eretmochelys imbricata</Emphasis>), during nesting and foraging seasons in Qeshm Island,Persian Gulf

Normal reference ranges of biochemical parameters are considered important for assessing and monitoring the health status of sea turtles. For this study, plasma biochemistry determinations were analyzed in normal adult nesting and foraging hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Blood samples were collected in March–April during (nesting season) and December–November (foraging season). Differences in plasma biochemistry values, except for creatinine and lipase, were statistically different (P?<?0.05) between the two periods. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALP (alkaline phosphates), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), bilirubin, total protein, LDH (lactate dehydrogenize), CK (creatine kinase), and amylase were significantly higher in nesting season than foraging season (P?<?0.05). Whereas, urea, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and albumin in the nesting season were significantly lower than during the foraging season (P?<?0.05). It was concluded that the nesting E. imbricata showed significant variation in their biochemical profile due to reproductive output. This study has produced working reference intervals useful for hawksbill turtles for future conservation and rehabilitation projects in the Persian Gulf and may be of assistance in similar programs worldwide.     

Caffeic acid phenyl ester prevents cadmium intoxication induced disturbances in erythrocyte indices and blood coagulability,hepatorenal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats

Here we investigated the protective role of caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) on erythrocyte indices and osmotic resistance, blood coagulation, hepato-renal function and antioxidant status in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rats. Cd intoxication was induced by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg/day) for 21 days, and CAPE was daily given (10 μmol/kg; i.p.) also for 21 days. At day 22, blood samples, livers and kidneys were prepared for screening of: (1) erythrocyte indices: red blood cell (RBC) count, osmotic fragility, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); (2) blood coagulation tests: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen (FIB) level; (3) serum levels of liver and kidney function biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen); (4) blood, liver and kidney levels of Cd; and (5) serum and hepato-renal concentrations of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Cd intoxication significantly impaired hepato-renal function, prolonged PT and APTT, reduced FIB, decreased RBC count and osmoresistnacy as well as the values of HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Interestingly, therapy with CAPE successfully eliminated Cd and significantly stabilized erythrocyte indices, blood coagulability and hepato-renal functional status in Cd-intoxication. Additionally, CAPE therapy significantly reversed the decreases in GSH and SOD, and the increases in TBARs that were induced by Cd intoxication. In conclusion, CAPE can represent a promising therapeutic agent in eliminating Cd and counteracting its hematological, hemostasis and hepatorenal toxic effects.     

Change in biochemical profile of pregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) at term

Results for biochemical determinations on serum of 28 pregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) at term were compared with those of 32 non-pregnant camels (C. dromedarius). Sera from pregnant group had higher mean alkaline phosphatase activity and lower mean albumin, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, cholesterol, iron, phosphorus, total protein concentrations, γ-glutamyl transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities. All the differences are significant. Globulin, creatinine concentrations, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine kinase activities did not differ significantly.     

Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta decreases serum carboxypeptidase N and modifies serum amino acid concentrations in rats

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) on various serum constituents were studied following subcutaneous injection (12.5 or 125 micrograms/kg) in female Wistar rats. Protein electrophoresis and the determination of the serum concentrations of carboxypeptidase N (CPN), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, total proteins, iron, urea, creatinine, and several amino acids were performed 12, 24, and 72 hr after injection. With both doses of rhIL-1 beta, iron, albumin, CPN, and lysine were significantly decreased whereas alpha 2-globulin, urea, and creatinine were significantly increased 12 hr after administration. Iron and CPN were still low after 24 hr but returned to normal levels after 72 hr. With the higher dose of rhIL-1 beta, only alanine and phenylalanine levels were increased after 12 and 72 hr, taurine after 12 hr, and methionine after 24 hr. There were no biochemical or histological signs of hepatotoxicity. The findings indicate that rhIL-1 beta produces a reversible alteration of various biochemical plasma constituents without any apparent signs of cytotoxicity. Moreover, the decrease in CPN observed may influence the degradation of inflammatory peptides.     

Plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations in response to dehydration in racing pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica)

Plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were determined in six racing pigeons that had been deprived of water for 3 days. Plasma urea concentration showed a 6.5- to 15.3-fold increase, creatinine a 1.2- to 1.5-fold increase and uric acid a 1.4- to 2-fold increase when compared with values before water deprivation. Although these increases were significant, plasma urea and plasma creatinine were the only variables that were significantly elevated above reference values for these variables. The findings show that, contrary to common belief, plasma urea (and less clearly plasma creatinine) concentration is a useful variable for detecting prerenal renal failure in birds, while plasma uric acid concentration, partly because of its wide reference range, is not useful for this purpose. The urea/creatinine ratio and the urea/uric acid ratio were significantly elevated when compared to pre-dehydration values and might prove to be useful parameters in clinical practice to differentiate between the various causes of renal failure in avian patients. The different renal excretory mechanisms of the various nitrogenous waste products offer an explanation for the findings in this study.     

Investigation of selected biochemical parameters in sheep naturally infected with theileriosis

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of sheep theileriosis on some plasma biochemical parameters. Thirty adult fat-tailed sheep suffering from theileriosis were selected on the basis of clinical examination and positive peripheral blood smears, and 20 clinically healthy animals without parasitaemia (according to the blood smears) served as control. Biochemical analysis of infected cases revealed a significant (P?<?0.05) decrease in blood glucose and albumin, in addition to a non-significant decrease in total protein and creatinine concentrations when compared to the uninfected group. On the other hand, a significant increase of urea, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, in addition to a non-significant rise in triglyceride, cholesterol, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase levels were found in the infected group in comparison to the controls. This study concluded that theileriosis in sheep was associated with some alterations in blood parameters which could be useful in the diagnosis of ovine theileriosis.     

Vitamin B6 status in uremia

Summary We have studied vitamin B6 status in 26 uremic patients, 18 on maintenance hemodialysis and 8 nonhemodialyzed. The vitamin B6 status was estimated by an assay of erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase and coenzyme stimulation. Hemodialyzed uremic patients were found to have vitamin B6 deficiency. Patients were treated with 150 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride daily for 4 weeks. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase increased significantly in both groups of uremic patients, the increase being greater in hemodialyzed patients. In vitro pyridoxal phosphate stimulation produces an erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity greater than that obtained before pyridoxine hydrochloride administration. After cessation of pyridoxine hydrochloride treatment, erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase decreases in hemodialyzed patients, while it remains elevated in nonhemodialyzed patients. The data obtained appear to indicate that vitamin B6 administration to patients with chronic renal insufficiency must be appraised not only for correcting the deficit but also for increasing the intracellular pyridoxal phosphate concentration, which could modify the possible functional impairment at the level of apoenzymes that use pyridoxal phosphate.Abbreviations HDU hemodialyzed uremics - NHDU nonhemodialyzed uremics - EAST erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase - PLP pyridoxal-5-phosphate