胎儿额叶大脑皮质在发育过程中神经细胞数密度变化的形态计量分析

本文以7个月龄的12例胎儿额大皮质为研究对象、通过对大脑皮质各层神经细胞数度测量,从形态计量角度探讨了人胎儿额叶大脑皮质发育规律。结果表明,胎儿额叶大脑皮质各层神经细胞数密度于24—28周龄呈局部时相上升:28～43周呈下降期;24～43周呈下降总趋势。     

人胚发育过程中大脑皮质超微结构的变化

目的本研究通过对人胚发育过程中大脑皮质神经细胞及突触超微结构变化的研究,揭示神经元生长发育过程的机理,进而探讨神经发育与先天性神经系统疾病的相关关系,为预防先天性神经系统疾病提供理论依据。方法本研究拟采用收集的3、4、5、6、7个月不同胎龄的大脑组织标本,分别从胎儿大脑皮质,以中央前回为界取第一运动区,利用电镜超薄切片技术观察人胚胎不同月龄大脑皮质神经元及突触的超微结构。结果随胎龄增加,神经细胞体积增大,突起数量增多,长度增加,各种细胞器逐渐增多,其结构和功能逐步完善,突触结构也趋于成熟。结论6、7个月龄是发育的重要时期,也是发生先天性畸形的危险时期。     

颈项透明层厚度、胎儿鼻骨、静脉导管联合检测在胎儿染色体异常中的应用价值

目的：讨论研究颈项透明层厚、胎儿鼻骨及静脉导管联合检测在胎儿染色体异常中的应用价值。方法高危妊娠患者与常规体检的孕妇各84例,分别为观察组和对照组,对观察组产前检查过程中的胎儿颈后透明层（NT）厚度、胎儿鼻骨（NB）长度以及静脉导管（DV）频谱检查情况作记录分析,对胎儿鼻骨的发育情况进行观察,记录胎儿先天畸形的情况,对两组检查结果进行对比分析。结果对比两组胎儿的颈后透明层厚度,在孕龄11~11＋6、12~12＋6、13~13＋6上的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）；胎儿鼻骨的长度与孕龄呈现直线线性相关（r=0.725,P=0.023）,在正中矢状切面上的颜面未见到连续性鼻骨的有46例,经诊断为鼻骨缺失的是34例,发育不良的是12例；静脉导管频谱异常的有28例。结论实施颈项透明层厚度、胎儿鼻骨及静脉导管联合检测对检测胎儿染色体异常具有重要意义,值得推广应用。     

269例各胎龄组胎儿胎盘和脐带统计分析

269例各胎龄组胎儿胎盘和脐带统计分析@李远慧$贵阳医学院组织胚胎学教研室!550004~~     

高频超声在早孕期检测胎儿颈项透明层的应用探讨

目的 探讨高频超声在早孕期检测胎儿颈项透明层的应用价值。方法 将2016年2月～2018年10月到我院接受早孕期高频超声检查的322例胎儿颈项透明层增厚孕妇作为研究对象,根据胎儿颈项透明层将其分A组(n=180,颈项透明层厚度为3.0～3.9mm)、B组(n=92,颈项透明层厚度为4.0～4.9mm)、C组(n=50,颈项透明层厚度≥5.0mm),比较三组的胎儿结构异常、染色体异常检出率和预后情况。结果 单纯颈项透明层增厚占56.52%,有43.47%合并其他结构异常;行无创DNA检查或羊水穿刺,159例染色体核型正常。C组的不良妊娠结局发生率高于B组和A组,且B组高于A组,差异显著。结论 在早孕期用高频超声检查检测出颈项透明层意义显著,能够及早发现胎儿严重结构畸形。     

米非司酮对胎儿脏器损伤的实验研究

目的 观察米非司酮对胎儿重要脏器组织的损伤情况。方法按胎儿体重分为三组：Ⅰ组小于100g（孕周10～16周），Ⅱ组为100～600g（16～22周），Ⅲ组为大于600g（22～28周）。采用免疫组化方法检测使用米非司酮药物中孕引产后胎儿肝、肾、脑组织中的pur-α及热休克蛋白（HSP70）的表达。结果pur-α在胎儿肝、肾、脑组织中均有较强阳性表达，实验Ⅱ组表达最强，Ⅰ组次之，Ⅲ组最弱；HSP70在胎儿肝、肾、脑组织中均有不同程度的表达，Ⅰ组表达最强，Ⅱ组次之，Ⅲ组最弱，脑组织表达相对较弱。结论米非司酮用于中期妊娠可造成胎儿肝、肾、脑组织的损伤，孕16—22周应用该药对胎儿造成的损伤最为严重；随着胎龄的增大药物对胎儿各器官的损伤有逐渐减弱的趋势。     

小于胎龄儿胰岛素样生长因子-1、皮质醇及胰岛素水平与胎儿生长发育的相关性分析

目的分析胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、皮质醇（Cor）、胰岛素水平与小于胎龄儿胎儿生长发育的相关性。方法 218例新生儿,按其出生体质量将其分为小于胎龄组（SGA）和适于胎龄儿组（AGA）比较小于胎龄儿组与适于胎龄儿组出生体质量、身长、头围以及胰岛素样生长因子-1、皮质醇、胰岛素水平的差异,并分析胰岛素样生长因子-1、皮质醇及胰岛素水平与胎儿生长发育的相关性。结果小于胎龄儿组IGF-1及胰岛素水平低于适于胎龄儿组,Cor高于适于胎龄儿组,其差异均具有统计学意义;IGF-1与新生儿出生体质量（r=0.71,P=0.000）、身长（r=0.65,P=0.000）及头围（r=0.63,P=0.000）均呈正相关,Cor与出生体质量相关系数临界检验水准（r=0.42,P=0.052）。结论 IGF-1、Cor与小于胎龄儿生长发育有关,可能对其生长发育起重要调节作用。     

超声检查高龄与适龄孕妇胎儿颈项透明层测量值的临床意义

目的：探讨高龄与适龄及妇中胎儿颈项透明层测量的意义。方法选择在住院的单胎孕妇2654例，按年龄分为高龄组（≥35岁）682例和适龄组（18～35岁）1972例，采用常规经腹部超声对2组孕妇的胎儿颈项透明层进行检测，检测是否存在颈项透明层增厚（＞3．0mm为增厚），并对存在颈项透明层增厚的胎儿进行分析。比较2组孕妇胎儿颈项透明层增厚率以及畸形率。结果适龄组中1972例孕妇共检出胎儿颈项透明层值者1628例，检出率82．6％；高龄组中682例孕妇共检出胎儿颈项透明层值者566例，检出率83．0％，2组孕妇胎儿颈项透明层值检出率无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。高龄组总NT异常率和胎儿总畸形率均高于适龄组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论与适龄孕产妇相比高龄孕产妇胎儿更易发生颈项透明层异常以及胎儿畸形，对颈项透明层的检测有助于早期发现21三体等染色体异常，提高生育质量。     

瘦素与胎儿生长发育关系的探讨

目的探讨瘦素与胎儿生长发育的关系。方法采用放射免疫法检测90例足月剖宫产孕妇母血及脐血中瘦素水平,根据新生儿出生体重分为小于胎龄儿(SGA17例)、适于胎龄儿(AGA47例)和大于胎龄儿(LGA26例)3组;巢式反转录-聚合酶链反应技术测定21例胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA的相对表达量(SGA组、AGA组、LGA组各7例)。采用新生儿出生体重和Ponderal指数估测胎儿生长发育状态。结果①母血瘦素水平与胎儿出生体重、Ponderal指数和胎盘重量无相关关系,与母体体重指数(BMI)呈显著正相关。②脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生体重、Ponderal指数、胎盘瘦素mRNA表达量和胎盘重量呈显著正相关,3组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中SGA组显著低于AGA组、LGA组显著高于AGA组。③胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA的相对表达量与胎儿出生体重、Ponderal指数和胎盘重量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),3组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中SGA组显著低于AGA组、LGA组显著高于AGA组。结论母血瘦素水平不能预测胎儿体重,脐血瘦素水平和胎盘瘦素mRNA与胎儿生长发育密切相关。     

不同胎龄新生儿骨碱性磷酸酶检测的临床意义

目的通过比较不同胎龄新生儿的血清骨碱性磷酸酶水平与胎龄之间的关系,了解胎儿的骨骼矿化的特点。方法以不同胎龄的80例新生儿为研究对象,根据胎龄分为3组,≤32周胎龄组,32—37周胎龄组,37～42周胎龄组,生后6h内采集空腹静脉血2ml,分离血清,单克隆抗体酶联免疫法测定骨碱性磷酸酶含量。结果≤32周胎龄组,32～37周胎龄组,37—42周胎龄组3组血清骨碱性磷酸酶水平分别为（123．51±17．43）μg／L、（72．03±17．99）μg/L、（71．63±20．72）μg/L。≤32周胎龄组与32—37周胎龄组,37—42周胎龄组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;32～37周胎龄组和37～42周胎龄组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论骨骼矿化过程发生在32周以后,这是胎儿矿化的关键时期。     

Bolus maternal cocaine administration does not produce a large increase in fetal sheep cerebral cortical glutamate concentration

Human cocaine use during pregnancy may result in postnatal neurologic dysfunction and abnormal behavior. L-Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, plays an important role in cerebral cortical development. An optimal level of glutamate is required for normal neuronal development. We tested whether acute cocaine exposure produces large increases in glutamate release in the intact cerebral cortex of the near-term fetal sheep. Cocaine 3.0 mg kg(-1) IV bolus produced the expected increase in maternal and fetal mean arterial pressure, increase in fetal heart rate, decrease in uterine blood flow, and decrease in fetal arterial blood pO2 (N = 5). The percentage increases in extracellular glutamate concentration in the fetal cerebral cortex measured by in utero microdialysis were 7%, 15%, 17%, 17%, and 43% in each fetus (upper 95% confidence bound for the median = 43%). We conclude that if cocaine increases glutamate concentration in the developing cerebral cortex, the increase in magnitude is small relative to the changes produced by other interventions such as ethanol or umbilical cord occlusion. Mechanisms other than increases in cerebral cortical glutamate concentration probably contribute to the neurologic injury associated with prenatal cocaine exposure.     

12周人胚额叶大脑皮质神经元核仁的超微结构

本文通过透射电镜观察,从超微结构的角度对12wk人胚额叶大脑皮质神经元的核仁作了形态与功能方面的初步探讨,结果表明该时期的大脑皮质神经元处于分化发育较活跃时期。     

Comparison of functional and morphological deficits in the rat after gestational exposure to ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation is a precise tool for altering formation of the developing cerebral cortex of the fetal rat. Whole body exposure of the pregnant rat on gestational day 13, 15 or 17 to 1.0 Gy of gamma radiation resulted in maximum thinning of the cortex on days 15 and 17. In the preweaning period, functional tests (negative geotaxis, reflex suspension, continuous corridor and gait) were most affected by irradiation gestational day 15, as was body weight. When a lower dose of radiation (0.75 Gy) was used on gestational day 15, the damage to the cortex was much less but behavioral changes were still present. Frontal, parietal and occipital areas of the cortex were approximately equally affected. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the linkage of functional tests and cortical thickness was examined. Functional variables which were most commonly included as predictors of frontal and parietal cortex were negative geotaxis and continuous corridor. Occipital cortical layers were not predicted by behavioral variables. In predicting function using cortical variables, frontal cortex was better than parietal and occipital cortex was the poorest predictor.     

氧化槐定碱对大鼠额叶皮层脑电活动及功率谱的影响

目的观察氧化槐定碱(OSR)对麻醉大鼠额叶皮层脑生物电(EEG)变化及其功率谱的影响。方法利用脑立体定位技术,将电极置入大鼠额叶皮层,采用单极引导法及计算机辅助傅里叶变换技术(FFT)以脑电图、功率谱、频率分配为观察指标,记录并分析OSR对大鼠额叶皮层脑生物电变化的影响。结果侧脑室注射(icv)OSR2.5、5、10毫克/只,大鼠额叶皮层脑电出现以低幅慢波为主并伴有梭形睡眠波的波形;脑电总功率明显下降(P<0.05),但δ波占总频率比例升高(P<0.05)。结论 OSR降低皮层脑生物电活动是其中枢抑制作用的明显表现,额叶皮层是参与其中枢抑制作用传导环路上的结构之一。     

23例胎儿充血性心衰的多普勒超声心动图诊断

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声技术诊断胎儿充血性心衰(CHF)，为早期宫内诊断和治疗及疗效评价提供准确依据。方法 经我院检出并诊断23例CHF胎儿及正常对照组30例。结果 (1)其中11例出现中度以上水肿。(2)均示心脏显著肥厚扩大，表现为心胸比例增大，心房、心室的不对称及心室壁肥厚；心室缩短率(FS％)及心输出量(CC())降低(P＜O．O01)。(3)进行性加重的二、三尖瓣返流(MR TR)，5例肺动脉瓣返流。(4)23例胎儿脐动脉PI值明显增高或舒张期血流相消失及大脑中动脉PI值降低；13例出现脐静脉持动性血流，下腔静脉内径增宽及血流频谱改变。结论 应用多普勒超声心动团通过主动脉和肺动脉CO的总和CCO可无创获得心输出量的指标及计算FS以达到量化胎儿心功能的目的，加之可直观地显示胎儿心脏结构，检测瓣膜返流及评价外周血流动力学变化。     

Perchloroethylene-Induced Reduction in Glial and Neuronal Cell Marker Proteins in Rat Brain

Abstract: Rats were exposed to continous inhalation of 300 and 600 p.p.m. of perchloroethylene for 4 and 12 weeks. Exposure to 600 p.p.m. for 4 to 12 weeks resulted in a slower increase in brain weight. Brain region weights, total proteins and DNA were decreased in frontal cerebral cortex and brain stem but not in hippocampus after exposure to 600 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. Four marker proteins were measured to monitor the specific neurotoxic effects of perchloroethylene: S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as glial cell markers and neurone specific enolase and neurofilament 68 kD polypeptide as neuronal markers. The concentrations of glial and neuronal cytoskeletal proteins (glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament 68 kD polypeptide) were reduced in frontal cerebral cortex. The total tissue contents of glial proteins (S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were decreased in all 3 brain regions investigated (frontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem). Neurone specific enolase was unchanged by perchloroethylene exposure. These results indicate that exposure to perchloroethylene reduces the number of brain cells, possibly glial cells, and interferes with the metabolism of cytoskeletal elements in both glial and neuronal cells.     

胎儿主要器官的正常解剖及MR表现

目的对胎儿的主要器官进行解剖和MR的表现进行分析。方法对94例胎儿进行MR成像检查,对胎儿的主要器官进行解剖,并观察其MR表现。主要的器官有:心脏;脑;脾;脊柱;肺;肾脏;膀胱;骨骼;肝胃;肠道;皮下脂肪。并根据胎儿的不同年龄进行观察。结果我校基础医学部和附属医院影像技术中心联合对这94例胎儿进行MR检查,胎儿在孕20周时,其主要器官已完成发育。在20周左右,胎儿的大脑皮层变的非常的光滑,但是没有脑回和脑沟;但随着时间推移,脑回和脑沟将会慢慢的形成。气管;肺;支气管的信号都比较高;而大血管;心脏;肝脾的信号比较低;肾盂肾盏;胃肠道;膀胱的信号比较高;肾实际上是等信号,肌肉和骨骼为低信号,脊柱在孕20周时就已经形成,皮下脂肪在孕20周时就可以看到。结论对胎儿进行MR快速成像,可以将胎儿的主要器官清晰的显示出来。了解胎儿的发育变化情况,对胎儿进行解剖和MR表现可以更清楚的了解其与新生儿的差异。     

Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and the adolescent cerebral cortex.

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with long-term consequences on offspring behavior. We measured thickness of the cerebral cortex using magnetic resonance images obtained in 155 adolescents exposed in utero to maternal smoking and compared them with 159 non-exposed subjects matched by maternal education. Orbitofrontal, middle frontal, and parahippocampal cortices were thinner in exposed, as compared with non-exposed, individuals; these differences were more pronounced in female adolescents. In exposed females, the thickness of the orbitofrontal cortex correlated negatively with a self-rated assessment of caring, one of the components of a model of positive youth development. These findings provide evidence of the long-term impact of prenatal environment on a neural substrate of cognition and social behavior.