胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复踝部软组织缺损

目的：探讨胫后动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用疗效。方法采用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣以螺旋桨式旋转修复或以滑行推进的方式修复内踝软组织缺损6例,前踝软组织缺损3例,足跟后侧的软组织缺损13例。结果22例移植组织成活21例,1例皮瓣尖端坏死,经换药二期植皮后成活,成活率95.5%。术后经3～20个月随访,皮瓣外观、质地良好,痛温觉有一定的恢复。结论胫后动脉穿支皮瓣是修复内踝、前踝、足跟后侧软组织缺损的较佳方法。     

应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部复杂开放性骨折创面

目的：探讨胫后动脉穿支皮瓣在足踝部创面修复中的临床应用。方法应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部复杂开放性骨折创面6例。皮瓣切取面积：5.0 cm＆#215;6.0 cm～10.0 cm＆#215;15.0 cm。结果本组4例皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药及游离植皮后愈合。术后随访5～24个月,皮瓣外形满意,血供良好,无感染病例发生,足踝部骨折均骨性愈合,患肢均能负重行走。结论胫后动脉穿支皮瓣具有血供良好、操作简单、皮瓣供区破坏小等优点,适合修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。     

隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣在足跟部瘢痕修复中的应用

目的：探讨应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕的疗效。方法：应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支为蒂的复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕共11例。设计的皮瓣面积为6cm×8cm～9cm×16cm。结果：11例患者皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合,术后随访患者3～24个月,均取得满意效果。结论：隐神经一大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣相对较长,血供可靠,皮瓣可切取面积大,是修复足跟部瘢痕的理想皮瓣。     

非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的新方法。方法应用非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损32例,术前应用多普勒血流仪探测胫后动脉皮支位置,利用各皮支形成的链式供血方式,选择距创面直线距离最近的皮支点做为旋转点切取皮瓣修复创面。结果经1.5个月～2年的随访,所有皮瓣均成活良好,外观满意,无手术并发症。结论非恒定蒂胫后动脉链式穿支皮瓣不受蒂部位置的限制,切取灵活方便,符合以最小的供区代价换取最佳的修复效果的基本原则,是一种修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的理想术式。     

游离胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣修复手背、足背皮肤缺损

目的探讨游离胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣修复手背、足背皮肤缺损的方法与疗效。方法切取胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣,游离移植修复手背、足背皮肤缺损9例,修复缺损面积最小为3．0cm×6．0cm,最大为7．5cm×11．0cm。结果9例皮瓣完全成活,随访3-12个月,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽红润,功能及外形均比较满意。结论胫骨滋养动脉筋膜皮支皮瓣不损伤胫后动脉主干,皮瓣薄且供区相对隐蔽,是修复手背、足背皮肤缺损的较好皮瓣。     

游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的总结游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法自2006年9月至2009年1月,应用游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损11例,缺损范围4cm×8cm至8cm×22cm。皮瓣切取连带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,血管蒂呈T形,与健侧小腿胫后动脉行端端吻合,血管蒂用中厚网状游离植皮覆盖。结果除1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,经换药后愈合外,本组皮瓣全部成活。术后随访9个月至3.6年(平均2.9年),没有发现明显的供区功能障碍,供区与受区外形较好,健侧小腿经临床观察与Doppler检查,胫后动脉通畅。结论本方法适用于修复四肢软组织缺损后,患者仅存1条主要动脉者;行桥式游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣移植不损伤健侧小腿胫后动脉,降低了对供区的损伤。     

穿支皮瓣移植修复四肢软组织缺损108例

目的 探讨应用穿支皮瓣修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法2007年7月至2009年5月,分别采用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣、股前外侧穿支皮瓣、胸背动脉穿支皮瓣、股外侧穿支皮瓣、骨间背侧动脉穿支皮瓣、桡侧副动脉穿支皮瓣、腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣、胫后动脉穿支皮瓣、旋髂深动脉穿支皮瓣、腓动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损108例(游离移植98例,带蒂转移10例),皮瓣切取面积最小4 cm×2 cm,最大44 cm×9 cm,皮瓣供区均直接缝合.结果 术后5例发生静脉危象,其中1例松解包扎后危象解除,4例再次手术探查,2例成活,2例坏死,其余103例顺利成活,皮瓣受区与供区创121愈合良好.术后随访6-24个月(平均10个月),皮瓣颜色、质地好,外形不臃肿;皮瓣供区遗留线性瘢痕,功能无影响. 结论穿支皮瓣不携带肌肉、深筋膜及运动神经,对皮瓣供区影响小,还具有血供可靠、质地薄、不需二期去脂整形的优点,是修复四肢浅表创面的首选方法.     

应用皮瓣修复游离足趾移植后供区创面

目的评价应用皮瓣修复游离足趾移植再造拇、手指术后供区创面的临床效果。方法选择同侧跖背动脉岛状瓣修复1例、趾腓侧岛状瓣修复2例、外踝皮瓣修复1例、胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复3例、腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复1例,共8例足部供区创面;趾指骨对换修复1例第二趾近趾间关节移植术后足部继发趾骨缺损。结果8例足部供区创面各皮瓣血运良好,创面均一期愈合。1例指骨对换患者术后2个月骨全部愈合。经3—6个月随访,供足恢复正常的行走功能,外形美观,无行走疼痛症状发生,皮瓣感觉功能部分恢复。结论足趾移植后应用皮瓣修复供区,最大限度地保留了足部的正常结构,恢复足部外形和功能。     

胫后动脉内踝上肌间隙支逆行岛状皮瓣的解剖观察及临床应用

目的 探讨胫后动脉内踝上肌间隙支逆行岛状皮瓣的解剖特点及临床应用效果.方法 解剖观测10具成年人体标本(20侧下肢)的胫后动脉内踝上肌间隙支的起源、走行、数目、管径和分布.10例同侧及对侧踝周皮肤缺损行胫后动脉内踝上肌间隙支逆行岛状皮瓣修复,年龄20～50 岁,供区植皮.结果 胫后动脉在内踝上发出肌间隙支2～7 支,其外径约0.4～1.8 mm,长度约0.3～4.5 cm.本组患者修复皮瓣大小为7 cm×6 cm～20 cm×8 cm,除1例皮瓣远端有约3 cm×1cm的坏死外,10例皮瓣完全成活,7例获随访2个月至3年,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好.结论 该皮瓣血运可靠,修复范围广,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,是修复踝周缺损的理想皮瓣之一.     

Posterior tibial adiposal flap for repair of wide, full-thickness defect of the Achilles tendon

Wide, full-thickness defects on the posterior aspect of the distal lower leg involving the Achilles tendon are usually repaired with free fasciocutaneous flaps or local skin flaps. The former require microvascular techniques; there is a donor-site scar due to skin grafting; and a longer operating time. The latter results in a wide scar near the donor defect. The authors developed a new reconstructive procedure using local fascia turned over to create a new Achilles tendon, and wrapping it with a posterior tibial adiposal island flap based on the dominant perforator of the posterior tibial artery, which was elevated from the medial aspect of the lower leg. The advantages of this method are that no donor scar appeared on the posterior aspect of the lower leg, and there was no need for microvascular techniques. This method is especially suitable for young women.     

Island medial plantar artery perforator flap for reconstruction of plantar defects

Three cases in which island medial plantar artery perforator flaps were successfully transferred for coverage of the plantar defects are described. This perforator flap is different from the medial plantar flap based on the medial plantar artery. The flap has no fascial component and is nourished only with the perforator of the medial plantar vessel. Therefore, transection of the medial plantar artery is usually unnecessary. This flap can cover defects on the forefoot and heel without transaction of the medial plantar system. The advantages of this flap are no need for deep or long dissection for the medial plantar vessel, no exposure of the plantar sensory nerve, a short time for flap elevation, minimal donor-site morbidity, relatively large flap survival, and no damage of both the posterior tibial and medial plantar neurovascular systems.     

穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区皮肤缺损

目的 报道胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区的临床效果.方法 对25例（坶）甲瓣供区皮肤缺损患者,设计并切取游离胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣切取面积为8 cm×3 cm～10 cm×5 cm.结果 应用胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区创面25例,均顺利成活.随访6～24个月,皮瓣质地柔软,弹性及耐磨性好,色泽接近正常,供受区功能与外观良好.结论 胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣是精细化修复（坶）甲瓣供区创面的一种有效方法.     

Posterior tibial artery-based multilobar combined flap free transfer for repair of complex soft tissue defects

In this report, the posterior tibial artery (PTA) based multilobar combined flap is introduced for the repair of complex soft tissue defects. The flap was designed based on the perforatoring branches of PTA in the anterior soleus muscle septum, which supply the skin over the medial side of the calf and the entire soleus muscle. The saphenous nerve was included in one perforator flap of the combined flap for reinnervation. The tibial artery was repaired with a vein graft after harvest of flap. From October 2005 to February 2007, eight patients (6 males, 2 females) underwent PTA-based multilobar combined flap transfer for coverage of soft tissue defects involving the foot (three cases), hand (two cases), and calf (three cases). Each combined flap composed of two to three perforator flaps, and the size of the perforator flaps ranged from 4 x 2 cm to 10 x 8 cm. With an average follow-up of 6 months, all flaps survived without complications and injured extremities showed a good functional recovery with restoration of the partial protective sensation on the flap with reinnervation. This clinical report has shown that a reliable multilobar combined flap can be designed based on the perforators of the posterior tibial artery and used for coverage of the complex wound.     

Reconstruction of limb soft-tissue defects: using pedicle perforator flaps with preservation of major vessels, a report of 45 cases

SUMMARY: We report on 45 pedicle perforator flaps without harvesting major vessels in limb reconstruction. Of our patients, 25 had major vessel injury resulting from their initial injury. In the upper extremities, there were 13 posterior interosseous artery perforator flaps, four ulnar artery perforator flaps and three radial artery perforator flaps. In the lower extremities, there were 16 peroneal artery perforator flaps with an axis on the sural nerve, five peroneal artery perforator flaps with an axis on the superficial peroneal nerve and four posterior tibial artery perforator flaps with an axis on the saphenous nerve. There were 42 successes, one total flap loss, one epidermal necrolysis and one distal tip necrosis. Greater utilisation of pedicle perforator flaps probably will occur because they are technically simple to execute, violate only the involved extremity, do not sacrifice a major source vessel, bring similar local tissues into a defect, avoid prolonged immobilisation and do not require microsurgical expertise. The concept of the pedicle perforator flap can be applied to the same axis of a neurocutaneous flap, even in cases with injured cutaneous nerves.     

Distally based sural island flap for the reconstruction of a large soft tissue defect in an open tibial fracture with occluded anterior and posterior tibial arteries-a case report.

To repair a 10 x 16 cm soft tissue defect of right lower leg that accompanied with occluded anterior and posterior tibial arteries in a 30-year-old man who sustained comminuted type III(B) Gustilo open tibial and fibular fracture, we present a successful reconstruction by using a large distally based sural island flap perfused by the lowermost perforator of the peroneal artery. This flap is a useful alternative for distal extremity reconstruction when anterior and posterior tibial arteries are occluded, as large flaps can be elevated safely based on only one peroneal perforator.     

The fillet foot for endweight-bearing cover of below knee amputations

Four patients with five severely traumatized lower legs but preserved feet were treated with fillet flaps from the foot to cover an elective, below knee amputation stump. The posterior tibial neurovascular bundle nourished and innervated this flap. While the posterior tibial artery and vein may be cut and re-anastomosed to prevent kinking and occlusion, the posterior tibial nerve should always be kept in continuity to maintain the quality of sensation to this flap. Four flaps survived and one necrosed secondary to venous insufficiency. Due to its innervation and the unique qualities of heel skin, the flap is very durable and has endweight-bearing capabilities. This has permitted the fitting of an endweight-bearing, total contact, fully extended, below knee prosthesis that appears to offer significant improvement in ease of use and normality of gait pattern over standard patellar tendon-bearing prostheses.     

Heel and foot reconstruction using reverse-flow posterior tibial flap

Island flaps supplied by the intermuscular cutaneous perforator (IMCP) from a deep vessel, such as the peroneal flap pedicled by IMCP from the peroneal vessel or the anterior tibial flap supplied by IMCP from the anterior tibial vessel, are reported to be useful in reconstructive procedures for soft-tissue defects of the lower leg. However, the posterior tibial flap, pedicled by IMCP from the posterior tibial vessel, has not yet been fully described. The posterior tibial flap can be used either as a normal-flow or as a reverse-flow flap. It is particularly versatile as a reverse-flow flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the heel and foot. Three reverse-flow posterior tibial flaps were clinically applied, without venous anastomosis, to reconstruct heel and foot defects, and all three survived completely. The operative procedure and its characteristics are described.     

Repair of soft-tissue defect close to the distal perforating artery using the modified distally based medial fasciocutaneous flap in the distal lower leg

In this study, we modified distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flaps for repair of soft-tissue defects close to the distal perforating artery in the distal lower leg. The flap was designed along the axial network around the saphenous nerve. Flap transfer was performed in 45 cases. The size of the defects after debridement ranged from 4 × 3 cm to 20 × 8 cm (mean, 13 × 5.5 cm). Flap size ranged from 9 × 3 cm to 25 × 10 cm (mean, 16 × 7 cm). In this series, 41 flaps survived completely. Venous congestion was not observed. At a mean follow-up of 16.5 months, all flaps matched the recipient sites in color, texture, and thickness. Donor site morbidity was minimal. The modified distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flap is a reliable and useful option for coverage of the soft-tissue defect close to the distal perforating artery in the distal lower leg.     

Lower-Extremity Local Flaps

Some soft-tissue defects of the lower extremities can be covered reliably with local flaps. Five such flaps--the tensor fascia lata, gastrocnemius, soleus, posterior tibial artery fasciocutaneous, and dorsalis pedis flaps--are described. If the indications for each flap are understood and the vascular pedicle is carefully preserved, these flaps can be used to provide relatively simple and reliable coverage of selected soft-tissue defects on the lower extremities. However, the indications must not be overextended in an attempt to avoid a free-tissue transfer. The gastrocnemius flap is most often used. It reliably covers common defects about the knee and the proximal tibia. A skin graft is required for the gastrocnemius flap, as well as the soleus flap, which covers the midportion of the tibia. The soleus requires deeper dissection of the calf for elevation. The tensor fascia lata flap and the more recently described posterior tibial artery fasciocutaneous flap are relatively easy to raise, but there are fewer orthopaedic indications for their use. The dorsalis pedis cutaneous flap is technically more demanding, but it can be used to cover difficult defects around the ankle.     

小腿双岛皮瓣联合修复两处皮肤缺损

目的 探讨同时修复小腿两处皮肤缺损的方法。方法 设计小腿胫前动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣与胫后动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣联合、内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣与小腿后侧岛状筋膜皮瓣联合、内踝上逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣与胫前动脉穿支逆行岛状皮瓣联合，分别修复3例小腿两处皮肤缺损。结果 所有皮瓣全部成活，创面闭合。结论 用双岛状皮瓣修复小腿两处皮肤缺损是一个安全、有效、简单的方法。