2004年卫生应急办公室工作要点

一、加快突发公共卫生事件应急处置机构建设按照部党组的部署,指导各地卫生行政部门尽快设立突发公共卫生事件应急处置协调机构,指定专人负责卫生应急管理工作,建立和完善应对突发公共卫生事件多部门协调机制,组织协调有关突发公共卫生事件应急处理工作。二、加强突发公共卫生事件应急指挥与决策系统的建设抓紧全国突发公共卫生事件应急指挥与决策系统项目建设,力争2 0 0 4年底全国突发公共卫生事件应急指挥决策系统投入使用,指导各地应急指挥与决策系统的建设。三、完善应对突发公共卫生事件相关法律法规尽快制定《突发公共卫生事件应急条…     

卫生部卫生应急办公室主要职能

依法组织协调有关突发公共卫生事件应急处理工作;负责与突发公共卫生事件应急处理相关法律法规立法的起草工作;组织拟订有关突发公共卫生事件应急处理的方针、政策和措施;组建与完善公共卫生事件监测和预警系统;制定突发公共卫生事件应急预案,组织预案演练;组织对公共卫生和医疗救助专业人员进行有关突发公共卫生事件应急知识和处理技术的培训;指导各地实施突发公共卫生事件应急预案,帮助和指导各地应对其它突发事件的伤病救治工作;承办救灾、反恐、中毒、放射事故等重大安全事件中涉及公共卫生问题的组织协调工作;对突发重大人员伤亡事件组…     

美国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系的启示

完善的突发应急处理体系可有效应对突发公共卫生事件、从而确保人民群众生命健康安全、国家安全和社会稳定。美国在突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系上已经建成了完善的三级管理体系。基于此,本文通过对相关文献和规章制度的总结归纳,从监测系统、应急队伍建设、应急物资和应急资金储备、公众危机意识和能力培养4个方面来介绍美国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系,以期对我国相关体系的建设提供参考。     

疾病预防控制机构突发公共卫生事件应急响应与决策指挥策略

目的分析常态环境中疾病预防控制机构应对突发公共卫生事件工作现状，为突发公共卫生事件应急响应与决策指挥提供依据。方法在文献分析及定性调查的基础上，初步构建疾病预防控制机构突发公共卫生事件应急响应与决策指挥体系。结果疾病预防控制机构突发公共卫生应急响应包括组建专业和精干的应急救助队伍，完善人力、物质、后勤保障、编制应急预案，加强演练，加大健康教育力度，动员全社会参与；而高效、权威、统一的组织指挥机构是应急活动的中枢。结论完善突发公共卫生事件应急响应与决策指挥系统，发挥政府主导，动员社会共同参与，落实人力物质保障，加强监测预警及信息网络建设，才能从根本上提高疾控机构突发公共卫生事件应对能力。     

突发公共卫生事件应急机制建设的探索与思考

目的：探索突发公共卫生事件应急机制建设。资料：来源于浙江省疾病预防控制中心工作实践。结果与讨论：1）建立完善的突发公共卫生事件应急管理制度；2）构建一个完善的网络直报系统；3）加强基层疾病预防控制体系建设，建立一套灵敏、反应迅速的预警机制；4）加强岗位培训，不断提高应对突发公共卫生事件的处置能力；5）积极开展传染病和中毒流行病学特征和危险因素的监测调查和科研工作；6）坚持改革创新，建立新型用人机制，发挥人才作用；7）重视信息交流。结论：必须继续加强突发公共卫生事件的应急机制建设。     

国外突发公共卫生事件应急处置体系及对我国的启示

通过对突发应急工作较完善的美国、亚洲自然灾害较频发的日本以及与我国国情相近的印度突发公共卫生应急体系的系统梳理,明确各国突发应急处置的应急组织体系、运作机制和保障措施等,并总结其特点。结合我国突发公共卫生事件应急处置实际工作中的问题,提出可供我国突发公共卫生应急处置工作的借鉴之处：健全法律依托;加强统一领导,分级负责,综合协调;全面危机教育;完善防护网和监测系统;动态性管理理念。     

农村突发公共卫生事件的应急处理

为认真贯彻落实《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》及其《实施办法》和《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》 ,有效预防、及时控制和消除突发公共卫生事件的危害 ,保障广大群众身体健康与生命安全 ,维护经济发展和社会稳定 ,各级各类医疗卫生机构都要从思想上、组织上、技术上、物资上、经费上作好应对突发公共卫生事件的充分准备。农村医疗卫生机构是监测突发公共卫生事件的前哨 ,是应对突发公共卫生事件的尖兵、是控制突发公共卫生事件的前线 ,熟悉和掌握农村突发公共卫生事件应急处理有关基本知识 ,对于及时发现和报告、正确应对和处理突发公共卫生…     

突发公共卫生事件应急条例

为有效预防、及时控制和消除突发公共卫生事件的危害 ,迫切需要建立统一、高效、权威的突发公共卫生事件应急处理机制 ,完善相应的法律法规。国务院依据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》和有关法律的规定 ,在总结前阶段防治非典型肺炎工作经验教训的基础上 ,借鉴国外的有益做法 ,制定了《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》。《条例》的制定和实施 ,标志着我国应对突发公共卫生事件进一步纳入法制化轨道 ,也标志着我国处理突发公共卫生事件应急机制进一步完善。为此 ,本刊特刊发《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》 ,以飨广大读者。     

突发公共卫生事件应急指挥机制研究的SWOT分析

为了有效开展突发公共卫生事件应急处理工作，需要我们建设和完善突发公共卫生事件应急指挥机制。而在建设和完善突发公共卫生事件应急指挥机制之前，需要我们对突发公共卫生事件应急指挥机制的研究进行SWOT分析。文章将从优势、劣势、机会和威胁4个方面对突发公共卫生事件应急指挥机制研究进行SWOT分析。     

突发公共卫生体系建设

多年来，党和国家对公共卫生事业高度重视，公共卫生事业迅速发展并取得了巨大的成就。在2003年一场突如其来的非典疫情，暴露出我国突发公共卫生事件信息系统、医疗救治系统、疾病预防控制系统与应急机制不健全，造成了SARS的爆发流行，这些得到了党和国家领导人的高度重视，提出要加快公共卫生体系建设，全面提高突发公共卫生事件的监测和应急反应能力，应急处理能力。黑龙江省疾病控制中心认真按照国家和省委、省政府的要求，认真落实防SARS工作，加强了疾病预防控制与突发公共卫生事件应急体系建设。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries