青少年防御方式发展特点的研究

目的:研究青少年防御方式发展特点.方法:随机抽取240名大学生和284名高中生,年龄在14-24岁之间,采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)进行测试.结果:①青少年防御方式性别差异显著,男生掩饰因子的得分显著高于女生.②不同年级的青少年在不成熟防御机制、成熟防御机制、掩饰三个因子得分上有显著差异.在不成熟防御因子上,大二学生的得分显著高于高二学生,大三学生掩饰因子上的得分显著高于高一、高二的学生.结论:青少年防御方式发展不均衡,但仍趋向于选择成熟的防御机制,青少年防御方式在年级、性别上存在显著差异.     

3140例一、二年级大学生B群人格障碍患病率调查

目的:调查我国大学生B群人格障碍患病现状.方法:用PDQ 4问卷从3140名一、二年级大学生中筛选出DSM-IV的B群人格障碍划界分阳性者,再以PDI-Ⅳ定式晤谈法进一步确定大学生群体的患病率.结果:3140名大学生样本中有38例符合B群人格障碍PDI-Ⅳ半定式晤谈的评定标准,总患病率为1.21%,符合反社会型人格障碍评定标准的大学生1例;边缘型21例,患病率0.67%;自恋型20例,患病率0.64%;表演型8例,患病率0.25%.其中10例符合一种以上的诊断标准,共病率为26.3%.结论:B群大学生B群人格障碍患病率低于国外报道的普通人群患病率,但略高于国内以往的调查结果,B群人格障碍各型之间有较高的共病率.     

研究生心理防御方式特点及性别差异

目的:了解研究生心理防御方式的总体情况及其特点。方法:采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)对1960名研究生和3281名本科生的心理防御方式进行了团体测查。结果:研究生在不成熟防御机制,成熟防御机制和中间型防御机制因子总均分均低于本科生(3·88±1·02/4·14±1·0,5·68±1·17/5·76±1·06,4·41±0·77/4·58±0·69,t=8·84、2·60、8·17,P<0·01);女研究生在不成熟防御方式上的总均分高于男生(3·97±0·89/3·85±1·07,t=2·62,P<0·01)。结论:与本科生比较而言,研究生防御方式的应用频率相对较小,掩饰度较大。不同性别研究生在心理防御方式上有差异。     

大学生独处行为与抑郁情绪的关系:防御机制的调节作用

目的:探索独处行为对大学生抑郁的影响,及心理防御机制在二者之间的调节作用.方法:采用独处行为量表、抑郁自评量表、防御方式问卷对376名大学生进行了施测.结果:①消极独处行为(r=0.46,P＜0.001)、不成熟型防御机制(r=0.62,P＜0.001)和中间型防御机制(r=0.37,P＜0.001)均与大学生抑郁显著...     

B群人格障碍症状与功能不良信念的关系

目的:探讨B群人格障碍症状与功能不良信念的关系。方法:采用人格诊断问卷第四版(PDQ-4+)中的B群人格障碍分量表、B群人格障碍信念问卷,对53名未成年劳动教养人员管理所中的成人学员和560名大学生施测。结果:B群人格障碍症状与功能不良信念呈显著相关;B群人格障碍及各亚型阳性组在相应功能不良信念上的得分显著高于阴性组的得分;除自恋型外,反社会型、表演型和边缘型功能不良信念对其亚型症状都具有显著预测作用,解释率分别为22.3%、16.7%、26.5%,三种亚型信念共解释B群人格障碍症状总变异的38.3%。结论:B群人格障碍症状与特异性的功能不良信念关系密切。     

B群人格障碍信念问卷在中国大学生中的信效度研究

目的:评估B群人格障碍信念问卷在中国大学生中的信度和效度。方法:通过随机抽样抽取600名大学生,应用B群人格障碍信念问卷进行调查,间隔三周后对其中57名学生进行重测。结果:①四个分量表的Cronbach’sα系数在0.79-0.91之间,分半信度系数在0.73-0.87之间,重测信度系数在0.65-0.74之间;②探索性因素分析抽取的四个因子与原量表相符,共解释总方差的36.973%,各因子之间的相关系数为0.42-0.62,选取PDQ-4+为效标,各信念因子与对应人格障碍症状的相关系数为0.37-0.45。结论:B群人格障碍信念问卷在中国大学生群体中具有良好的信度和效度。     

焦虑症防御方式与人格特征的研究及护理对策

目的 探讨焦虑症患者防御方式与人格特征的特点及关系,从而针对其防御方式及人格特征采取有效的护理对策对其进行心理护理,以提高心理护理的效果.方法 选择焦虑症患者和正常人均31名,对他们以防御方式问卷、艾森克人格问卷进行测试.结果 ①焦虑症患者的艾森克人格问卷中N分高于正常人(P＜0.01);②焦虑症患者的不成熟和中间型防御机制因子分高于正常人(P＜0.01),而升华和幽默等成熟防御机制因子分低于正常人(P＜0.01);③焦虑症患者艾森克人格问卷中的N分与不成熟防御机制因子分呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 焦虑症患者情绪不稳定,多采用不成熟防御机制和中间型防御机制,少采用成熟防御机制,且情绪不稳定与不成熟防御机制呈正相关.因此,应依据其人格特征和防御方式采取有针对性的护理对策以提高心理护理的效果.     

湘西少数民族中学生人格偏离现状调查

目的:对湘西少数民族高中生人格障碍进行筛查,并探讨人格障碍阳性率与某些社会人口学变量的关系。方法:采用人格诊断问卷(Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+,PDQ-4+)对湘西凤凰县3所中学的343名高中生进行测查,以分量表分5-6分为人格障碍亚型划界分计算阳性率。结果:①在343名湘西少数民族高中生中12种人格障碍亚型的阳性检出率在4.7%-38.8%之间,最高为边缘型(38.8%),最低为反社会型(4.7%);②男性反社会型、强迫型的阳性率显著高于女性,女性边缘型的阳性率显著高于男性;③独生子女学生、贫困家庭的学生人格障碍阳性率较高;④不同年级间人格障碍阳性率互有高低。结论:当前湘西少数民族高中生中存在人格异常和人格障碍问题。家庭经济贫困、低社会阶层等可能与子女的不健全人格和人格障碍的形成有关。     

单亲大学生的心理防御机制

目的了解中山市单亲家庭大学生的心理防御机制及影响因素,为单亲大学生的心理健康干预提供参考。方法采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)对中山市两所大学176名单亲大学生及181名完整家庭大学生进行评定。结果①单亲家庭大学生多采用中间型和不成熟的心理防御机制,如投射、幻想、回避、退缩、理想化、否认(t=5.77,2.09,3.89,4.49,4.44,2.40;P<0.05);②单亲家庭大学生的心理防御机制呈现显著的性别差异,女性更倾向于运用投射、理想化、退缩、回避、潜意识显现等防御机制(t=3.38,2.96,2.33,3.51,2.12;P<0.05),男性倾向于运用否认、被动攻击等防御机制(t=-2.14,-2.54;P<0.05)。结论单亲家庭大学生的心理防御机制不成熟,需针对不同性别的单亲大学生采取不同的干预措施。     

工读学校与普通学校学生B群人格障碍筛查及相关因素分析

目的:初步考察工读学校与普通学校学生B群人格障碍倾向阳性率及其相关因素。方法:使用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式问卷(PBI)、童年期创伤经历问卷(CTQ)、成人依恋问卷(AAQ)对67名工读学校学生和283名普通学校学生进行测量。结果:工读学校学生在B群人格障碍筛查率、共病率上均显著高于普通学校;两校学生的PBI、CTQ、AAQ各因子存在显著差异;情感虐待、母亲角色倒置、对母亲愤怒、父亲控制、对父母消极评价对B群人格障碍有显著预测作用,共解释B群人格障碍总变异的36.7%。结论:工读学校学生B群人格障碍筛查阳性率较高,童年期情感虐待、父亲控制过严、不安全亲子依恋是B群人格障碍的危险因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.