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1.
Background
For Australian apheresis platelet donations, in-centre haematology analysers provided the platelet count used to program the platelet collection machines. When the haematology analysers were not functional, historical platelet counts from previous donations were used. This study aimed to confirm that the routine use of historical platelet counts for programming apheresis collection machines would maintain platelet yields within the donated units and that haematology analysers could be removed.Study design
A staggered implementation for the routine use of mean historical platelet counts to program apheresis platelet collection machines was conducted. The donors’ full blood counts following donation were tested centrally for comparison to the historical mean. The component yields when using on-the-day platelet counts to program platelet collection were compared with those collected using historical platelet counts. For historical platelet counts to be deemed successful, the target was for 90% of the mean historical donor platelet counts to have less than 20% variance from the on-the-day platelet count.Results
Over 96% of the mean historical platelet counts were within 20% variance of the platelet count on the day of donation. The component yield (platelet count x109 cell/unit) before analyser removal was 273.3?±?32.0 (n?=?2639) and post-removal was 282.8?±?38.8 (n?=?2689).Conclusion
The removal of haematology analysers from donor centres and replacement with mean historical platelet counts was successful in maintaining platelet yields. Replacement of the haematology analysers with historical platelet counts simplified regulatory compliance, reduced staff workload and costs associated with analyser registration. 相似文献2.
3.
Background
A number of factors cause increases in the number of cell-derived microparticles (MPs) in blood components. However, the overall effects of these factors on the concentration of MPs during routine blood-component preparation have not fully been elucidated.Aim
To evaluate the effects of donor age, donor sex, blood-component preparation, and storage on MP concentrations.Methods
Flow cytometry was used to quantitate the number of whole blood-derived MPs.Results
The total MP concentration was similar in male and female donors (26,044?±?1254 particles/μL vs. 27,696?±?1584 particles/μL). The total MP concentration did not differ significantly among the different age groups: 18–30 years (28,730?±?1600 particles/μL), 31–40 years (24,972?±?5947 particles/μL), and 41–58 years (25,195?±?1727 particles/μL). However, the total number of MPs in fresh plasma (152,110?±?46,716 particles/μL) was significantly higher (p?<? 0.05) than that in unprocessed whole blood (26,752 ± 985 particles/μL), fresh packed red blood cells (PRBCs) (28,574 ± 1028 particles/μL), and platelet concentrate (PC) (33,072 ± 1858 particles/μL). Furthermore, the total numbers of MPs in stored PRBCs and fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) were significantly higher (p?<? 0.05) than those in fresh PRBCs and fresh plasma, respectively.Conclusions
The study suggests that donor factors, blood-component processing and storage contribute to the MP concentration in routine blood-product preparation. The findings can improve quality control and management of blood-product manufacturing in routine transfusion laboratories. 相似文献4.
Shabnam Asfaram Mahdi Fakhar Mehdi Mohebali Ahmad Mardani Elham Sadat Banimostafavi Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi Masoud Soosaraei 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(3):474-479
Background
Little is known regarding transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis (TTL) and the real global incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) among blood donors as carriers of Leishmania spp. in endemic VL foci including Iran. Recent epidemiological evidences indicate that blood donor may be harbor of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) infection in Iran.Methods
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Leishmania infection among blood donors in a main endemic focus of VL in Iran using DAT and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods Between July–September 2016, blood samples were collected from 600 apparently healthy blood donors from six blood donation centers and blood donation mobile unit in Ardabil Province, where VL cases had been recorded. Each of these samples was tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies, in direct agglutination test (DAT), and for L. infantum kDNA, the PCR-based assay.Results
Of 600 blood donors, which were examined, 23 (3.8%) blood donors were seropositive by DAT and of 23 seropositive subjects, 82.6% (19/23) were positive by PCR. All the seropositive cases were males except one of them was female.Conclusions
Our findings showed that many asymptomatic human carriers of L. infantum live in the endemic regions of northwestern Iran and potentially act as reservoirs of infection; those must be considered carefully by arrangement VL control strategies in the country. 相似文献5.
Objectives
The present study was aimed to find out the prevalence of parvovirus B19? amongst healthy blood donors and blood transfusion recipients so as to determine the feasibility of providing seronegative blood components to vulnerable recipients.Methods
A total of 1000 samples were studied which included 800 blood donors and 200 transfusion recipients.The transfusion recipients included 100 multitransfused patients and 100 non transfused controls.All samples were subjected to parvovirus B19 ELISA for IgG and IgM antibodies.Results
Of the 800 blood donors,663(82.9%) were voluntary while 137(17.1%) were replacement donors.The seroprevalence of B19V IgG antibodies among healthy blood donors was found to be 34.1% whilst that of IgM antibodies was 1.4%.The seroprevalence of B19?V IgG antibodies was found to be 28.4% in the age group 18–35 years and 42.1% in donors more than 35 years of age(p?≤?0.01). The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies in multitransfused patients was 34% and IgM antibodies was 7.0%.The B19?V IgG prevalence was 20% in the transfused patients aged 0–20 years and 48% in patients above 20 years of age (p?≤?0.05).Conclusion
The moderately high seroprevalence of B19 V IgG in blood donors and patients suggests endemicity of infection.However, prevalence of B19?V IgM antibodies in blood donors is low.With the widespread use of pooled plasma derived medicinal products and recognition of severe pathological effects in susceptible recipients, transfusion transmission of B19?V has become a major concern in the past few decades.We suggest screening of blood units to identify B19?V IgM negative units for transfusion to selected patients. 相似文献6.
Rainer Moog Remo Rothe Nicole Arlt Thomas Burkhardt 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(2):228-232
Introduction
Platelet additive solutions (PAS) allow to maintain platelet storage properties in platelet concentrates (PCs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro quality of irradiated and non-irradiated PCs, suspended in PAS, over a storage period of 6 days.Methods
Plateletpheresis donors fulfilling current eligibility criteria underwent plateletpheresis with the MCS+ blood cell separator. The PAS SSP+ was used to store platelets (PLT) for up to 6 days. Aliquots were drawn from the PCs after collection, at day 4, 5 and 6 of storage. A battery of tests was performed to analyse the quality of the PCs: PLT count, mean PLT volume (MPV), PLT activation marker CD 62, swirl, RBC and WBC contamination, pH, citrate, glucose, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase.Results
An average of 2.53?±?0.21?×?1011 PLT were collected in a product volume of 231?±?5?mL in irradiated and 233?±?6?mL in non-irradiated PCs, respectively. RBC- and WBC-contamination were within the allowed ranges. Δ CD62 steadily decreased in irradiated and non-irradiated PCs while the pH was well maintained over storage time. Glucose and lactate levels of irradiated and non-irradiated PCs showed characteristic pattern of PC storage within acceptable ranges.Conclusion
Our data demonstrate that parameters of PC quality were well maintained over a storage period of 6?days using PAS. Irradiation had no impact on the quality of PCs. The product quality of irradiated and non-irradiated PCs met national and European guidelines. 相似文献7.
8.
Sara Alfieri 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(5):723-731
Background
Scientific literature on blood donation is prevalently concentrated on adults, leaving out adolescents almost completely. While the latter represents “ideal” candidates, they constitute, however, the segment of the population least present among blood donors.Objectives
The present work, composed of two studies, proposes looking into the representations that the adolescents have of blood donation and give voice to the motivations that could persuade them to becoming donors once they reach the legal age for donation. Study I aims to investigate adolescents’ representations about the world of blood donation. Study II aims to investigate a) the underlying motivations for blood donations and b) the relationship between motivations and propensity to donate.Materials/Methods
This paper is based on a mixed methods research design. In Study I, five focus groups were conducted comprising a total of 25 adolescents; for Study II, a self-report questionnaire was administered to 285 adolescents.Results
Study I reveals a lack of information for everything regarding donation, something that produces fear, false beliefs, and an idealized image of the donor.Study II shows that for males, social motivations are fundamental while ego-protective motivations are deterrents, and that females are most impacted by understanding.Conclusion
The study shows how the adolescent population cannot be recruited in the same way as adults, and presents valuable points for those who finalize advertising campaigns for donor recruitment recruitment. 相似文献9.
J.Manuel Bello–López Carlos Bonilla Cisneros Angel Martínez-Albarrán 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(1):82-87
Introduction
Oncohematological disorders are the main cause of morbidity in the Mexican population from 1 to 19 years old, where megakaryoblastic and promyelocitic leukemias are more frequent. Considering that the success of a transplant is multifactorial, the criterion of compatibility in the HLA system is crucial and even more so when the source of HSC is bone marrow.Objective
To determine the frequency of the HLA genotype in Mexican candidates who require a bone marrow transplant from related donors and the probability to find donors.Materials and methods
One hundred twenty-six candidates for bone marrow transplant and related donors were tested for HLA class I (–A*, ?B* alleles) and class II (–DRB1* allele) in intermediate–resolution, as the first phase in the choice of the possible donor. The criteria to identify donors were determined by antigen–matched in each HLA haplotype as follows: 4/6, 5/6 and 6/6 at the HLA–A*, HLA–B*, and HLA–DRB1* alleles.Results
Of all the candidates analyzed, 57.93%, at least one bone marrow donor was identified; in 53 cases, no donor was found. The average size of the families was 4.79?±?1.06 members. A higher percentage of compatibility with grade 6/6 (31.6%) was identified with brothers, followed by sisters in 25.3%. The probability to find at least one compatible potential donor was 1.51?±?0.92 donors.Conclusion
In the first phase to select donors, Mexican patients studied in this work, have a compatible donor, however the grade of resolution test influenced in the probability identified. 相似文献10.
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) in pregnant women with placenta previa.Study design
We retrospectively reviewed 142 pregnancies with placenta previa from completed 32 weeks of gestation who underwent a caesarean delivery in University clinical centre Ljubljana, over a five-year period.Result
Although more than two thirds of pregnant women met the criteria for PAD, it was justified for approximately 13.6% of them. The decrease in haemoglobin level after PAD was only 4.5?±?6.7?g/l on average and did not induce anaemia.Conclusion
Although our study shows that PAD is not reasonable for the majority of all pregnant women with placenta previa who met the criteria for PAD from our study, we believe that with the implementation of Patient Blood Management it still has its prospects of clinical application. However, further prospective studies are needed to find risk factors for increased surgical bleeding to make a proper patient selection for PAD. 相似文献11.
Andreea-Iuliana Ceanga Mihai Ceanga Maria Eveslage Edwin Herrmann Dania Fischer Axel Haferkamp Maria Wittmann Stefan Müller Hugo Van Aken Andrea Ulrike Steinbicker 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(6):739-745
Background
Preoperative anemia and allogeneic blood transfusions (ABTs) may affect outcomes in cancer surgery. The prevalence of anemia, the use of ABTs, the risks of transfusions, lengths of stay and mortality of oncological patients undergoing radical cystectomy were investigated in three University Hospitals in Germany.Patients and Methods
Hospital records of 220 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy from 2010 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed for independent risk factors of ABT and unfavorable outcomes (readmission, increased length of stay (LOS) or death) using multivariate regression analysis.Results
Preoperative anemia was present in 40%. 70% of patients received blood transfusions. Low preoperative and intraoperative nadir hemoglobin levels were associated with receipt of ABT (OR 1.33, P?=?0.04 and OR 2.94, P?<?0.001 respectively). Transfusion of ten or more red blood cell units (RBCs) during the entire hospital stay was a predictor of an increased LOS (P?<?0.001) and death (OR 52, 95%CI [5.9, 461.3], P?<?0.001), compared to non-transfused patients. Preoperative ABT and ASA scores were associated with ≥10RBCs.Conclusion
Anemic patients undergoing radical cystectomy had a high risk to receive ABTs. Preoperative transfusions and transfusion of ≥10RBCs during the entire hospital stay may increase patient`s mortality.Prospective, randomized controlled studies have to follow this study. 相似文献12.
Olga Ciepiela Anna Jaworska Dominika Łacheta Natalia Falkowska Katarzyna Popko Urszula Demkow 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(6):858-864
Background
Transfusion of blood-derived products is often used as a life-saving treatment, and being a blood donor should be common, especially among medical professionals. Thus, an awareness of one’s own blood type in medical students should be common. Our aim was to assess if students of the Medical University of Warsaw know their blood type and how many of them are registered blood donors.Material and methods
A survey was conducted in a group of 1121 students. The survey included questions addressing awareness of the students’ blood type, the frequency of blood types in Poland, being a blood donor, and willingness to become a blood donor.Results
Of all students, 86.8% knew their blood type and 13.2% did not. Approximately 30.2% of students in the survey declared that they are blood donors, 57.9% had only considered becoming a blood donor and 11.9% had not even considered becoming a blood donor. Of all non-donors, 48.2% had contraindications to becoming a blood donor, 11.5% were afraid of blood collection and 21.9% did not have time to register as a blood donor. Most students (81%) declared that they could become a blood donor if someone closely-related needed a transfusion, and 5.2% declared that there is nothing that could force them to become a blood donor.Conclusion
Compared to Polish society medical students are significantly more aware of the necessity of blood donation. The majority know their blood type, but they do not know what is the most common blood type in Poland. 相似文献13.
Ravi C. Dara Aseem K. Tiwari Dinesh Arora Geet Aggarwal Ganesh Singh Rawat Jyoti Sharma Devi Prasad Acharya Gunjan Bhardwaj 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(3):367-370
Background
There are several studies on prevalence of individual infectious disease markers (mono-infection) in donors but none on prevalence of coinfection. Co-infection is significant as it leads to accelerated disease progression. We, therefore, evaluated the prevalence of co-infection among blood donors.Materials and methods
The cross-sectional analysis was conducted in blood donors. All donors were tested for anti-HIV I and II, HBsAg, anti-HBC IgM, anti-HCV, Malaria and syphilis by chemiluminescence and ID-NAT assay. All reactive donor samples were confirmed by using confirmatory assays. Donors were grouped as mono-infected and co-infected. The student t-test was used for comparison.Results
During the study period, a total of 106,238 blood donors were tested. Mean age of donors was 34.2 years and 94.2% of blood donors were males. 1776 (1.67%) donor samples were confirmed serologically reactive. 1714 (1.61%) samples were reactive for single marker (mono-infected) while 62 (0.05%) donors’ samples exhibited co-infection. 18 donors were positive for HBV+HCV followed by HIV +syphilis (14).Conclusion
We report for the first time the prevalence of different co-infection patterns in blood donors. Co-infection influence the disease progression; it would be important to investigate the co-infection prevalence in larger sample size. 相似文献14.
Li-xin Jiao Jing-ying Zhang Lin Chen Xiao-li Yu Yu Han Fan Yang Jiang-hong Yu Ling-ling Liu Yue Lang 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(6):855-857
Objective
To study serologic and gene characteristics of the B(A) blood group of blood donation volunteers in Jilin Province, China.Methods
ABO subgroups were identified by standard serologic techniques in ABO typing discrepancy samples from all donors at the Jilin Blood Center (410,354 non-repeat donors). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was collected from each sample and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was used to sequence exons 6 and 7 and intron 6, part 5 from the ABO subgroup samples. PCR products were sequenced to identify ABO subgroups and the B(A) allele.Results
Four cases of B(A) blood type were found after sequencing, including two different alleles: B(A)02 and B(A)04. Three of the four alleles were B(A)04.Conclusion
Among blood donation volunteers in Jilin Province, China, B(A)04 is the most common B(A) blood group allele, followed by B(A)02. The B(A) blood group is associated with a complicated serologic phenotype and DNA detection is necessary for this atypical phenotype sample. 相似文献15.
Glenda M. Davison Heather L. Hendrickse Tandi E. Matsha 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(1):58-62
Introduction
Evidence suggests that red cell antigens may act as receptors for viruses and bacteria and therefore could be associated with HIV infection. Previous studies have been controversial and therefore the aim of this exploratory study was to analyse the expression of immunogenic red cell antigens in HIV-seropositive individuals and to compare the results to negative donors from South Africa.Methods
The expression of ABO, Rh, Kell and Duffy antigens from 119 HIV-seropositive patients was compared to 317 HIV-seronegative blood donors. Nucleic acid amplification testing and PCR were used to determine the HIV status and the ID-Gel Card Technology was used to determine the blood group antigen profile.Results
There was no significant difference in the expression of A, B, AB, Duffy or Kel antigens between the two groups but significantly lower numbers of HIV+ individuals were O Rh Negative (p?=?,0.0001). Analysis of those with a Duffy null phenotype revealed a significantly higher incidence of blood type A RH1-Positive, Dce/R0r and B RH1-Positive, DcEe/R2r within the HIV-seropositive group (p?=?<?0.05). None of the HIV-seropositive individuals were O RH1-Negative, dce/rr.Conclusion
In conclusion these initial findings have demonstrated a decreased incidence of blood type O Rh1-negative in HIV?+?individuals which suggests that red blood cell antigens may play an important role in susceptibility to HIV infection. The relationship between red cell antigens and HIV infection however remains complex and therefore larger studies are required to confirm these results. 相似文献16.
Mustafa Serkan Durdu Mehmet Cakici Fatih Gumus Gunseli Cubukcuoglu Deniz Sinem Civriz Bozdag Evren Ozcinar Nur Dikmen Yaman Osman Ilhan Kemalettin Ucanok 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(6):762-767
Objective
Apheresis is performed for treatment of numerous diseases by removing auto-antibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, allo-antibodies, paraproteins, non-Ig proteins, toxins, exogenous poisons. In current study, we present our experience of using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in patients with different types of clinical scenarios.Methods
Between January 2013 and May 2016, we retrospectively presented the results of 64 patients in whom postoperative TPE was performed in ICU setting after cardiac surgery. Patients were grouped into four as; 1-sepsis (n?=?26), 2-hepatorenal syndrome(n?=?24), 3-antibody mediated rejection(AMR) following heart transplantation(n?=?4) and 4-right heart failure(RHF) after left ventricular asist device(LVAD)(n?=?10). Hemodynamic parameters were monitored constantly, pre- and post-procedure peripheral blood tests including renal and liver functions and daily complete blood count (CBC), sedimentation, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin (ng/ml) levels were studied.Results
The mean age was 61?±?17.67 years old and 56.25% (n?=?36) were male. Mean Pre TPE left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%), central venous pressure (CVP)(mmHg) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)(mmHg) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP)(mmHg) were measured as 41.8?±?8.1, 15.5?±?4.4, 17.3?±?3.24 and 39.9?±?5.4, respectively. Procalcitonin (ng/ml) level of patients undergoing TPE due to sepsis was significantly reduced from 873?±?401?ng/ml to 248?±?132?ng/ml. Seventeen (26.5%) patients died in hospital during treatment, mean length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay(days) was 13.2?±?5.1.Conclusion
This study shows that TEP is a safe and feasible treatment modality in patients with different types of complications after cardiac surgery and hopefully this study will lead to new utilization areas. 相似文献17.
Elias Kyriakou Nikolaos Nearchakos Stefanos Bonovas Efstathia Makri Katerina Pantavou Georgios K. Nikolopoulos Christine Kottaridi Argyri Gialeraki Panagiota Douramani Maria Taichert Violetta Kapsimali Argirios E. Tsantes 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(4):544-548
Background
Flow cytometry (FC) and Nageotte hemocytometry represent the most widely accepted methods for counting residual white blood cells (rWBCs) in leucocyte-reduced (LR) blood components. Our aim was to study the agreement between the two methods, under real working blood bank conditions.Materials and methods
94 freshly produced LR red blood cell (RBC) units were tested for rWBC concentrations by FC and Nageotte. To assess the precision of each method, we calculated the intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV), and followed the Bland-Altman methodology to study the agreement between the two methods.Results
CV was 18.5% and 26.2% for the Nageotte and the FC, respectively. However, the agreement between the duplicate observations, using the binary cut-off threshold of 1?×?106 WBCs per unit to define the results as “pass/fail”, was 71.9% for the Nageotte and 93.3% for the FC. Linear regression analysis did not show any correlation (R-squared?=?0.01, p?=?0.35) between the two methods, while the Bland-Altman analysis for the measuring agreement showed a bias toward a higher Nageotte count of 0.77?×?106 leucocytes per unit (p?<?0.001) with the 95% limits of agreement (d ± 2?sd) ranging from –0.40?×?106 to 1.94?×?106 leucocytes per unit.Conclusion
The absence of agreement between Nageotte and FC method, with the differences within d ± 2?sd being of high clinical importance, suggests that the two methods cannot be used for clinical purposes interchangeably. The Nageotte seems unsuitable for quality control even with a pass-fail criterion, under real working blood bank conditions. 相似文献18.
Harita Gogri Pranali Pitale Manisha Madkaikar Swati Kulkarni 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(3):388-390
Background
Haemagglutination has been the gold standard for defining the blood group status. However, these tests depend upon the availability of specific and reliable antisera. Potent antisera for extended phenotyping are very costly, weakly reacting or available in limited stocks and unavailable for some blood group systems like Indian, Dombrock, Coltan, Diego etc. The Indian blood group system consists of two antithetical antigens, Ina and Inb. The Ina /Inb polymorphism arises from 252C?>?G missense mutation in the CD44 gene. This knowledge has allowed the development of molecular methods for genotyping IN alleles.Material and methods
Blood samples were collected from 715 blood donors from Mumbai. DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform method and genotyping for Indian (Ina/IN*01, Inb /IN*02) blood group alleles was done by Sequence Specific PCR.Results
Seventeen donors among 715 were heterozygous for Ina antigen i.e. In (a+b+). The Ina antigen positivity was confirmed serologically, using anti-Ina prepared in-house and the genotype-phenotype results were concordant. The frequency of Ina (2.37%) was higher than Caucasians and comparable to those reported among Indians of Bombay.Conclusion
This is the first study reporting molecular screening of Indian blood group antigens in Indian population. The frequency of Ina and Inb antigens was found to be 2.37% and 100% respectively. Red cells of Ina positive donors can be used as in-house reagent red cells for screening and identification of corresponding antibodies. Thus, DNA based methods will help in large scale screening of donors to identify rare blood groups, when commercial antisera are unavailable. 相似文献19.
Arezoo Darbandi Pargol Mashati Amir Yami Arshia Gharehbaghian Mehdi Tabrizi Namini Ahmad Gharehbaghian 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2017,56(3):448-453
Background
Blood products are used for patient treatment and survival in the cases of major surgery, hematological disorders or cancer therapy. Presently the main blood components are not yet replaceable by artificial products and all activities related to blood transfusion is highly dependent on the healthcare development of each country. The World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO-EMR) comprises of 21 member states with variable socio-economic status effective on blood transfusion activities. The fundamental motivation behind this research was to accumulate some data of blood practices in this region and to have an appropriate image of the WHO-EMR region.Material and methods
The data were collected through the published papers or data, blood transfusion services websites, and the other health official websites like WHO.Results
Among WHO-EMR countries there are some with a nationally organized blood transfusion establishment such as Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, and Syria. In a few, blood transfusion administrations are hospital-based like Saudi Arabia. The others are run by Red Crescent such as Bahrain, Tunisia and UEA or by Red Cross like Lebanon. Only Iran and UAE succeed to have 100% voluntary non-remunerated blood donors; however, most of them are still under the weight of family/replacement blood donation such as Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan or even paid donors like Pakistan and Yemen. The haemovigilance and training programs have been implemented in some countries including Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and UAE. Unfortunately, there are rare and inaccessible information about some EMR states like Djibouti, Palestine and Somalia so that little data can be independently discovered.Conclusion
In these countries different measures ought to be additionally designated to ensure blood products adequacy and safety such as the development of well-coordinated national blood transfusion centers with the increased government commitment, the establishment of a well-organized system for voluntary non-remunerated blood donor recruitment, the establishment of well-equipped laboratories for screening donor samples for transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) for at least mandatory tests recommended by WHO, the implementation of an educational/training program for professionals working in the blood transfusion establishments or hospitals, the regular audit on the quality and the integrity of the blood transfusion chain, and the development of a regional network of collaboration to bolster the neighboring nations in the EMR through effective communication tools. 相似文献20.
Wei Chen Jennifer P. Ha Hong Hong Robert W. Maitta 《Transfusion and apheresis science》2018,57(4):507-511