一种基于有限元/边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射模型

本文发展了一种基于有限元和边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射计算模型。该模型将整个声场分为内部有限域和外部无界域，分别用有限元和边界元方法求解控制方程，在二者之间的界面上使用具有物理意义的声阻抗参数进行匹配，并通过一种快速迭代方法实现全声场求解。这种迭代方法可以保证有限元刚度矩阵等带宽以及对称的特性不被破坏，有助于提高计算效率。该模型先得到了Levine and Schwinger标准解的检验，进而在无流动情况下对于简化的航发短舱进口管道模型进行了噪声辐射现象的数值模拟，最后基于计算结果分析了声衬对远场声辐射的影响。     

几种常用贮罐的计量电算

对６种常用贮罐的计量进行了计算式推导，并设计了计量计算程序。程序采用了菜单选择，可对不同贮罐进行连续计算和打表。数据输入采取人机对话形式，操作方便简易。通过设置循环语句的不同步长，可达到所需要的任意计量精度。与手工计算比较，工效提高数十倍。通过几年应用，达到了实用、准确、高速的效果     

组分百日咳疫苗安全性检测体外替代方法的应用和初步评价

目的：用一种组分百日咳疫苗残留毒性的体外替代检测方法，更稳定和客观地评价疫苗成品的生产一致性。方法：验证直接定性法和间接定量法2种中华仓鼠卵巢细胞簇集试验方法，分别对6个国内外厂家的10种组分百日咳疫苗产品毒性进行定量和定性检测，并使用百日咳毒素参考品将体外法与小鼠组胺致敏试验进行桥接和初步评价。结果：体外定量试验的灵敏度为0.0026±0.0003 IU·mL^-1，几何变异系数为13%，体外定性试验的灵敏度为0.0067±0.0016 IU·mL^-1，几何变异系数为24%，组胺致敏试验的灵敏度为3.3 IU·mL^-1；所有样品的体外定性结果均为阴性，小鼠组胺致敏试验结果均合格，体外定量结果与小鼠组胺致敏结果具有良好的相关性（r=0.737，P＜0.05）。结论：本研究在国内首次使用 CHO细胞簇集试验方法检测百日咳疫苗成品，并进行了初步评价。该方法灵敏度高于小鼠组胺致敏试验，可应用于百日咳疫苗毒性及毒性逆转检测。该方法需要更广泛的推广应用和数据积累，以达到完全替代动物实验的目标。     

注射用头孢地嗪钠含量测定的不确定度分析

目的：建立注射用头孢地嗪钠含量的测量不确定度评定方法。方法：建立数学模型,对实验过程中各种影响因素进行分析评估并计算测量不确定度。结果：通过计算各变量的不确定度,计算出合成不确定度,最终得到测量结果的扩展不确定度。结论：所建立的方法可用于该制剂含量的不确定度的评定。     

基于广义掩膜积分图像的快速模板匹配

目标检测中模板匹配常需用掩膜排除待匹配窗口中的一些不相关区域.模板匹配的相关算法计算过程十分耗时,但由于掩膜的区域往往不规则,适用的快速算法较少.提出广义掩膜积分图像,实现了一种有掩膜的快速模板匹配算法.该算法不仅只需遍历待匹配窗口和模板的像素一次,而且在不改变匹配精度的同时简化了计算过程.人脸检测实验证明,该算法能显著提高有掩膜的模板匹配计算效率,特别适于需对目标和模板进行整体与局部多次匹配的应用场合.     

经颅多普勒超声指导颈动脉转流管选择的应用

【摘要】 目的 总结经颅多普勒指导颈动脉临时转流管使用经验。方法 自2006年1月至2011年1月对60例有症状的颈动脉狭窄患者进行了CEA手术,术中使用经颅多普勒（TCD）对患者进行大脑中动脉进行监测。结果 49例患者阻断前后大脑中动脉平均血流速度下降未超过50％,未放置转流管;11例患者阻断前后大脑中动脉平均血流速度下降超过50％,放置转流管,全部患者无围手术期死亡。结论 经颅多普勒超声可以有效的指导CEA术中转流管的选择使用减少围手术期并发症的发生。     

应用Excel对检验数据进行处理

药品检验工作中存在着大量的数值计算。长期以来，对实验数据的计算处理，一直是使用计算器进行手工计算。经过摸索实践，我所使用微软公司的Office办公自动化组件中的Excel电子表格软件，运用其中的计算功能，设定计算公式，对检验数据进行处理，实现只须输入原始数据，便可快速计算出结果。使用这种方法，既提高了计算速度，又提高了计算的准确性，而且还便于审核检查，从而可大大提高工作效率。该方法在我单位已使用了两年，取得了非常满意的效果。     

中国药典与欧州药典无菌检查培养基灵敏度的比较实验

目的：对中国药典和欧洲药典无菌检查法使用的培养基的灵敏度进行了比较，对二者的质量进行综合分析和评价。方法：灵敏度测定比对实验以生长管数来比较。结果：黑曲霉和藤黄微球菌在大豆-胰酪胨培养基中的生长状况分别优于真菌培养基或硫乙醇酸盐培养基。结论：大豆-胰酪胨培养基是一种更灵敏的无菌检查培养基。     

拉伸法测钢丝杨氏模量实验中减小不确定度的一种方法

拉伸法测杨氏模量试验中,采用游标卡尺代替标尺进行测量读数,方法简单易行,望远镜内读数精度提高两位,并使最终杨氏模量测量结果的不确定度降低了一个数量级。对光杠杆测量微小变化量的实验研究,提高了实验分析验证的可行性,同时也拓宽了该研究领域。     

变压器绕组过载温升测量方法的比较

目的对变压器绕组温升的测量,常见的测温方法有温度计法和电阻法。为了明晰上述方法的异同,为电气安全检测过程中变压器绕组温升测量的方法选择和具体实施提供依据。方法使用了实验室比对的均匀样品,分别采用热电偶法、带电测量法和倒推法进行研究分析。结果与结论对上述三种方法分别从标准符合性、测量精度、不确定度等关键环节进行了分析比较,基于分析结果,对于依据GB9706.1-2007和GB 4793.1-2007标准对医用电气设备内的电源变压器进行的绕组过载温升试验,建议采用倒推法进行测量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.