中国部分地区花生中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的了解中国花生中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法从吉林省、河南省、湖北省、四川省、广东省和广西自治区采集花生样品,用高效液相色谱测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果共测定197份花生,115份阳性,平均浓度为91.74μg/kg;四川省、吉林省、广东省、广西省、湖北省和河南省样品阳性率依次为53.12%(17/32)、66.67%(22/33)、63.64%(21/33)、61.76%(21/34)、60.00%(21/35)和43.33%(13/30),平均浓度依次为244.96、136.74、94.11、44.30、22.20和0.33μg/kg;4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,分别为58.38%和77.77μg/kg;AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低。结论花生的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍,调查的各地样品均有不同程度污染;4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

福建省市售花生及花生制品中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的:了解福建省花生中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法:从福建省九个地区采集花生和花生制品,用高效液相色谱测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果:共测定62份花生,40份花生酱,20份花生油。以国家标准规定的黄曲霉毒素B1限值20μg/kg计,超标率分别为17.7%、37.5%和0。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低。结论:福建省花生和花生制品的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍,4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

玉米中四种黄曲霉毒素的关系

目的了解我国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、黄曲霉毒素B2（AFB2）、黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）和黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）污染的关系。方法用统计方法分析玉米中任意两种毒素污染率、污染浓度的相关性;计算AFB1与总黄曲霉毒素（AFs）的数量关系,分析AFB1在AFs中的构成1结果AFB1检出率最高,AFB1没有单独污染,均伴随AFB1。任两种毒素浓度呈正相关（P=0．000）,AFB1、AFB1、AFG1与AFG1的相关系数均大于0．951任两种毒素检出率有相关性（P=0．000）,AFB1和AFBz相关性最强1随AFB1浓度区间增高,AFB1检出率增高,AFG1和AFG1检出率先升高后降低;AFB1与AFs浓度比升高,AFs高于4μg／kg时,浓度比超过0．51结论AFB1和AFBz污染密切相关,AFBz伴随AFB1,二者污染率和浓度呈正向变化。当AFB1浓度较高时,对AFG1和AFG1呈现抑制作用1按照AFs限量是AFB1的两倍,当玉米中AFs限量在4μg／kg以上时,同时制定AFB1和AFs限量,与仅制定AFB1限量相比,不增加管理效力。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定油炸食品中4种黄曲霉毒素

目的建立一种快速、灵敏、简便的超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）同时测定油炸食品中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、B2（AFB2）、G1（AFG1）、G2（AFG2）水平的方法。方法样品用乙腈水（84：16）提取液提取后过滤,滤液经黄曲霉毒素多功能净化柱（MFC）净化,纯化液经浓缩挥干后,加三氟乙酸（TFA）衍生后,用带有荧光检测器的超高效液相色谱仪测定。结果 4种黄曲霉毒素5 min完全分离,线性范围质量浓度分别为0.10~100.00μg/L（AFB1、AFG1）、0.05~50.00μg/L（AFB2、AFG2）,最低检出质量分数分别为0.04μg/kg（AFB1、AFG1）、0.02μg/kg（AFB2、AFG2）,油炸食品回收率为82.0%~101.2%,相对标准偏差〈5%,r≥0.999。结论该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高,适用于油炸食品中4种黄曲霉毒素水平的同时测定。     

烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露风险水平。方法 免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法测定样品中黄曲霉毒素,点评估方法估算人群黄曲霉毒素暴露量。结果 检测的市售食品中AFB1检出率为4.19%（19/453）,超标率为0.22%（1/453）,均值为0.86 μg/kg。AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1检出率分别为2.13%（9/423）、1.65%（7/423）、0.95%（4/423）和41.90%（44/105）,均值分别为0.29、0.64、0.33和 0.03 μg/kg。食品中存在AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2多重污染情况。AFB1的检出均值占到黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2)均值总和的47.18%。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的日膳食暴露量分别为4.326、1.733、3.143、2.423和0.168 ng/（kg·bw·d）。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的膳食暴露贡献率分别占到总体的36.69%、14.70%、26.65%、20.55%和1.42%。谷类及其制品的膳食暴露贡献最大,食用植物油的贡献次之。结论 AFB1总体检出率和均值均高于AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,是主要的污染品种。谷类及其制品和食用植物油是主要的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2膳食暴露来源。乳制品是主要的AFM1的膳食暴露来源。烟台市居民AFB1和AFM1膳食暴露导致肝癌发病率为0.101/10万人和0.004/10万人。     

HPLC法同时测定食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素

目的：建立测定食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素含量的HPLC方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱仪（附荧光检测器）,Zor-bax Zebax-C18色谱柱（250 mm＊4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为水和乙腈,流速1.0 ml/min,激发波长：360 nm,发射波长：440 nm作为分析条件,以正己烷和三氟乙酸为衍生剂来测定食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素含量。结果：黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFG1在0～100μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,AFB2、AFG2在0～25μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;4种黄曲霉毒素回收率均在75%～104%之间;按取样量20 g计算,则AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2在样品中的检出限分别为0.20、0.05、0.20、0.05μg/kg。结论：该法具有准确、灵敏、重复性好等优点,适合食品中的4种黄曲霉毒素含量的检测。     

市售花生、玉米中黄曲霉毒素与伏马菌素污染水平调查

[目的]了解南京市市售花生、玉米及其制品的黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AFT)和伏马菌素B(FumonisinB,FB)的污染水平,就两者的联合污染水平进行探讨。[方法]收集南京市超市和农贸市场的部分花生、玉米及其制品,采用ELISA法测定FB与黄曲霉毒素B(1AFB1)的含量。[结果]超市所采集的19份样品AFB1的检出率为68%,平均含量为0.53μg/kg,FB的检出率为21%,平均含量为0.56mg/kg。农贸市场所采集的49份样品AFB1的检出率为59%,平均含量为6.98μg/kg,FB的检出率为76%,平均含量为9.89mg/kg。所有玉米及其制品样品AFB1和FB的联合污染率为33%,其中超市样品的联合污染率为21%,农贸市场样品的联合污染率为38%。[结论]南京市市售花生、玉米及其制品中存在AFB1和FB的污染,且玉米及其制品存在联合污染问题。     

HPLC柱后衍生同时测定黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的探讨

目的:建立黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的高效液相色谱柱后衍生检测方法。方法:样品通过高效液相色谱柱分离后,进入柱后衍生装置与碘溶液发生反应,最后进入荧光检测器进行检测。结果:该方法的检出限AFB1、AFG2为0.03μg/kg、AFB2为0.01μg/kg、AFG1为0.05μg/kg。结论:方法灵敏度高,准确度好,操作简单,实用性强,可用于黄曲霉毒素的检测。     

免疫亲和柱净化-光化学柱后衍生-HPLC法检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素

目的建立免疫亲和柱净化-光化学柱后衍生-高效液相色谱(HPLC)-荧光法测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2的检测方法。方法样品经甲醇-水(7∶3,V/V)提取,提取液经过滤、稀释后,滤液经过免疫亲和色谱柱纯化,以甲醇-水(45∶55,V/V)为流动相洗脱,Cloversil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)分离,采用光化学衍生器衍生,荧光检测器在激发波长360 nm、发射波长440 nm处测定。结果 AFB1、AFG1在0.50μg/L~20μg/L时具有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.50μg/kg,AFB2、AFG2在0.15μg/L~6.0μg/L时具有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.20μg/kg,其相关系数均0.999 2,回收率为82.6%~94.4%,相对标准偏差10%。结论该方法具有快速、灵敏、简便、准确等优点,适用于测定茶叶中的黄曲霉毒素AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2。     

深圳粮油食品中4种黄曲霉毒素联合污染状况

目的调查分析深圳地区市售粮食和食用油中4种黄曲霉毒素(AFs)的污染状况。方法以分层随机抽样得到的238份粮油食品作为研究对象,采用免疫亲和层析净化超高效色谱法测定AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG24种黄曲霉毒素含量。结果大米、米制品、小麦粉、玉米粉、食用油中总黄曲霉毒素阳性率分别为35.3%、33.8%、13.9%、46.7%和24.5%。其中定型包装大米AFs阳性率(26.5%)与散装大米AFs阳性率(56.3%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.6,P<0.05);长江以北地区出产的大米AFs阳性率(27.3%)与长江以南地区出产的大米AFs阳性率(41.4%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.257,P<0.05)。米制品、小麦粉和玉米粉仅检出黄曲霉毒素B1和B2。食用油中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2阳性率分别为24.5%、24.5%、11.3%和3.8%。AFB1超标率为5.66%,超标样本全部为作坊生产的无牌散装自榨花生油。结论深圳市售大米、食用油存在4种黄曲霉毒素联合污染的状况,污染以黄曲霉毒素B1和B2为主。深圳市售南北两地产大米污染状况有差异,散装包装大米污染状况有差异。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food and risks to human health

OBJECTIVES: The presence of mycotoxins in food has been associated with several human diseases, and health authorities have taken actions to decrease the ingestion of these compounds in the diet. A study was carried out to assess aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations found in food, and to evaluate the potential risk to human health resulting from mycotoxin exposure. METHODS: Between July 1998 to December 2001, 366 food samples were analyzed, including peanuts and its products, nuts, maize, oat and/or wheat products, rice and beans. Samples were processed and the extracted mycotoxins were detected and separated using thin layer chromatography, and then quantified with fluorescence. RESULTS: Aflatoxins were detected in 19.6% of the samples: raw peanuts and its products, pop corn, maize and Brazilian nuts (>2mg/kg). Peanuts and its products showed the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination (34.7%) with up to 1280 mg/kg of AFB1+AFG1 and 1706 mg/kg of total aflatoxins. Of the positive samples, AFB1 was detected in 98.5%, AFB2 in 93%, AFG1 in 66.7%, and AFG2 in 65.4%. Ochratoxin A was not detected (<25 mg/kg) in any sample analyzed. CONCLUSION: It was found that contamination levels mainly seen in peanuts and its products exceed Brazilian regulated standards, and they can be a potential risk to regular consumers of these products. Food producers' awareness allied to monitoring programs is essential to reduce human exposure to these compounds and prevent ensuing chronic diseases.     

Ionic liquid functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for solid-phase microextraction of aflatoxins in food products

Aflatoxins (AFs) in food and agricultural products pose serious health hazards to consumers. As a result, exports are restricted and farmers lose much needed income. One major challenge faced in controlling AFs in developing countries in particular is lack of simple and cost-effective methods of analysis. To address this problem, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was developed based on 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for the extraction of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in food products prior to HPLC analysis. The SPME was performed using 10 mg of the adsorbent at pH 7 and vortexing for 1 min at 500 rpm, and desorbed by sonication for 2 min in 1 mL acetonitrile. The technique showed excellent linearity (correlation coefficients, ≥0.997). LOD and LOQ were determined respectively to be 0.07 and 0.73 μg/kg for AFB1, 0.01 and 0.12 μg/kg for AFB2, 0.04 and 0.44 μg/kg for AFG1 and 0.02 and 0.18 μg/kg for AFG2. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the ranges of 3.9–4.7% and 6.9–8.4%, respectively. The acquired recovery of blank samples of the pepper and groundnut samples spiked with mixed analytes at 5 and 10 μg/kg spiking levels were in the range of 88.6–99.8%. The SPME was employed for the analysis of the considered analytes from real chili pepper and processed groundnut samples. Overall, the technique is easy, fast, cost-effective and environmentally friendly and can be used for the analysis of AFs in various food and agricultural products.     

First risk assessment report of aflatoxins in Egyptian tahini

Aflatoxins are very dangerous natural toxins that are mainly produced by fungal organisms that are attracted to oil seeds, nuts and spices, where they are causing health and economic problems. Therefore, in this study, 117 samples of tahini (a product made from toasted sesame seeds) were collected from different Egyptian governments from already known brands and, moreover, from local unknown sources. Thus, there was a need to assess the level of contamination of aflatoxins and estimate the risk exposure according to the average daily intake. Results indicated that 67 % were free from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 21 % exceeded the maximum permitted limit (MPL) and 12 % were below MPL from the total samples, while the national MPL is 2 μg/kg for AFB1. The AFB1 mean concentrations for the samples reached 0.1 ± 0.2 and 13.0 ± 19.3 μg/kg for branded tahini samples and local unlabelled tahini samples respectively. The assessment revealed two different levels of exposure to AFB1 between adults and children and for branded and locally unlabelled made tahini. There was a higher estimated exposure from local unlabelled tahini than branded ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 ng/kg b.w./day for adults and from 0.004 to 0.5 ng/kg b.w./day for children.     

上海浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素的污染调查

目的了解上海市浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素(B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2)的污染现状,为相关食品中黄曲霉毒素污染监测提供基础数据。方法 2016年4~8月期间在浦东新区8家超市和5家菜市场进行随机抽样,采集市售谷物、豆类及其制品共计190件样品,样品经多功能净化柱净化提取后,使用超高液相色谱荧光法测定4种黄曲霉毒素含量,最终数据用SPSS 16.0进行统计分析。结果 190件样品中黄曲霉毒素检出率为22.63%,AFB_1超标率为1.05%;比较黄曲霉毒素检出率,豆类及其制品高于谷物及其制品,散装样品高于定型包装样品;4种黄曲霉毒素的检出率AFB_1AFB_2AFG_1AFG_2。结论上海市售谷物、豆类及其制品不同程度的受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,有必要对相关食品进行定期监测,特别是散装制品,尤其需要加强管理监督。建议有关部门制定食品中黄曲霉毒素总量限值,为食品安全监测和评估提供依据。     

Inhibition of aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus parasiticus by Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Nigella sativa essential oils

Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus parasiticus on food and agricultural commodities. Natural products may control the production of aflatoxins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Nigella sativa on growth and aflatoxins production by A. parasiticus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of the EOs were determined and compared with each other. Determination of aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)) was performed by immunoaffinity column extraction using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The major oil components were α-pinene (30%) in C. cyminum, pulegone (37%) in Z. clinopodioides, and trans-anthol (38.9%) in N. sativa oils. In broth microdilution method, C. cyminum oil exhibited the strongest activity (MIC(90): 1.6; MFC: 3.5?mg/mL), followed by Z. clinopodioides (MIC(90): 2.1; MFC: 5.5?mg/mL) and N. sativa (MIC(90): 2.75; MFC: 6.25?mg/mL) oils against A. parasiticus (p<0.05). Aflatoxin production was inhibited at 0.25?mg/mL of C. cyminum and Z. clinopodioides oils, of which that of C. cyminum was a stronger inhibitor. C. cyminum EO caused significant reductions in values of 94.2% for AFB(1), 100% for AFB(2), 98.9% for AFG(1), 100% for AFG(2), and 97.5% for total aflatoxin. It is concluded that the EOs of C. cyminum, Z. clinopodioides, and N. sativa could be used as natural inhibitors in foods at low concentrations to protect from fungal and toxin contaminations by A. parasiticus.     

Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria

Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects.     

河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染状况分析

目的初步了解河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染状况,为进一步完善相关卫生标准和有关部门加强监管提供科学依据。方法从河南省各地市的大型商场、小型超市、农贸市场随机采集米面制品(小麦粉、玉米面、米粉)、食用植物油(花生油、大豆油、玉米油)、坚果(花生、葵花籽、西瓜子)、调味品(酱油、食用醋、辣椒、花椒)等四类食品共862份样品,采用高效液相色谱法测定4种黄曲霉毒素的含量,并对检测结果进行分析。结果862份市售食品中,黄曲霉毒素的综合检出率为44.9%,其中,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为41.3%,合格率为92.8%。黄曲霉毒素含量最高的是花生,高达44.8μg/kg。结论市售食品中存在黄曲霉毒素污染的现象,有关部门应引起重视,加强监督管理,以减少其对人民群众健康的影响和危害。