卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者神经内分泌和血流动力学的影响

目的　比较卡维地洛 (Carvedilol)与美托洛尔 (Metoprolol)对慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者神经内分泌激素和血流动力学的影响。方法　 80例 CHF患者 ,随机分为卡维地洛组和美托洛尔组。观察治疗前后脑钠素 (BNP)、去甲肾上腺素 (NE)和左室射血分数 (LVEF)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺楔压 (PCWP)的变化。结果　卡维地洛组较美托洛尔组显著降低 BNP、NE、MPAP和 PCWP(P<0 .0 5) ,较美托洛尔组明显提高 L VEF(P<0 .0 5)。结论　卡维地洛抗交感活性作用强于美托洛尔 ,能显著降低 BNP、NE水平 ,血流动力学改善优于美托洛尔     

血浆B型脑钠肽浓度变化对急诊呼吸困难病人诊断及鉴别诊断的临床价值观察

目的探讨血浆B型脑钠肽（BNP）水平变化在心源性,非心源性呼吸困难患者中诊断和鉴别诊断的临床意义。方法选取以呼吸困难为主诉来我院急诊就诊的患者117例,分为心源性呼吸困难组74例,非心源性呼吸困难组43例。其中心源性呼吸困难组按照超声心动图检查结果分为单纯舒张功能不全组29例,单纯收缩功能不全组26例,收缩并舒张功能不全组19例;按照纽约心功能分级标准对心功能进行分析。测定各组患者血浆BNP水平,用SPSS12．0软件对各组资料进行分析。结果心源性与非心源性呼吸困难组BNP水平有显著差异;心源性呼吸困难组中单纯收缩功能不全,单纯舒张功能不全与收缩并舒张功能不全病人BNP水平有显著差异;按照纽约心功能分级标准,不同心功能亚组之间BNP有差异;心源性呼吸困难组血浆BNP水平与LVEF之间有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论血浆BNP水平变化对于急诊呼吸困难尤其是心源性和非心源性呼吸困难的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

脑钠肽测定对急性呼吸困难的诊断意义

目的探讨快速检测脑钠肽（BNP）水平对急性呼吸困难的鉴别诊断意义。方法选择2004年6月～2006年5月住院有气促和呼吸困难患者98例,心源性呼吸困难62例,肺源性呼吸困难36例。均给予干式快速免疫荧光法定量分析检测BNP。结果心源性呼吸困难组BNP浓度（798±364）pg／ml,明显高于肺源性呼吸困难组（56±23）pg／ml（P〈0．01）。结论快速检测BNP水平对鉴别呼吸困难是心源性和肺源性具有重要意义,且可判断心衰患者的病情变化。     

快速检测BNP对老年非心脏手术后呼吸困难的诊断价值

目的探讨老年非心脏手术后呼吸困难患者血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平及在鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择我院老年非心脏手术后7日内出现呼吸困难的患者,通过各项检查明确为心源性呼吸困难组及非心源性呼吸困难组,并选择20例对照组,检测血浆BNP、心脏超声、血气分析等指标。结果心源性呼吸困难组血浆BNP浓度较非心源性呼吸困难组及对照组显著升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,射血分数（EF）显著降低,动脉血氧分压（PO2）在呼吸困难组较对照组显著降低,但心源性及非心源性呼吸困难组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;心源性呼吸困难组中BNP水平与左心室舒张末径（LVEDD）及左心室射血分数（EF）之间无线性相关关系（P〉0.05）。结论血浆BNP测定是围手术期呼吸困难患者敏感而特异的鉴别诊断标志物。     

快速测定脑钠肽在呼吸困难患者临床鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨快速测定脑钠肽(BNP)鉴别心源性及肺源性呼吸困难的临床价值。方法对140例急性呼吸困难的患者进行血浆脑钠肽(BNP)测定,其中心功能不全患者为84例(根据心脏彩超EF<50%)和56例慢性阻塞性肺病患者(根据肺功能测定)。结果①心功能不全患者组BNP水平明显高于慢性阻塞性肺病组(638.2±451.7)pg/mL、(216.3±113.4)pg/mL,P<0.05;②心力衰竭患者脑钠肽水平与左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)呈正相关(r=0.56,P<0.05),与左室射血分数(LVEF)呈负相关(r=-0.48,P<0.05)。结论快速测定BNP水平,有助于早期区分呼吸困难究竟是心源性还是肺源性原因所致,对指导临床医师在第一时间快速判断病情,对早期恰当准确治疗具有重大意义。     

重组人脑利钠肽对急性心力衰竭患者血流动力学指标的影响分析

目的分析重组人脑利钠肽(BNP)对急性心力衰竭(AHF)患者血流动力学指标的影响。方法86例AHF患者,以随机双盲法分为参照组和实验组,各43例。参照组采用常规治疗,实验组在参照组基础上采用重组人脑利钠肽治疗。对比两组临床疗效、心功能指标、血流动力学指标、血清炎症因子。结果实验组临床总有效率95.35%明显高于参照组的69.77%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗72 h后,两组左心室射血分数(LVEF)高于治疗前,左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)均显著小于治疗前,且实验组LVEF明显高于参照组,LVEDD、LVESD均显著小于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗72 h后,两组肺动脉压(PAP)、肺动脉楔压(PCWP)均低于治疗前,且实验组PAP、PCWP均低于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗72 h后,两组血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均低于治疗前,且实验组血清hs-CRP水平(15.06±1.11)mg/L、IL-6水平(12.06±0.62)pg/m低于参照组的(24.39±2.15)mg/L、(17.52±1.11)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重组人脑利钠肽可有效缓解AHF患者呼吸困难等症状,改善心功能,维持血流动力学稳定,减轻机体炎症反应,值得借鉴。     

血浆脑钠肽测定在肺源性和心源性呼吸困难鉴别诊断中的应用

目的明确血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平对鉴别肺源性与心源性呼吸困难的诊断意义,探讨其向临床应用转化的可能性。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院因呼吸困难检查血浆脑钠肽的113名患者,肺源性呼吸困难和心源性呼吸困难及左心、右心功能不全时脑钠肽水平的变化。结果肺源性呼吸困难时血浆BNP水平为(59.06±41.40)pg/ml,心源性呼吸困难时血浆BNP水平为(415.10±286.24)pg/ml,两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001),右心功能不全时血浆BNP水平为(317.08±272.40)pg/ml,左心功能不全时血浆BNP水平为(487.18±278.22)pg/ml,两组间比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论肺源性与心源性呼吸困难时BNP水平升高,且升高程度与导致呼吸困难的不同原因有关,结合其他临床资料,BNP水平有助于鉴别肺源性与心源性呼吸困难以及进一步鉴别左心与右心功能不全,对快速鉴别呼吸困难原因有一定价值,可以转化应用于临床作为鉴别诊断呼吸困难原因的一个指标。     

脑钠肽在慢性心力衰竭诊断和病情评估中的临床应用

目的 探讨血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平测定在心力衰竭（CHF）患者的临床诊断和病情评估中的临床应用价值.方法 92例胸闷、气促、呼吸困难的住院患者,分为心衰组52例,其中37例行肺毛细血管嵌压（PCWP）测定,非心衰组40例,住院后24小时内取静脉血测定血浆BNP,并行超声心动图检查,分析血浆BNP水平与NYHA心功能分级及超声心动图左室测定参数和PCWP之间的关系.结果 心衰组血浆BNP水平显著高于非心衰组（P＜0.01）.心衰组各心功能级BNP水平比较,有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,PCWP有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,并随着心功能分级的增加和心功能的恶化,BNP水平逐渐增加,二者呈正相关（r=0.547,P＜0.01）,与PCWP呈正相关（r=0.57,P＜0.01）,与左心室射血分数呈负相关（r=-0.701,P＜0.01）.血浆BNP水平（100ng/L为参考值）诊断心衰的敏感性为97.4%,特异性97.1%,阴性预测价值为98.6%.结论 血浆BNP水平测定用于CHF的诊断及病情评估具有重要价值.     

美托洛尔对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽及心功能的影响

目的 评价美托洛尔对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平以及心功能的影响.方法 慢性心力衰竭患者110例随机分为两组,对照组采用常规疗法,治疗组为在常规治疗基础上加用美托洛尔.CHF患者采用纽约心脏协会（NYHA）分级标准分级.在不同剂量美托洛尔给予患者治疗前后,分别静脉取血用电化学发光法测定患者血浆中BNP浓度,并测定治疗前后的生化全套、血压、心率、左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室收缩末内径（LVESD）、左室舒张末内径（LVEDD）,并将BNP与心超指标作相关性分析.结果 相比对照组,治疗后治疗组CHF患者血浆BNP水平显著低于治疗前,所有CHF患者的其他临床症状也均有相应的改善（均P＜0.05）.结论 美托洛尔能降低患者血浆BNP的水平,并能使心功能得到改善,具有明显的治疗效果.     

B型利钠肽在老年呼吸困难患者鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨血浆B型利钠肽原(BNP)水平对老年呼吸困难患者鉴别诊断的应用价值,为正确治疗提供依据。方法收集我院急诊科老年呼吸困难患者159例,入院时检查血浆BNP含量,并给予心脏超声检查,分别比较心源性呼吸和肺源性呼吸困难组BNP水平和左室射血分数的区别;比较心源性呼吸困难组BNP含量与左室射血分数(LVEF)的相关性。结果肺源性呼吸困难组患者BNP含量为(126.7±23.4)pg/mL,心源性呼吸困难组患者BNP含量为(946.8±125.3)pg/mL(P=0.001);相关分析显示老年心源性呼吸困难组BNP与左室射血分数呈负相关关系(r=-0.63,P<0.01)。结论血浆BNP水平检测在老年呼吸困难患者具有一定的鉴别诊断作用,能够反映患者的心功能情况。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.