微型钢板螺钉在掌指骨骨折治疗中的应用研究

目的：为提高微钢板螺钉治疗掌、指骨骨折效果,作者总结了1998-2000年用微型钢板螺钉治疗28例掌、指骨骨折。方法：共19人,28例骨折。男11人,女8人;掌骨17例;指骨11例;单纯骨折7例,有合并伤12例;闭合性骨折9例,开放性骨折19例。骨干部骨折用4孔微型钢板固定,干骺骨折用“T”或“L”形微型钢板固定;大斜形或螺旋形、关节内骨的用螺钉加压固定。术后即行主、被动活动,随访2周-11个月。结果：术后18例关节活动达到优秀,其中：掌骨骨折14例（14/17）,指骨骨折4例（4/11）;开放性骨折6例（6/19）,闭合性骨折8例（8/11）。9例发生了并发症,其中：掌骨2例（2/17）,指骨7例（7/11）;开放性骨折7例（7/19）,闭合性骨折2例（2/11）。结论：微型钢板及螺钉为掌、指骨骨折提供了牢稳的固定,有利于早期功能康复训练,获得了较好的手功能恢复;掌骨骨折优于指骨骨折,闭合性骨折优于开放性骨折。     

Rigid fixation of phalangeal and metacarpal fractures

Rational use of rigid fixation in hand surgery requires awareness of the advantages as well as the potential pitfalls of this relatively complex method of fracture management. A rational decision also necessitates familiarity with closed techniques of internal fixation which, in most cases, provide superior alternatives for the phalanges and metacarpals. The optimal application of screws, plates, and tension-band wires to small bone fractures can be ascertained only by critical assessment of large series of cases employing these devices and comparisons with similar series using other techniques of internal fixation. Nonetheless, rigid fixation is the logical choice for treatment of unstable fractures when other methods are predictably less effective. Injuries most suitable for screw or plate fixation include displaced phalangeal condylar fractures, irreducible oblique phalangeal fractures, irreducible transverse metacarpal fractures, disabling malunions, and nonunions requiring multiple adjunctive procedures. For selective fractures, especially those with established deformity or serious joint contractures, the capacity of rigid fixation to effect immediate skeletal stability and facilitate early digital motion can considerably enhance recovery. Complications are minimized by precision--in case selection and surgical techniques.     

Fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures with miniature plates and screws

Fifty-two unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures were treated with miniature plates and screws as internal fixation devices with excellent results based on the criteria of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (total active range of motion greater than 220 degrees). This technique stabilizes the skeleton, preserves the gliding tissues, and thus allows immediate active range of motion exercises. Transverse, spiral, oblique, and condylar fractures of the metacarpals and phalanges are best suited for this method.     

Fractures of the proximal phalanx and metacarpals in the hand: preferred methods of stabilization

Treatment of fractures of the proximal phalanx and metacarpals is based on the presentation of the fracture, degree of displacement, and difficulty in maintaining fracture reduction. A wide array of treatment options exists for the variation in fracture patterns observed. Inherently stable fractures do not require surgical treatment; all other fractures should be considered for additional stabilization. In general, of the many combinations of internal fixation possible, Kirschner wires and screw-and-plate fixation predominate. Early closed reduction typically is successful for unicondylar fractures of the head of the proximal phalanx. Bicondylar proximal phalanx fractures usually are treated with plate fixation. Transverse and short oblique proximal phalanx fractures generally are treated with Kirschner wires, although a stable short oblique transverse shaft fracture can be managed with an intrinsic plus splint. Plate fixation is used in comminuted proximal phalanx as well as comminuted metacarpal fractures, and lag screws in spiral long oblique phalanx shaft fractures and metacarpal head fractures. Kirschner wire fixation is successful in metacarpal neck fractures as well as both short and long transverse oblique shaft fractures.     

Fixation choices for closed simple unstable oblique phalangeal and metacarpal fractures

Percutaneous K-wire fixation is still a useful technique for closed oblique phalangeal and meta-carpal fractures when an adequate closed reduction can be achieved. Lag screw fixation may be the best choice for open fixation of long oblique phalangeal and metacarpal fractures. For short oblique fractures, plating or tension band wiring is recommended. Plating provide rigid fixation to allow early mobilization; however, one may encounter frequent complications such as extensor lag, stiffness, or joint contracture when plating technique is used in phalangeal fractures. Tension band wiring technique at the phalangeal location may reduce such complications. Overall, successful outcomes of treating phalangeal and metacarpal fractures require a clear appreciation of fracture anatomy and pattern. It is mandatory for the treating surgeon to be familiar with all the treatment techniques discussed in order to tailor a specific technique for a particular injury and patient type.     

Closed unstable fractures of the tibia

Unstable closed tibial fractures are those with major soft tissue damage, complete displacement, significant comminution, direct force mechanism, or articular surface involvement. Although the "average" tibial fracture is effectively managed without surgery, patients with such injuries frequently have prolonged convalescence and unsatisfactory anatomic and functional results. This review of recent literature reveals that in appropriately chosen patients, surgical fixation of unstable closed tibial fractures produces faster recovery and less residual disability or deformity. This is especially true when intramedullary nailing is indicated, as in transverse, short oblique, or segmental fractures. Plate and screw fixation is preferable for metaphyseal fractures. External fixation may be safest when soft tissue crushing is extensive, especially if fasciotomy is required.     

Fractures of the tubular bones of the hand

Age related differences in demographics, morphology, treatment and outcome were investigated in 701 fractures of the metacarpals or phalanges, including fracture-dislocations, in 655 patients. Fractures mainly due to sport occurred in 184 children, usually after 10 years of age. The base of the proximal phalanx was especially vulnerable. Thirty-seven percent of 256 young adults fractured their fifth metacarpal. The thumb was rarely involved. Half of these two groups fractured the fifth ray. Older adults had more fractures of the distal phalanx and displaced extraarticular fractures requiring stabilisation. Women predominated in the patients over 65. Forty percent of this group sustained their fracture on the road and more fractures involved the thumb, were oblique, intraarticular or multiple than in other groups. Detailed analysis of 423 X-rays demonstrated that only 10% of 70 intraarticular fractures and 19% of 363 extraarticular fractures were completely undisplaced. Patient response to postal questionnaire based outcome assessment using SF-12, MHQ was very poor.     

AO微型纯钛板钉内固定治疗掌指骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨AO微型纯钛板钉内固定治疗掌指骨关节内骨折的拄术及疗效，方法 对32例38处掌指骨关节内骨折，采用早期切开复位、AO微型纯钛板钉进行内固定治疗，井辅以术后早期功能训练。38处骨折中掌骨骨折25处，其中掌骨头骨折14处，基底部骨折1I处；指骨骨折13处，均为指骨基底韶骨折．结果 术后随访6个月至1年=38处骨折完全愈台。按手外科功能评定标准：优28指，良1指，中3指．忧痕率达到90．6%，结论 掌指骨关节内骨折．采用AO微型纯钛金属板钉内固定，可得到满意的治疗效果。     

Fixation of hand fractures with bicortical screws

PURPOSE: Traditionally a compression lag screw technique has been described when screw fixation alone is used to fix phalangeal or metacarpal fractures. The purpose of this retrospective case review was to determine whether there is any disadvantage to using a bicortical screw technique instead of the compression screw technique. METHODS: Thirty-seven fractures of the phalanges and metacarpals in 36 patients had open reduction and internal fixation. Fixation was achieved with minifragment, self-tapping screws only, which were applied with bicortical fixation rather than a lag technique. Data were obtained through medical record and radiographic review. Intraoperative and immediate postoperative x-rays were compared with final x-rays. Fracture healing, confirmed radiographically, was used to determine whether the bicortical screw technique was adequate for fixation. RESULTS: All fractures healed by an average of 7 weeks (range, 4-10 wk) without loss of fixation or malunion. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this experience we believe bicortical fixation is a straightforward technique and provides adequate fracture stability and healing.     

Minifragment Screw Fixation of Oblique Metacarpal Fractures: A Biomechanical Analysis of Screw Types and Techniques

The lag screw technique has historically been a successful and accepted way to treat oblique metacarpal fractures. However, it does take additional time and involve multiple steps that can increase the risk of fracture propagation or comminution in the small hand bones of the hand. An alternate fixation technique uses bicortical interfragmentary screws. Other studies support the clinical effectiveness and ease of this technique. The purpose of this study is to biomechanically assess the strength of the bicortical interfragmentary screw versus that of the traditional lag screw. Using 48 cadaver metacarpals, oblique osteotomies were created and stabilized using one of four methods: 1.5 mm bicortical interfragmentary (IF) screw, 1.5 mm lag technique screw, 2.0 mm bicortical IF screw, or 2.0 mm lag technique screw. Biomechanical testing was performed to measure post cyclic displacement and load to failure. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no significant difference among the fixation techniques with regard to both displacement and ultimate failure strength. There was a slight trend for a higher load to failure with the 2.0 mm IF screw and 2.0 mm lag screw compared to the 1.5 mm IF and 1.5 mm lag screws, but this was not significant. Our results support previously established clinical data that bicortical interfragmentary screw fixation is an effective treatment option for oblique metacarpal fractures. This technique has clinical importance because it is an option to appropriately stabilize the often small and difficult to control fracture fragments encountered in metacarpal fractures.     

Complications of plate fixation in the hand skeleton

Plate fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures is designed to provide rigid internal fixation in order to facilitate early motion and thereby minimize joint and tendon complications. In a series of plate fixations, 16 of 38 (42%) of proximal phalangeal and metacarpal shaft fractures developed complications of stiffness, malunion, nonunion, and tendon rupture. Complications occurred more frequently for phalangeal than for metacarpal fractures and more frequently when there were associated bone or soft tissue injuries. The technique is demanding and secondary procedures are frequently required.     

Analysis of 3 Different Operative Techniques for Extra-articular Fractures of the Phalanges and Metacarpals

Background: Several techniques have been described for treating metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. We sought to compare the 3 techniques most frequently used for extra-articular metacarpal and phalangeal fractures: plate screw (PS), Kirschner wire (KW), and retrograde intramedullary screw (RIS) fixation. We aimed to determine whether using an RIS provides better clinical outcomes than using either a PS or a KW fixation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures from January 2011 to December 2017 in our department. Only patients with an acutely displaced short oblique or transverse extra-articular metacarpal or phalangeal fracture were included. Patients were classified into 3 groups depending on the treatment they received: PS, KW, or RIS fixation. The duration of each procedure was recorded. Clinical assessments included measuring total active motion (TAM), grip strength, and an evaluation of plain radiographs through to ultimate healing. A Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score was collected on all patients. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis rank test, as indicated. Results: A total of 253 fractures (202 metacarpal and 51 phalangeal) in 230 patients were included in analysis. In all, 135 fractures (53.3%) underwent PS fixation; 53 (20.9%), KW fixation; and 65 (25.6%), RIS fixation. In the KW fixation group, Bouquet pinning was performed for metacarpal fractures and cross pinning for phalangeal fractures. When more than 1 fracture coexisted in the same patient, they were considered separate instances. No differences among the 3 groups were observed when evaluating mean time to radiological union, grip strength, TAM, or QuickDASH score. Mean surgery time was significantly shorter with KW (20 minutes) and RIS (25 minutes), than with PS (32 minutes). Mean return to work or routine activities time was significantly less in the RIS (7.8 weeks) group than in the PS and KW groups (8.3 and 9.2 weeks, respectively). Conclusions: Surgical treatment is recommended in patients with unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. The use of RIS was associated with shorter mean surgery duration and return to work times than PS and KW, respectively.     

External fixation of closed metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of digits. A prospective study of one hundred consecutive patients

Stable and undisplaced phalangeal and metacarpal fractures treated with strapping or functional splinting and controlled active exercises offer from about 70 to 80% of good results. The goal of treatment of closed unstable and displaced fractures should be to achieve similar or better outcome. External fixation combines the simplicity of time-honoured fixation with K-wires and an external frame to increase rigidity. This combination was used in a prospective study of 100 consecutive patients with closed fractures of the proximal and middle phalanges and the distal three-quarters of the metacarpal bones. Good clinical results (TAM > or = 230 degrees) were obtained in 76% of isolated phalangeal fractures, in all metacarpal fractures and in 89% of multiple fractures.     

克氏针治疗掌指骨骨折后致手指屈曲畸形的分析

目的分析掌、指骨骨折治疗后出现手指屈曲畸形的原因。方法2003年1月--2007年12月,采用克氏针固定治疗掌、指骨骨折128例,其中掌骨骨折25例,近节指骨骨折37例,中节指骨骨折42例,混合性骨折24例;闭合性骨折38例,开放性骨折90例,均采用不贯穿关节的交叉克氏针及斜行克氏针固定骨折,外固定均采用石膏,其中指间关节屈曲位固定53例,伸直位固定75例,石膏固定3～4周,克氏针固定6～15周。结果随访3～12月,出现近侧指间关节屈曲畸形、活动受限19例（15％）。结论克氏针治疗掌、指骨骨折时常因躲避克氏针而采用屈曲手指位外固定,再由于克氏针本身对指背筋膜的损伤导致关节屈曲畸形。     

手部外固定架的设计及临床应用

目的探讨手部小管状骨骨折,特别是关节附近的掌、指骨骨折,及其粉碎性骨折的更为简便有效的治疗方法,介绍一种新型实用的手部外固定架.方法自1996年10月采用自行设计的手部外固定架治疗掌、指骨骨折30例.其中掌、指骨干骨折18例,掌、指骨头骨折12例;闭合骨折25例,开放骨折5例;单纯骨折24例,粉碎骨折6例.结果平均随访4.5个月,骨折愈合时间4～8周,无骨不连及骨髓炎并发症.手功能恢复按TAM标准优22例,良4例,可4例,优良率86.7%.结论手部外固定架结构简单,方便实用,固定掌、指骨稳固,特别是对掌、指骨头骨折,以及粉碎性骨折有良好的固定作用.     

AO微型钢板治疗掌指骨骨折

目的研究并分析应用AO微型钢板固定治疗掌指骨骨折的技术及疗效。方法26例36处掌指骨骨折采用切开复位、AO微型钢板螺钉内固定治疗,早期进行功能练习。结果术后随访6月～1年后未出现内固定松动、断裂,X线片示骨折均愈合,伤指指间关节及掌指关节伸屈功能恢复接近正常,按TAM评分,优良率84.6%。结论掌指骨骨折用AO微型钢板螺钉内固定,可获得满意疗效。     

Phalangeal fractures: displaced/nondisplaced

Nonsurgical management is the preferred treatment of stable, extra-articular fractures of the proximal and middle phalanx, most distal phalanx fractures, and, rarely, nondisplaced intraarticular fractures in elite athletes. Techniques that afford maximal strength with minimal dissection, thus allowing earlier return to play, are ideal. Open reduction with internal fixation with plate fixation is most often chosen for unstable phalangeal shaft fractures in high-demand athletes to provide rigid internal fixation and allow immediate range of motion and more rapid return to sport. It is our practice to routinely treat unicondylar fractures with surgery with percutaneous headless compression screws in elite athletes.     

Handgun injuries with metacarpal and proximal phalangeal fractures: early definitive treatment

Most gunshot injuries to the hand involve a combination of tissue types. The goal of this study is to report the results of early definitive treatment in extra-articular metacarpal and proximal phalangeal fractures due to low velocity gunshot wounds and to analyse their outcomes. A retrospective analysis of 51 metacarpal and 41 proximal phalangeal fractures of 76 patients due to low velocity gunshot wounds treated between January 2001 and December 2004 was carried out. We applied acute fixation in the first 24 hours. The patients were evaluated with total active motion scores, radiographic control, complication rate and the need for revision surgery. The infection frequency was 10.5% and the need for a revision surgery was 7%. The plate fixation group had significantly higher total active motion scores than the external fixation group. The K wire group had the highest revision rate. The bone grafting group was associated with good total active motion scores and low complication rates. The majority of the low velocity gunshot injuries are surgically clean wounds which allow not only early fracture fixation, but also early bone grafting and soft tissue reconstruction. Plate and screw fixation is associated with significantly better functional outcomes than the minimal fixation group.     

Outpatient treatment of patients with fractures of hand tubular bones

Results of treatment of 282 patients with 288 fractures of tubular bones of the hand were analyzed. In 190 (67.4%) cases conservative methods of treatment were used, in 92 (32.6%)--surgical methods. In cases of fractures without displacement plaster immobilization was used, in patients with stable fractures of finger phalanx and metacarpal bones with fragment displacement we made closed reposition and plaster immobilization. We applied intramedullary osteosynthesis with Kirschner's wire after closed reposition in unstable oblique and transverse fractures with fragment displacement. In open fractures of distal phalanx thin wires were used for intramedullary osteosynthesis. External fixation with Ilizarov's instrumentation was applied in patients with intraarticular fractures, with fractures healed in improper position and in patients with posttraumatic bone deformity. Using the surgical method in out-patient practice reduced the amount of hospitalized patients. Special methods of rehabilitation decreased the period of management and earlier returned the patients to active life.     

Evaluation of surgical stabilization of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of hand

Background:

Optimized functional results are difficult to achieve following hand injuries. This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the functional outcome after surgical stabilization of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures.

Materials and Methods:

Forty-five fractures of digits of hand in 31 patients were managed by surgical stabilization. Five fractures were fixed with closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation; 10 with external fixator; 26 with open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation; and four with open reduction and plate and screw or screw fixation.

Results:

Final evaluation of the patients was done at the end of three months. It was based on total active range of motion for digital functional assessment as suggested by the American Society for surgery of hand. Overall results were excellent to good in 87%. Better total active range of motion (excellent grade) was observed in metacarpal fractures (47%) versus phalanx fractures (31%); closed fractures (57%) versus open fractures (27%); and single digit involvement (55%) versus multiple digits (29%). Excellent total active range of motion was observed with all four plate and screw/ screw fixation technique (100%) and closed reduction and percutaneous kirschner wire fixation (60%). Twenty-two complications were observed in 10 patients with finger stiffness being the most common.

Conclusion:

Surgical stabilization of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of hand seems to give good functional outcome. Closed fractures and fractures with single digit involvement have shown a better grade of total active range of motion.