硬膜外布比卡因镇痛减轻上腹部手术病人术后肺功能抑制

目的：研究术后硬膜外镇痛对上腹部手术病人呼吸功能的保护作用。方法：３０例硬膜外麻醉下行胆囊切除术病人分为两组：镇痛组１５例，术后保留硬膜外导管４８ｈ，每４～６ｈ注入０．２％布比卡因５ｍｌ镇痛；对照组１５例，用生理盐水代替布比卡因作对照。围手术期监测肺功能、ＳｐＯ２和血气。结果：两组病人术后早期肺功能均明显抑制。但镇痛组的呼吸抑制远比对照组为轻，术后１２ｈ的Ｖｃ、ＩＲＶ、ＥＲＶ、ＦＥＶ１．０、ＦＶＣ、ＭＭＦ和ＰＦＲ分别达术前值的７０．２１％、６２．３８％、６５．９４％、６１．９２％、６４．７４％、５７．５７％和５９．４０％，术后４８～７２ｈ的肺功能恢复至术前水平的７０％～８０％；术后第７天达９０％左右；ＰａＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２变化不大。结论：术后硬膜外注入０．２％布比卡因镇痛能有效地减轻上腹部手术病人术后肺功能抑制。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术后肺功能和血气变化对比临床研究

作者对２２例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ），１２例全麻开腹胆囊切除术患者术前、术后肺功能及动脉血气变化进行了分析。结果显示ＬＣ组术后肺功能各指标（包括ＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１和ＦＥＦ２５％～７５％）下降率明显较开腹组低（Ｐ＞０．０１），而术后２４小时开腹组ＰａＣＯ２较ＬＣ组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论为ＬＣ对肺功能影响小且恢复快，气腹状态下使用肌松和辅助正压呼吸可防止高碳酸血症。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术后肺功能和血气变化对比临床研究

作者对２２例腹腔胆囊切除术（ＬＣ），１２例全麻开腹胆囊切除术患者术前，术后肺功能及动脉血气变化进行了分析。结果显示ＬＣ组术后肺功能各指标（包括ＶＣ，ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＶ１和ＦＥＦ２５％－７５％）下降应明显较开腹组低（Ｐ＞０．０１），而术后２４小时腹组ＰａＣＯ２较ＬＣ组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论为ＬＣ对肺功能影响小且恢复快，气腹状态下使用肌松和辅助正压呼吸可防止高碳酸血症。     

不同麻醉下腹腔镜胆囊切除术对血液动力学的影响

目的：观察硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉下，头高脚低体位（ｒＴ位）和ＣＯ２气腹对循环功能的影响。方法：随机将２５例拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者，分为全麻组（ＧＡ组，１１例）和硬膜外组（ＥＡ组，１４例），采用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管技术，监测ｒＴ体位、气腹及术毕等各时点的血液动力学指标。结果：（１）ＥＡ组ｒＴ后ＣＶＰ明显下降；气腹时ＳＶ、ＣＯ、ＭＡＰ和ＨＲ均明显下降，但仍维持在正常低限水平，ＳＶＲ增加幅度明显小于     

咪唑安定硬膜外注射时患者血流动力学及通气功能变化

咪唑安定（ＭＩＤ）硬膜外注射的节段性镇痛效应及其对患者血流动力学（ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＳＩ、ＣＩ、ＴＦＩ、ＶＥＴ、ＥＶＩ、ＳＶＲＩ、ＩＣ、ＰＥＩ、ＬＶＷＩ、ＲＰＰ）与通气功能（ＶＴ、ＲＲ、ＶＥ、ＦＥＶ１、Ｉ－ＥｔＯ２、ＰＥＴＣＯ２、ＳｐＯ２）的影响。４４例患者随机分成四组：Ｅ１组硬外注ＭＩＤ０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｅ２组硬外注ＭＩＤ０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｖ１、Ｖ２组为静脉组，剂量与Ｅ１、Ｅ２组相同。结果：（１）     

山莨菪碱对ARDS的氧输送及血流动力学改变的作用

早期、大剂量山莨菪碱治疗外科术后成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ），观察病程第１￣４天氧输送与血流动力学等指标。治疗组用山莨菪碱＋常规治疗，对照组用常规治疗。结果：第２￣４天治疗组Ｃｌ、ＤＯ２、ＶＯ２、Ｏ２Ｅｘｔ、ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２分别显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；Ａ－ａＤＯ２、ＰＶＲＩ显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＶＯ２与ＤＯ２呈直线相关（ｒ＝０．５８，Ｐ〈０．０５）。治疗组８例死亡１例，对照组     

上腹部手术后镇痛对儿茶酚胺的影响

选择３０例上腹部手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１０例，采用Ｎ２一Ｏ２一安氟醚（ＧＯＥ）吸入麻醉，其中镇痛两组术终采用０．２５％丁哌卡因２０ｍｌ行腹腔神经丛阻滞，术后硬膜外分别持续滴入０．１２５％丁哌卡因及０．０００２５％芬太尼生理盐水溶液，在术终及术后２、５、８小时分别采静脉血分离血浆，并同时用线性视觉模拟评分法作疼痛程度评定，标本采用反相离子对色谱一电化学检测法分析血中儿茶酚胺浓度。结果镇痛两组疼痛评分较低，与对照组相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。多巴胺血浆浓度在组间及组内比较均无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的血浆浓度术后２、５、８小时与术终相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），三组间比较术终无差异，而术后２、５、８小时镇痛两组与对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），但镇痛两组间相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：上腹部手术后在腹腔神经丛阻滞下，行硬膜外术后镇痛既能明显减轻患者的痛苦，又能有效地阻止术后疼痛应激引起儿茶酚胺的明显变化。//     

硬膜外阻滞侧卧位及辅助药对脉搏血氧饱和度的影响

４０例侧卧位硬膜外阻滞下病人随机分成哌氟组及安定组，观察其硬膜外阻滞后、侧卧位后及辅助用药后ＳｐＯ２变化。结果：硬膜外阻滞后其ＳｐＯ２有下降趋势，侧卧位后ＳｐＯ２下降明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），应用辅助用药后其ＳｐＯ２下降非常明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。其低氧血症占总例数的５５％，哌氟组ＳｐＯ２下降时间比安定组长，对呼吸抑制较安定组明显，但两组低氧血症总例数无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），表明本麻醉方法呼吸抑制明显。低氧血症之原因是硬膜外阻滞、侧卧位对呼吸功能的影响和安定、哌替啶抑制呼吸复合作用的结果，其低氧血症在面罩Ｆｉｏ≥５０％给氧下迅速缓解。应用本麻醉方法时建议常规给病人供氧，以保证病人的氧合。     

吸入不同浓度氧全麻下肺叶手术时氧自由基及肺超微结构的变化

目的：观察吸入不同浓度氧肺叶手术时早期氧自由基和肺超微结构的变化。方法：３１例择期肺叶手术患者，随机分为两组Ｏ组（ＦｉＯ２＝１，ｎ＝１６），Ｎ组（吸入Ｏ２∶Ｎ２Ｏ＝１∶１，ｎ＝１５）。两组麻醉方法基本相同，观察ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ在麻醉前、麻醉后２小时、手术结束时和术后２４小时的变化，观察肺切片组织在光镜和电镜下肺超微结构的变化。结果：两组用氧时间ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ组间对比，以及ＭＤＡ两组组内对比均无统计学差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；术后２４小时ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ均恢复术前水平。Ｏ组ＳＯＤ麻醉后２小时和手术结束时与术前比较明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｎ组ＳＯＤ仅麻醉后２小时下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。经半定量统计，电镜和光镜肺超微结构病理改变明显，各项指标Ｏ组均较Ｎ组显著。结论：①ＦｉＯ２≥０．５麻醉时，高氧肺损伤早期的生化改变可能主要是Ｏ－２产生增多，ＳＯＤ下降；②ＦｉＯ２≥０．５在５小时内是安全的；③本研究进一步证明全麻时吸入Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｏ２优于纯氧吸入。     

硬膜外腔注射胃复安术后镇痛的临床研究

观察了硬膜外腔注射胃复安术后镇痛的临床效果。４４例患者随机分成两组：即胃复安组和吗啡组，胃复安１０ｍｇ或吗啡２ｍｇ，于术毕分别注入硬膜外腔。结果表明：胃复安镇痛效果，镇痛持续时间和术后无痛率与吗啡相比无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），镇痛期患者清醒，ＨＲ，ＭＡＰ和ＳｐＯ２正常，且无恶心，呕吐和瘙痒等并发症。因此，本法可试用于术后镇痛。     

Combined regional-general anesthesia: evaluation of remifentanil based general anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether remifentanil based general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia for postoperative pain, has any advantages with respect to consumption of drugs, blood loss, quality of pain control, hemodynamic profile, in major abdominal surgery, as compared to other combined techniques. METHODS: A retrospective study based on chart reviews of patients who have undergone colectomy, radical cystectomy and radical prostatectomy over one year period in our Institution, operated under combined regional-general anesthesia. Twenty-six patients were analyzed and were divided into three groups according to the type of anesthesia received. Group A: combined general-epidural for per-operative and postoperative pain (10 patients). Group B: combined spinal-general anesthesia (8 patients) post-operative analgesia consisted of parenteral mepiridine and paracetamol. Group C: remifentanil based general anesthesia followed by epidural for postoperative analgesia (8 patients). RESULTS: The demographic data, age and M/F distribution were comparable in the three groups. The remifentanil group showed less utilization of muscle relaxant (Cisatracurium) with respect to other groups (p < 0.001). The amount of intraoperative blood loss was not significantly different among the three groups. The efficacy of the postoperative epidural analgesia was demonstrated by the minimal utilization of analgesics (p < 0.05 and 0.01) in group A and C as compared to group B. In the group of remifentanil, the blood pressure was more stable and maintained at a systolic of 80-100 mmHg as compared to initial hypotension mainly in group C. CONCLUSION: The use of remifentanil based general anesthesia offers the advantage of non-accumulation of drugs and hemodynamic stability. Post-operative analgesia can be provided by epidural route which proved to be satisfactory in the remifentanil group. The effect on blood loss was not conclusive in this study.     

硬膜外超前镇痛对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响

目的 比较硬膜外超前镇痛和术后硬膜外镇痛对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响.方法 择期全麻下拟行上腹部手术的病人30例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15):术后硬膜外镇痛组(C组)和硬膜外超前镇痛组(P组).于T_(10,11)间隙行硬膜外穿刺并置管.P组切皮前20 min时硬膜外注射0.5 μg/ml舒芬太尼+0.15%罗哌卡因混合液15 ml,30 min后接镇痛4泵,以5 ml/h的速率硬膜外输注250 ml.C组病人术后硬膜外注射0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼+0.15%罗哌卡因混合液15 ml,30 min后接镇痛泵,以5 ml/h的速率硬膜外输注250 ml.于硬膜外穿刺前(T_0),术后2 h(T_1)和18 h(T_2)时,采集静脉血样6 ml,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)浓度和血清皮质醇(Cor)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的浓度.结果 与T0时比较,两组,T1和T2时血清Cor、CRP的浓度和血浆ACTH浓度均升高(P<0.01);与C组比较,P组T1和T2时血清Cor、CRP的浓度和血浆ACTH浓度均降低(P<0.05).结论 与术后硬膜外镇痛相比,硬膜外超前镇痛可更好地抑制上腹部手术病人术后应激反应.     

不同术后镇痛方式对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响

目的研究硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响。方法39例行择期腹部手术的患者随机分成两组:硬膜外镇痛组(R组),16例,术中全麻复合硬膜外麻醉,术后硬膜外镇痛;静脉镇痛组(M组),23例,术中全麻,术后静脉吗啡镇痛。维持两组Price-Henry疼痛评分≤3分。所有患者接受24 h动态心电图监测48 h。两组患者在入手术室安静平卧10 min、入SICU后2 h、术后第1天晨、术后第2天晨采集静脉血测定皮质醇浓度。结果术后48 h内,R组心肌缺血发生率比M组低(P<0.05),在术后各时点,R组的皮质醇浓度低于M组(P<0.05)。结论与静脉镇痛相比较,硬膜外镇痛明显减轻应激反应,减少术后心肌缺血发生率。     

Combined epidural and general anesthesia versus general anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery

The goal of this randomized study of high-risk surgical patients was to determine whether intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia in combination with light general anesthesia alters postoperative morbidity when compared to a standard technique of "balanced" general anesthesia. A total of 173 patients scheduled for abdominal aortic reconstruction were admitted to the study; 86 were to receive "balanced" general anesthesia (group 1) and 87 thoracic epidural anesthesia in combination with light general anesthesia (group 2). Preoperative evaluation included standard clinical tools, dipyridamole thallium gammatomography, and radionuclide angiography. In these patients, all of whom had peripheral artery disease, there were no significant differences in associated coronary artery disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular treatment. The distribution of left ventricular ejection fraction and the number of patients with thallium redistribution were not statistically different between the two groups. During the postoperative period, group 1 received analgesia of subcutaneous morphine (n = 35), epidural fentanyl (n = 30), or epidural bupivacaine (n = 21). In group 2, 6 patients with a nonfunctioning epidural catheter due to technical failure received a balanced general anesthesia and were eliminated from the study. During the postoperative period, group 2 received analgesia of subcutaneous morphine (n = 26), epidural fentanyl (n = 25), or epidural bupivacaine (n = 30). Cardiovascular morbidity did not differ between the two groups: 22 patients in group 1 and 19 patients in group 2 had a major postoperative cardiac event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A comparison of multimodal perioperative analgesia to epidural pain management after gastric bypass surgery

We compared pain intensity, analgesic consumption, patient satisfaction, and length of stay in 114 patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomized to incisional local anesthetic infiltration plus postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (Group A), epidural anesthesia and analgesia (Group B), or postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (Group C). All received perioperative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Age, sex, body mass index, length of stay, and patient satisfaction were equivalent in all groups. Pain at time 0 and 36 h was the smallest in Group B, greater in Group A, and greatest in Group C. Pain scores in a subset of Group A were lower at all times than in Groups B and C, but this difference was significant only at 0, 12, and 36 h. In responders, infiltration analgesia as part of a multimodal regimen offers a simple, safe, and inexpensive alternative to epidural pain control.     

Continuous epidural, not intravenous, droperidol inhibits pruritus, nausea, and vomiting during epidural morphine analgesia

PURPOSE: To investigate whether continuous epidural droperidol and intravenous (IV) intraoperative droperidol inhibit pruritus and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) during epidural morphine analgesia. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. SETTING: Metropolitan cancer center. PATIENTS: 120 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery with general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received an intraoperative epidural injection of 2 mg morphine hydrochloride, followed postoperatively by a continuous epidural infusion of morphine hydrochloride 4 mg/day for 4 days. Patients were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A = control group, Group B = intraoperative single IV injection of droperidol (2.5 mg), Group C = postoperative continuous epidural droperidol infusion (2.5 mg/day), and Group D = intraoperative IV injection of droperidol (2.5 mg) and postoperative continuous epidural droperidol infusion (2.5 mg/day). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The frequency and severity of pruritus and PONV in each group were evaluated during the postoperative period. Continuous epidural infusion of droperidol significantly reduced the frequency and severity of pruritus and PONV induced by epidural morphine without causing significant side effects. Intraoperative single IV injection of droperidol was effective for PONV (p < 0.05) but not for pruritus. CONCLUSION: Postoperative epidural droperidol infusion significantly decreased both the frequency and severity of pruritus and PONV during postoperative continuous epidural morphine analgesia. IV intraoperative droperidol significantly reduced the frequency and the severity of PONV but not pruritus.     

Postoperative wound oxygen tension with epidural or intravenous analgesia: a prospective,randomized, single-blind clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Adequate tissue oxygen tension is an essential requirement for surgical-wound healing. The authors tested the hypothesis that epidural anesthesia and analgesia increases wound tissue oxygen tension compared with intravenous morphine analgesia. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, blind clinical study, the authors allocated patients having major abdominal surgery (n = 32) to receive combined general and epidural anesthesia with postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (epidural group, n = 16), or general anesthesia alone with postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (intravenous group, n = 16). An oxygen sensor and a temperature sensor were placed subcutaneously in the wound before closure. Wound oxygen tension (P(w)O(2)) and temperature were measured continuously for 24 h. Other variables affecting wound tissue oxygenation and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were also documented. RESULTS: Despite epidural patients having lower body temperatures at the end of surgery (35.7 +/- 0.3) versus 36.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C, = 0.004), they had significantly higher mean P(w)O(2) over the 24 h period, compared with the intravenous group (64.4 +/- 14 vs. 50.7 +/- 15) mmHg, mean (SD), 95% CI difference, -22 to -5, = 0.002). Area under the P(w)O(2) -24 h time curve was also significantly higher in the epidural group (930 +/- 278 vs. 749 +/- 257) mmHg x h, 95% CI difference -344 to -18, = 0.03). VAS pain scores at rest and moving were significantly lower in the epidural group at all times. CONCLUSION: Epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for major abdominal surgery increases wound tissue oxygen tension compared with general anesthesia and intravenous morphine analgesia.     

The influence of epidural analgesia on the splanchnic exchange of amino acids during upper abdominal surgery

Splanchnic turnover of plasma amino acids was studied in 10 patients given thoracic epidural analgesia combined with general anaesthesia for elective cholecystectomy. Ten other patients given only general anaesthesia for cholecystectomy served as a control group. All patients received an infusion of glucose during the investigation. The total concentration of amino acids in arterial plasma did not change in the patients given epidural analgesia but decreased by approximately 15% in the non-epidural group. In both groups splanchnic uptake of amino acids increased during surgery and was found to be more than doubled in the early postoperative period. The addition of epidural analgesia to general anaesthesia did not modify the splanchnic uptake of amino acids during surgery and in the immediate (2 h) postoperative period.     

全麻联合罗哌卡因硬膜外输注对胸乳入路甲状腺切除患者皮质醇的影响

目的观察全麻联合罗哌卡因硬膜外输注对胸乳入路甲状腺切除患者血浆皮质醇的影响。 方法40例甲状腺切除患者随机分2组,每组20例:A组患者全凭静脉麻醉;B组患者全麻之前行T_4-5硬膜外置管(0.1%罗哌卡因输注2 ml/h)。记录麻醉前(T₀)、插管后5 min(T₁)、切皮后60 min(T₂)、拔管后5 min(T₃) MAP、HR、Cor变化;术后6 h(T₄)、12 h(T₅)、以及24 h(T₆)视觉模拟评分(VAS),术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量,拔管时间及镇痛泵按压(PCA)次数。 结果与T₀比较,两组患者T₁时MAP、HR降低,T₂、T₃时HR降低,Cor增高,B组患者MAP降低(P<0.05);与A组比较,B组患者T₁时MAP、HR降低,T₂、T₃时Cor降低(P<0.05);A组患者T₅时VAS评分比T₄增高(P<0.05);两组患者T₆时VAS评分较T₅降低(P<0.05)。与A组比较,B组患者T₅时VAS评分降低(P<0.05),术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量,拔管时间以及镇痛泵按压次数降低(P<0.05)。 结论全麻联合0.1%罗哌卡因硬膜外输注对胸乳入路甲状腺切除患者可良好控制术中应激和术后疼痛,降低麻醉药物需求。     

Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery

To examine the interaction of epidural anesthesia, coagulation status, and outcome after lower extremity revascularization, 80 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease were prospectively randomized to receive general anesthesia combined with postoperative epidural analgesia (GEN-EPI) or general anesthesia with on-demand narcotic analgesia (GEN). Demographics did not differ between groups except that the GEN-EPI group had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and of previous myocardial infarction. Coagulation status was monitored using thromboelastography. An additional 40 randomly selected patients without atherosclerotic vascular disease undergoing noncardiovascular procedures served as controls for coagulation status. Vascular surgical patients were hypercoagulable compared with control patients before operation and on the first postoperative day. Postoperatively, this hypercoagulability was attenuated in the GEN-EPI group and was associated with a lower incidence of thrombotic events (peripheral arterial graft coronary artery or deep vein thromboses). The rates of cardiovascular, infectious, and overall postoperative complications, as well as duration of intensive care unit stay, were significantly reduced in the GEN-EPI group. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that the only significant predictors of postoperative cardiovascular complications were preoperative congestive heart failure and general anesthesia without epidural analgesia. We conclude that in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease undergoing arterial reconstructive surgery (a) thromboelastographic evidence of increased platelet-fibrinogen interaction is associated with early postoperative thrombotic events, and (b) epidural anesthesia and analgesia is associated with beneficial effects on coagulation status and postoperative outcome compared with intermittent on-demand opioid analgesia.