气相色谱法测定京万红软膏中龙脑的含量

目的：建立以气相色谱法测定京万红软膏中龙脑含量的方法.方法：色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX石英毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm）,载气为N2,检测器为FID,进样口温度为200 ℃,检测器温度为250 ℃,内标物为正十八烷.结果：龙脑在0.100 52～1.0052 μg（r=0.9999）范围内峰面积与内标峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系;回收率为100.12%,RSD为2.01%（n=6）.结论：本法操作简便、快速,结果准确可靠,可用于京万红软膏的质量控制.     

气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的用气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量.方法色谱柱为10%PEG-20M 3.2 mm×2.1m,玻璃柱,柱温150℃,检测器温度200℃.结果樟脑在0.4288～2.144 mg/ml,薄荷脑在0.4232～2.116 mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,(r樟=0.9993,r薄=0.9995);回收率为樟脑98.8%、RSD=0.78%,薄荷脑99.2%、RSD=0.83%.结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于皮炎平软膏樟脑、薄荷脑的含量测定.     

气相色谱法测定肤康软膏中冰片的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定肤康软膏中冰片含量方法.方法:以氯仿萃取样品,以聚乙二醇20000(PEG-20M)为固定相,涂布浓度为10%;柱温105℃;水杨酸甲酯为内标.结果:冰片在0.2～1.4 g·L-1范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.6%,RSD为0.72%.结论:方法简便,灵敏,结果准确.     

GC法测定十四味连黄烧伤软膏中龙脑和异龙脑的含量

目的：建立十四味连黄烧伤软膏中龙脑和异龙脑的含量测定方法。方法采用聚乙二醇（PEG）-毛细血管柱（30 m×320μm×0.25μm）,以萘为内标物,流速：0.8 ml/min,柱温：140℃,进样口温度210℃, FID检测器,检测器温度为250℃。结果龙脑和异龙脑分别在19.22-192.2、15.19-151.90μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9994、r=0.9993, n=6）;平均加样回收率分别为98.42%和97.80%（RSD为0.80%、1.21%, n=9）。结论本法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于测定十四味连黄烧伤软膏的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中5种挥发性成分的含量测定

目的建立一种用气相色谱法测定复方硝酸咪康唑软膏中5种成分含量的方法。方法采用HP2INNOWAX Polyethylene Glycol（30.0m×250μm×0.25μm）毛细管色谱柱,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度250℃,FID检测器,检测器温度260℃。结果样品中5种成分完全分离且线性关系良好,樟脑、薄荷脑、龙脑、水杨酸甲酯、麝香草酚的加样回收率分别为97.3%、98.9%、98.3%、101.3%和100.8%（n=9）。结论该法简便快速,结果准确,可以有效地控制质量。     

气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的 用气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量。方法 色谱柱为10％PEG-20M 3.2 mm × 2.1m,玻璃柱,柱温150℃,检测器温度200℃。结果 樟脑在0.4288-2.144 mg/ml,薄荷脑在0.4232-2.116 mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,(r樟=0.9993,r簿=0.9995);回收率为樟脑98.8％、RSD=0.78％,薄荷脑99.2％、RSD=0.83％。结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于皮炎平软膏樟脑、薄荷脑的含量测定。     

GC法测定蛇脂冰肤软膏中薄荷脑和冰片的含量

目的:采用气相色谱法测定蛇脂冰肤软膏中薄荷脑、冰片的含量。方法:样品经正己烷超声处理后,采用Agilent INNO-WAX毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm);FID检测器;色谱条件:柱温:110℃,载气流速1.5 mL.min-1,进样口温度:250℃,检测器温度:300℃。进样量:1μL。结果:薄荷脑在0.0762～6.0995 mg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6),龙脑在0.0460375～3.683 mg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6)。薄荷脑的平均加样回收率(n=9)为101.1%,龙脑的平均加样回收率(n=9)为101.7%。结论:该方法灵敏度高、专属性好、操作简便、重现性好。     

气相色谱法测定二十二烷醇乳膏的含量

目的测定二十二烷醇乳膏中二十二烷醇的含量以控制产品的质量.方法采用DB-1毛细管柱,以花生四烯酸甲酯为内标物,程序升温:200～290 ℃,保持5 min,然后以5 ℃·min-1升温至290～305 ℃,保持2 min.检测器为FID检测器;检测器温度为320 ℃;载气为N2.结果二十二烷醇线性范围为0.1～2 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),精密度试验的RSD(n=6)为0.43%,重复性试验RSD(n=6)为0.27%,平均回收率(n=9)为100.0%(RSD=1.1%).结论该方法准确,重现性好,简便易行,可用于质量控制.     

不同促渗剂对蛇床子软膏透皮吸收特性的影响

目的考察不同促渗剂对蛇床子软膏透皮吸收的影响。方法采用改良Franz扩散池,以离体裸鼠皮肤为屏障,考察氮酮、油酸和高良姜油等不同种类的促渗剂对蛇床子软膏的累积渗透量、渗透吸收速率、增渗倍数等参数的影响。结果几种促渗剂对蛇床子软膏的透皮吸收均有较好的促进作用,其中以3%高良姜油效果最佳。结论高良姜油对蛇床子素经皮吸收具有显著的促进作用,为蛇床子经皮给药制剂处方设计和新药开发提供了依据。     

气相色谱法同时测定黑豆馏油软膏中桉油精和冰片的含量

目的建立黑豆馏油软膏中桉油精和冰片的的定量方法,更好地控制产品质量。方法采用Rtx-WAX毛细管柱(柱长30 m,内径0.25 mm,膜厚度为0.25μm),以环己酮为内标,流速:1.5 mL.min-1,程序升温:初始温度为60℃,持续7 min,以每分钟15℃的速率升温至140℃,保持5 min;FID检测器。结果气相色谱法测定,桉油精在0.320 6～8.015 8μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),冰片在0.165 2～4.130 7μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);桉油精平均回收率(n=6)为98.7%,RSD=1.5%,冰片平均回收率(n=6)为98.9%,RSD=1.6%。结论该方法能准确地进行桉油精和冰片的定量测定,且灵敏度高,重复性好,快速简便,可用于黑豆馏油软膏的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.