Sub-optimal fetal iron acquisition under a maternal environment

Iron deficiency acquired at an early age can lead to significant developmental alterations. To evaluate the need for an interventional trial, we determined the iron reserves of neonates born to a group of women from an urban disadvantaged group. The influence of maternal iron on newborn hemoglobin, birth weight, and height was also analyzed. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin (SF) concentrations were measured at delivery on 201 neonates and their mothers. Neonatal iron stores were considered deficient when the cord SF concentration was <12.0 microg/L, reduced if > or =12.0 but <30 microg/L, and replenished when > or =30 microg/L. The same cut-offs applied to maternal SF values. Cord SF in the study group was 81.2 +/- 63 microg/L. Following the criteria adopted for this study, three groups of neonates were identified. I: 13 (6.5%) were born with deficient iron stores, II: 15 (7.5%) had reduced iron stores, and III: 173 (86%) had normal levels of storage iron. Cord SF concentrations were 7.1 +/- 3.5, 19.9 +/- 4.4 and 92 +/- 60 microg/L, respectively. Cord hemoglobin did not differ among groups. Iron stores at birth were reduced when maternal stores were deficient, reflecting a limited fetal iron-acquisition capacity and the restrictive effect of gestational iron deficiency on the constitution of adequate fetal iron reserves. These findings support the need for an interventional trial on the study population. Hemoglobin, birth weight, and height did not correlate with fetal or maternal iron stores.     

单中心孕妇铁缺乏现状纵向研究及干预效果分析*

目的：纵向分析本中心孕妇铁缺乏现状及干预效果。方法：选取2017年7月—2019年2月在我院产前检查的孕早、中、晚期孕妇,筛选检测铁蛋白3次以上,检测血清铁蛋白(serum ferritin, SF)及血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb),按照首次检查是否缺铁、贫血分为4组：铁缺乏贫血和不贫血组及非铁缺乏贫血和不贫血组,铁缺乏组予补充铁剂,研究孕妇缺铁情况及补铁疗效,分析补铁效果不佳原因。结果：符合中心研究要求的孕妇共994例,各期SF和Hb差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001),妊娠早、中、晚期铁缺乏(iron deficiency, ID)患病率分别为66.90%、78.41%、64.88%,缺铁性贫血(iron deficiency anemia, IDA)患病率分别为16.95%、14.13%、3.94%。经正规补铁治疗后,妊娠晚期ID及IDA均明显改善(P<0.001)。结论：铁缺乏现象严峻,但可防可治。孕妇进行SF检测,指导孕妇科学补铁,关注孕妇补铁的依从性,可明显减少妊娠期缺铁及相关并发症的发生。     

Iron deficiency anemia in 1-year-old children of disadvantaged families in Montreal.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among 1-year-old infants of disadvantaged families in Montreal as well as certain predictors of this condition. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Five poorest health districts in Montreal. PARTICIPANTS: Infants 10 to 14 months of age were identified from registration lists of births from May 1988 to August 1989. Those whose mother had less than 11 years of schooling and a family income below the government-defined low-income cutoff point were eligible. INTERVENTION: During a home visit capillary blood samples were obtained from the child, and the mother answered a questionnaire about infant-feeding practices. Infants with a serum ferritin level of 10 micrograms/L or less and either a hemoglobin level of 115 g/L or less or a mean corpuscular volume of 72 fL or less were considered as having iron deficiency anemia. RESULTS: Of the 299 mothers who were eligible and could be located 220 (74%) agreed to participate; 218 blood samples were available. Iron deficiency anemia was found in 25% of the infants (95% confidence interval [CI] 19% to 31%). The mean hemoglobin level was 115 (standard deviation 11) g/L. The serum ferritin level, assessed routinely in the last 62 infants, was 10 micrograms/L or less in 37% of the infants. The factors that were found to be predictors of iron deficiency anemia included the use of whole cow's milk before 6 months of age (odds ratio [OR] 3.56 [95% CI 1.07 to 11.26]) and the use of iron-fortified infant cereal for less than 6 months (OR 3.15 [95% CI 1.25 to 7.96]). A low birth weight and the use of iron-fortified formula for less than 6 months were associated with iron deficiency anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decrease in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among children of disadvantaged families in the United States socioeconomically disadvantaged infants in Montreal are at risk. Preventive measures must be taken to ensure adequate iron status in the first year of life.     

血清维生素A、维生素E水平与孕晚期贫血相关性研究

目的 探讨孕晚期血清维生素A、E水平与孕期缺铁性贫血的相关性。方法 以2020年1月至2021年12月在延安市人民医院产检且确诊为缺铁性贫血的孕晚期孕妇1 108例为观察组,同期正常孕妇3 892例为对照组。观察组根据血红蛋白（hemoglobin,Hb）水平分为轻度贫血（n=587）、中度贫血（n=480）及重度贫血（n=41）。比较两组孕妇基线资料、贫血相关指标及血清维生素A、E水平。Pearson法分析两指标间相关性。结果 观察组的平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（mean corpuscular hemoglobin,MCH）、叶酸、平均红细胞体积（mean corpuscular volume,MCV）、红细胞计数（red blood cell count,RBC）、维生素B₁₂、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration,MCHC）水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组血清维生素A、E水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组轻度贫血孕妇血清维生素A水平显著高于中、重度贫血（P<0.05）,中度与重度贫血之间血清维生素A差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组不同贫血程度孕妇血清维生素E水平相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。相关性显示,观察组孕妇血清维生素A水平与MCH、RBC、MCHC、Hb、血清铁蛋白（serum ferritin, SF）（r=0.407、0.419、0.385、0.579、0.540,P均<0.05）均存在正相关。结论 孕晚期缺铁性贫血孕妇血清维生素A、E水平均较低,维生素A缺乏与缺铁性贫血密切相关,而维生素E与缺铁性贫血的关联较小。     

Evaluation of the body iron status of native Canadians

The serum ferritin concentration was measured in 1417 Indians and 310 Inuit aged 1 to 89 years. The subjects were initially selected to produce a representative sample of the entire native population, but the rate of nonresponse was high, and the results reported in this paper are representative only of the people studied.

In males the median serum ferritin values increased during early life and tended to plateau after the age of 30 years. In females the median values rose during childhood, tended to plateau during adolescence, increased slightly during the reproductive period, then gradually rose thereafter. Ranges of values were wide in all age groups, reflecting the variations in body iron stores. When compared with the Inuit, the Indians had a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal serum ferritin values.

From an analysis of the serum ferritin values in Indians it is probable that iron stores were reduced in approximately 30% of children, 40% of adolescents, 34% of nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 11% of older women and 5% of adult males. The corresponding figures for the Inuit were 15%, 23%, 22%, 6% and 1%. In contrast, iron deficiency anemia was found in only 3% to 4% of native peoples. If “normality” requires more than small amounts of iron stores to meet physiologic needs, the results suggest a high probability of iron deficiency in 20% to 40% of native children, adolescents and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, and in 0% to 10% of other subjects; but if “normality” is defined as adequate iron stores for erythropoiesis the prevalence of iron deficiency was approximately 1% to 2% in children and adolescents, 3% to 5% in women and less than 1% in adult males.

     

铁调素在妊娠期缺铁性贫血中的表达及其与铁代谢参数的相关性

［摘要］ 目的观察铁调素在不同程度缺铁性贫血孕妇中的表达水平,探讨铁调素与红细胞参数、铁代谢参数、促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)及炎性指标C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）之间的关系,进一步阐明铁调素在妊娠期妇女缺铁性贫血中的调节机制。 方法选取定期产检的孕妇和体检的健康未孕妇女共80例,分为健康对照组、孕妇正常组、孕妇轻度贫血组和孕妇中度贫血组。空腹采集血样,应用血细胞分析仪LH750检测血常规,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清中铁调素、EPO、血清铁蛋白（serum ferritin,SF）、血清转铁蛋白（serum transferrin,TRF）,采用分光光度法检测血清铁（serum iron,SI）、总铁结合力（total iron binding force,TIBC）,采用免疫比浊法检测CRP。 结果与健康对照组比较,孕妇正常组、孕妇轻度贫血组和孕妇中度贫血组外周血红蛋白（hemoglobin,Hb）、红细胞压积（hematocrit,Hct）、SI和铁调素均降低,CRP均升高（P＜0.05）;与健康对照组比较,孕妇轻度贫血组和孕妇中度贫血组红细胞平均体积（mean corpuscular volume,MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量 （mean corpuscular hemogolobin,MCH）和红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（mean corpuscular hemogolobin concentration,MCHC）均降低,TIBC均升高（P＜0.05）;与健康对照组比较,孕妇中度贫血组EPO升高（P＜0.05）。与孕妇正常组比较,孕妇轻度贫血组和孕妇中度贫血组Hb、Hct、MCV、MCH、MCHC、SI和铁调素均降低,TIBC均升高（P＜0.05）;与孕妇正常组比较,孕妇中度贫血组EPO和CRP均升高（P＜0.05）。与孕妇轻度贫血组比较,孕妇中度贫血组Hb、Hct、MCV、MCH、SI均降低,TIBC和EPO均升高（P＜0.05）。铁调素与Hb、Hct、MCV、MCH、MCHC、SI均呈正相关,与TIBC、EPO均呈负相关（P＜0.05）。 结论妊娠期缺铁性贫血与铁调素表达水平的下调有关,可能是通过EPO抑制发挥作用。     

Correlation of haemoglobin and red cell indices with serum ferritin in Indian women in second and third trimester of pregnancy

Background

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy in Indians and is associated with increased risk of low birth-weight infants. Studies from developed countries recommend iron supplementation based on serum ferritin levels. However, screening by serum ferritin is not feasible in all cases in India. This study was undertaken to document haematological profile of pregnant Indian women.

Methods

We studied the correlation between second and third trimester ferritin concentration and haemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices in 100 consecutive ANC cases to select the best haematologic characteristic to identify women who needed iron therapy. Hb and red cell indices, RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width were analysed and PBS studied to subtype anaemia if present.

Results

Proportion of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy was 34% and significant correlation was found between serum ferritin and RDW-CV% and TRBC. No correlation was found between ferritin levels and Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Serum ferritin levels were <12 ng/mL in 30 out of 52 non-anaemic cases suggesting prevalence of sub-clinical iron deficiency in 58% cases. None of the red cell indices correlated with ferritin level in this group. Only TRBC showed some correlation with ferritin (r = −0.090, p > 0.05).

Conclusion

All pregnant women in India should continue to get iron supplements unlike what is recommended in the developed countries where iron supplementation is based on serum ferritin levels.     

Correlation of haemoglobin and red cell indices with serum ferritin in Indian women in second and third trimester of pregnancy

Background

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy in Indians and is associated with increased risk of low birth-weight infants. Studies from developed countries recommend iron supplementation based on serum ferritin levels. However, screening by serum ferritin is not feasible in all cases in India. This study was undertaken to document haematological profile of pregnant Indian women.

Methods

We studied the correlation between second and third trimester ferritin concentration and haemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices in 100 consecutive ANC cases to select the best haematologic characteristic to identify women who needed iron therapy. Hb and red cell indices, RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width were analysed and PBS studied to subtype anaemia if present.

Results

Proportion of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy was 34% and significant correlation was found between serum ferritin and RDW-CV% and TRBC. No correlation was found between ferritin levels and Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Serum ferritin levels were <12 ng/mL in 30 out of 52 non-anaemic cases suggesting prevalence of sub-clinical iron deficiency in 58% cases. None of the red cell indices correlated with ferritin level in this group. Only TRBC showed some correlation with ferritin (r = −0.090, p > 0.05).

Conclusion

All pregnant women in India should continue to get iron supplements unlike what is recommended in the developed countries where iron supplementation is based on serum ferritin levels.     

Recognizing and investigating iron-deficiency anemia in hospitalized elderly people.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether anemia is documented and appropriately investigated for iron deficiency in hospitalized elderly people. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Medical clinical teaching unit (CTU) in secondary care hospital in Hamilton, Ont. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients 65 years of age or older admitted between April 1992 and March 1993. OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of anemic patients for whom documentation was adequate (included in problem list in patient chart) and for whom adequate investigations were performed (measurement of serum ferritin level in anemic patients in whom iron deficiency was suspected, bone-marrow aspiration for those with intermediate probability of iron deficiency after determination of serum ferritin level, and endoscopy of upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, or both, in patients with iron deficiency). RESULTS: Of 183 eligible patients admitted to the CTU 66 (36%) had anemia, in 47 cases (71%) the anemia was documented by house staff or attending physicians. Of the 66 anemic patients 49 had a non-macrocytic anemia of unknown cause: 26 had their serum ferritin level measured, 5 underwent bone-marrow aspiration, and 21 were referred for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Six of eight patients with probable iron deficiency (i.e., a serum ferritin level that was diagnostic [less than 18 micrograms/L] or suggestive [18 to 45 micrograms/L]) underwent endoscopy, two were found to have cancer of the stomach or cecum. Only 26 of the 49 patients had adequate investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is common among elderly patients in hospital. However, iron deficiency is underrecognized and underinvestigated.     

Serum ferritin and the iron status of Canadians.

Serum ferritin concentration was determined in 1105 Canadians aged 1 to 90 years. Geometric mean values (ng/ml) were as follows: children 1 to 4 years old, 12; children 5 to 9 years old, 15; adolescent girls, 17; adolescent boys, 18; women 20 to 39 years, 23; women 65 years and older, 52; men 20 to 39 years, 93; and men 40 and older, 92. Ranges were side in all age groups, reflecting variations in size of body iron stores. From analysis of the ferritin values it is highly probably that iron stores were greatly reduced in approximately 25% of children, 30% of adolescents, 30% of menstruating women, 60% of pregnant women and 3% of men. Iron-deficiency anemia was noted in only 2% of subjects. If "normality" requires more than small amounts of storage iron to meet physiologic demands, the study results suggest a high probability of iron deficiency in 60% of the pregnant women and in 19% of the other subjects; but if normality is defined as maintenance of adequate iron stores for erythropoiesis, the prevalence of iron deficiency was zero in the pregnant women and 2% in the other subjects.     

抗幽门螺杆菌治疗慢性胃炎伴缺铁性贫血69例

目的观察抗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)治疗慢性胃炎伴缺铁性贫血(IDA)的疗效。方法 136例慢性胃炎伴IDA患者分为观察组和对照组,观察组69例采用抗Hp+铁剂治疗,对照组67例单用铁剂治疗,2组均治疗12周。于治疗开始后每2周复查血红蛋白(Hb),第8、12周复查血清铁(SI)、血清铁蛋白(SF),并比较2组疗效。结果治疗8、12周后,观察组和对照组Hb、SI和SF均较治疗前升高,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗8、12周后,观察组Hb、SI和SF均高于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组有效率(82.6%)高于对照组(53.7%)(P<0.05)。结论根除Hp治疗可加快Hb上升,增加铁贮存量,是治愈IDA患者的有效方法。     

Association of maternal hemoglobin and iron stores with neonatal hemoglobin and iron stores

BackgroundOne of the commonest causes of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency. This study aims at understanding and exploring the association between fetal and maternal iron status. Predelivery maternal hemoglobin (Hb) and iron stores, serum iron, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), were assessed and compared to the cord blood Hb and iron stores with an attempt to identify the level of maternal Hb and ferritin at which the fetal iron stores reduce, helping to identify the neonates who will require earlier iron supplementation.MethodFour hundred eight participants were enrolled, and maternal and cord blood was collected at the time of delivery and tested for Hb and iron parameters. The results were statistically analyzed.ResultsOf all mothers, 27.2% mothers were anemic (Hb less than 11 g/dl). Of all newborns, 15.4% newborns had Hb less than 14 g/dl. There was a significant association between the maternal and cord blood iron, ferritin, sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index. Eighty-five percent of the babies with cord blood Hb <14 g/dl had maternal serum ferritin (SF) <50 μg/L. Maternal SF <10 μg/l was associated with a significant number of babies with cord blood SF <75 μg/l (77.7%). One hundred sixty six neonates had sTfR 2 μg/ml or more. Of these, 80.7% had maternal SF <50 μg/l. Of the 115 newborns with a high sTfR/log ferritin index (>1.5), 56.5% had raised maternal sTfR (>2μg/ml).ConclusionIn view of a significant association between maternal and neonatal Hb and iron stores, newborns of mothers with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy should be monitored and followed up after birth for development of IDA and early iron supplementation.     

贫血患者血清铁铁蛋白细胞内外铁检测结果分析

目的探讨各类贫血患者血清铁、铁蛋白和骨髓细胞内外铁含量多或寡与贫血症的相互关系.方法应用比色法、放射免疫法和普鲁士兰反应法检测186例各种贫血患者血清铁、铁蛋白浓度和细胞内外铁粒、铁小珠的含量.结果急、慢性白血病贫血、再生障碍性贫血、铁粒幼红细胞性贫血、溶血性贫血、巨幼红细胞性贫血患者血清铁浓度升高;肾性贫血、肝性贫血、缺铁性贫血、肿瘤性贫血、骨髓增生异常综合症(MDS-RA)患者血清铁下降;铁蛋白增高主要见于急、慢性白血病贫血和铁粒幼红细胞性贫血、肿瘤性贫血及骨髓增生异常综合症等;细胞内外铁颗粒减少和外铁消失主要见于缺铁性贫血和肾性贫血.结论检测血清铁、铁蛋白和细胞内外铁能灵敏地反映机体铁的贮存和利用水平;恶性肿瘤或其它细胞快速增殖时,细胞合成铁蛋白的能力较强.     

Evaluation of iron overload in healthy adult residents of Mexico City

BACKGROUND: We described the effects of age, gender and body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence of iron overload (IO) in blood donors from Mexico City. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of clinically healthy adults was performed. We evaluated serum ferritin (SF) concentration to allow us to establish groups with normal iron stores (SF >30 microg/L) and with IO (SF >200 microg/L and >300 microg/L for women and men), in the following ages groups: 18-29 years, 30-49 years, and 50-64 years, divided by gender. RESULTS: The study included 1757 subjects. Prevalence of IO was 12% in men and 4.8% in women, and prevalence increased in parallel with increasing age (15.6, 25.0 and 29.9% and 3.5, 5.2 and 9.6%, for men and women, respectively). Regression analysis showed that in men there was a significant association of SF and IO with age, BMI and recent blood donation (p <0.01). In women, no differences were seen for BMI and recent blood donation. CONCLUSIONS: IO is highly prevalent in blood donors residing in Mexico City, more so in men than in women. Age, gender and BMI had a positive association with iron stores. This report is the initial contribution towards the study of IO in the Mexican population.     

左卡尼汀联合蔗糖铁治疗血液透析患者肾性贫血的临床对比研究

目的观察左卡尼汀联合蔗糖铁治疗尿毒症血液透析患者贫血的效果。方法将60例维持性血液透析尿毒症合并贫血患者随机分成三组(A、B、C组),各组均为20例,在常规纠正贫血治疗基础上,A组给予右旋糖酐铁片口服治疗;B组加用蔗糖铁治疗;C组采用蔗糖铁联合左卡尼汀治疗,疗程均为24周。疗程前后均检测两组患者的血红蛋白、红细胞比容、血清铁蛋白、转铁蛋白饱和度及血清白蛋白。结果治疗24周后,C组各项观察指标均高于A、B组(P<0.05)。结论左卡泥丁联合蔗糖铁治疗血液透析患者的贫血具有较好效果。     

A study of micronutrient status in pregnancy

The present study was performed, to analyse the inter-relationship among trace elements: Iron, copper and zinc in pregnancy. Eighty-four pregnant women were compared with 30 age matched nonpregnant healthy controls. Fasting blood samples were analysed for heamoglobin, iron, copper and zinc. On the basis of Hb concentration (<10g/dl) and iron levels(<50microg/dl), the pregnant women were sub-grouped as anaemic, non-anaemic, Iron deficient anaemic and non-iron deficient anaemic. The level of copper was found to be significantly higher in iron deficiency anaemia, when compared to non-iron deficiency anaemia (p<0.05), and in non-anaemic pregnant women, compared to non-anaemic non-pregnant women (controls).The level of zinc is also significantly lower in Iron deficiency anaemic pregnancy, when compared to the other groups. There is evidence of influence of pregnancy, on the level of trace elements in blood. This could be a result of competitive inhibition in the absorption of trace elements in the intestine, or an effect of hormonal changes (insulin, oestrogen), during pregnancy. A judicious supplementation of micronutrients, during pregnancy, especially in iron deficiency anaemia, is essential.     

Once a week (200 mg) elemental iron: an effective option for prophylaxis in non-anaemic pregnant women

To evaluate effectiveness of 200 mg elemental iron once per week for prophylaxis in non-anaemic pregnant women, a prospective longitudinal study with observational design was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Fifty pregnant women received daily (group 1) and 50 pregnant women received weekly (group II) oral therapy (100 mg elemental iron, 1.5 mg folic acid and 15 microg of vitamin B12). Haemoglobin, PCV estimation were carried out during follow-up periods at 4, 8 and 14 weeks. Iron profile (serum iron, TIBC, serum ferritin) estimation was done before and after 14 weeks of iron supplementation. Haemoglobin, PCV and serum iron increased significantly in both the groups (p < 0.001) but on intergroup comparison it was significantly higher in group I than group II (p < 0.001). Serum ferritin improved in both the groups but improvement was not significant in weekly supplemented group. Compliance was better and side-effects were less in group II as compared to group I (11.36% versus 39.9%) The supplementation of pregnant women once per week with 200 mg of elemental iron is an effective option for prophylaxis in mild anaemic or non-anaemic pregnant women.     

Diagnostic efficacy of tests for the detection of iron overload in chronic liver disease.

The value of tests for the detection of body iron overload was investigated in 8 aptients with clinically manifest primary hemochromatosis, 12 patients with cirrhosis and iron overload and 20 patients with liver disease and low or normal iron stores. Iron overload was defined as the presence of stainable iron in more than 50% of hepatocytes in a liver biopsy specimen. The percentages of patients with a true-positive (abnormal) or true-negative (normal) result were: serum iron concentration 65%, transferin saturation 85%, serum ferritin concentration 78%, serum ferritin:serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) index 78%, percent iron absorption 58%, percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin concetration 80% and percent iron absorption in relation to serum ferritin:SGOT index 93%. The calculated predictive value of a normal test result for the exclusion of iron overload in patients with liver disease, a group with an assumed prevalence of iron overload of 10%, was 98% to 99% for transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration used alone and 100% for these measures used together; the predictive value of an abnormal result for the diagnosis of iron overload was less than 50% for all of the above measures used alone or in combination. Hence, in patients with an increased serum ferritin concentration or transferrin saturation, or both, determination of the hepatocellular iron content of a specimen from a percutaneous liver biopsy is required for the diagnosis of iron overload.     

A randomised double-blind study comparing sodium feredetate with ferrous fumarate in anaemia in pregnancy

Iron deficiency anaemia is a major health problem in India especially in women of reproductive age group. The World Health Organisation recommends that the haemoglobin concentration should not fall below 11.0 g/dl at any time during pregnancy. The aim of study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two doses of sodium feredetate with ferrous fumarate in improving haemoglobin profile in pregnant anaemic women. Pregnant women with gestation period between 12 and 26 weeks having serum haemoglobin < 10 g/dl, serum ferritin levels less than 12 microg/l were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups and drugs administered accordingly. A total of 48 patients were available for analysis which included 37 patients who had completed all the visits up to 75 days follow-up and 11 patients who were treatment failures. In group A combination of sodium feredetate (containing 33 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. In group B combination of sodium feredetate (containing 66 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. In group C combination of ferrous fumarate (containing 100 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. Patients were evaluated for Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH and MCHC at day 0, 30, 45, 60 and 75. Serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and transferrin saturation were assessed at recruitment and end study. Mean rise of haemoglobin at the completion of study, over that of basal values was 1.79 g/dl (0.71 to 2.87, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group A, 1.84 g/dl (0.82 to 2.86, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group B and 1.63 g/dl (0.38 to 2.88, 95% CI, p < 0.05) in group C. Safety assessment was done by doing liver and kidney function test at the time of recruitment and end study. Low doses of sodium feredetate (33 mg and 66 mg of elemental iron given twice daily) produce comparable results as higher dose of ferrous fumarate (100 mg elemental iron given twice daily). As there were no adverse effects reported with sodium feredetate, it can be concluded from this study that this new formulation appears to be effective in improving haemoglobin profile in pregnant anaemic women and is tolerated well.     

晚孕铁缺乏症中胎盘TGF-β1的异常表达

目的:研究晚孕妇女铁缺乏症的发生情况,探讨孕妇胎盘TGF-β1的异常表达与铁缺乏症之间的联系。方法:根据血红蛋白(Hb)水平的不同各选取20例孕足月妇女定为A组(100-105 g/L)、B组(105-110 g/L)、C组(Hb≥110 g/L)。分别测定母血血清铁蛋白(SF)水平,依铁蛋白水平划分铁缺乏症组和正常组,分别对其胎盘TGF-β1的表达进行半定量分析。结果:C组铁缺乏症的发生率低于其它两组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);铁缺乏症组胎盘TGF-β1的阳性表达率为68.42%,高于正常组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:通过对母血血清铁蛋白的测定可以了解体内的贮铁水平;将正常孕妇血红蛋白值评判标准由以往的>100 g/L提高为>110 g/L,有利于及时发现和治疗铁缺乏症的孕妇。胎盘TGF-β1升高引起滋养细胞浸润不足可能是妊娠期缺铁性贫血继发病理妊娠的发病原因之一。