自主神经系统对在体犬跨室壁复极不均一性影响的研究

目的　探讨自主神经系统对在体犬跨室壁复极离散度的影响。方法　用单相动作电位(MAP)记录技术 ,同步记录 12只开胸犬左心室游离壁心外膜心肌 (epicardium ,Epi)、中层心肌(midmyocardium ,Mid)和心内膜心肌 (endocardium ,Endo)的MAP。对自主神经刺激前和刺激过程中 ,三层心肌的跨室壁复极离散度和早期后除极的发生率进行比较。结果　起搏周长为 10 0 0ms时 ,在未刺激自主神经的情况下 ,Epi、Mid和Endo的单相动作电位时程 (MAPD)复极 90 %的时限 (MAPD90 )分别是 (2 78± 11)ms、(316± 16 )ms和 (2 70± 12 )ms;其中Mid的MAPD90 明显长于Epi和Endo的MAPD90 (P<0 0 1)。刺激交感神经时 ,Epi、Mid和Endo细胞的MAPD90 分别缩短 (19± 4 )ms、(45± 6 )ms、(18± 3)ms。与刺激前相比 ,跨室壁复极离散度由 (44± 4 )ms减少到 (15± 3)ms(P <0 0 1) ;但是交感神经刺激时 ,有 5只犬 (41% )的中层心肌出现了早期后除极。迷走神经刺激对三层心肌的MAPD90 值无明显影响。结论　 (1)在体犬心室肌存在跨室壁复极不均一性 ;(2 )交感神经刺激可减少跨室壁复极离散度 ,但易在Mid诱发早期后除极 ;(3)迷走神经刺激对跨室壁复极离散度无明显影响。     

自主神经系统对在体犬跨室壁三层心肌不应期不均一性影响的研究

为探讨自主神经系统对在体犬跨室壁三层心肌细胞不应期离散度的影响 ,分别在基础和缺血状态下 ,在交感神经和迷走神经刺激的过程中 ,用程序刺激法测定健康家犬在体心外膜心肌、中层心肌和心内膜心肌的不应期。结果 :在基础状态下 ,交感神经刺激能缩短三层心肌细胞的不应期 ,中层心肌细胞的不应期缩短最明显 ,跨室壁三层心肌不应期的离散度由 3± 2ms增加到 18± 6ms(P <0 .0 1) ;迷走神经刺激能延长三层心肌的不应期 ,心内膜心肌增加明显 ,跨室壁不应期离散度由 3± 2ms增加到 9± 4ms(P <0 .0 5 )。在急性缺血状态下 ,交感神经刺激延长三层心肌细胞的不应期 ,其中中层心肌细胞的不应期增加最明显 ,与刺激前相比 ,跨室壁不应期离散度由 4± 3ms增加到 16± 4ms(P <0 .0 1) ;迷走神经刺激对三层心肌细胞的不应期影响较小 ,与刺激前相比 ,跨室壁不应期离散度无显著变化。结论 :在基础及缺血状态下 ,交感神经刺激均能增加跨室壁不应期离散度 ;迷走神经刺激对跨室壁不应期离散度无显著影响。     

兔在体左心室肥厚心肌跨室壁复极不均一性的实验研究

目的　探讨兔在体左心室肥厚心肌跨室壁复极不均一性的变化。方法　以腹主动脉缩窄术制备家兔高血压左心室肥厚模型 (腹主动脉缩窄组 ) ,并设假手术组 (仅游离腹主动脉未缩窄 )作为对照。采用自制复合式电极在兔左心室游离壁同步记录在体心内膜、心肌中层、心外膜心肌单相动作电位 (MAP) ,比较两组间跨室壁复极不均一性的差异。结果　腹主动脉缩窄组平均动脉压、左心室游离壁厚度、全心重量及其与体重比率均大于假手术组。缩窄组三层心肌单相动作电位复极至 10 0 %的时程 (MAPD1 0 0 ) (内膜 191± 19ms,中层 2 44± 2 4m s,外膜 196± 15 ms)均比假手术组 (内膜 170± 18ms,中层 172± 15 ms,外膜 168± 16m s)延长 ,以中层心肌 MAPD1 0 0 的延长最为明显 ;缩窄组跨室壁复极离散度 (TDR) (65± 10 ms)较对照组 (4± 3 m s)明显增大 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　兔在体左心室肥厚心肌跨室壁复极不均一性明显增大 ,可能是肥厚心肌心律失常发生增多的原因之一     

缺血心肌复极离散及迷走神经的保护作用

探讨急性心肌缺血后 ,迷走神经刺激对心室肌不同部位复极时程和复极离散的影响 ,及其对缺血心肌的保护作用。结扎兔冠状动脉左室支 (LVB) ,制备急性心肌缺血模型。分离、结扎并剪断双侧颈迷走、心交感神经 ,电刺激迷走神经外周端。心室复极时程以心外膜电图 (EPG)的QT间期及采用玻璃微电极技术记录的心肌细胞动作电位时程 (APD)表示。分别测定迷走神经刺激前后及缺血前后LVB支配区 (缺血区 )及非支配区 (非缺血区 )的QT间期及APD值。结果 :迷走神经刺激使正常心室肌不同部位的QT间期、APD均有明显缩短 (P <0 .0 5 )。急性心肌缺血后 ,缺血区与非缺血区的QT间期分别是 14 8.6 7± 10 .4 4vs 15 9.5 0± 14 .71ms(P <0 .0 5 ) ;APD90 分别是 :12 8.75±17.84vs 138.0 0± 11.2 2ms(P <0 .0 5 ) ;APD50 分别是 :74 .6 7± 12 .15vs 85 .0 0± 6 .78ms(P <0 .0 5 )。迷走神经刺激后 ,缺血区与非缺血区QT间期、APD差值明显缩小 ,分别是 ,QT间期 :5 .5 8± 1.0 1vs 12 .83± 4 .34ms(P <0 .0 5 ) ;APD904 .5 0± 0 .98vs 11.2 5± 7.0 9ms(P <0 .0 5 ) ;APD50 5 .4 1± 1.2 2vs 12 .5 0± 6 .19ms(P <0 .0 5 )。心肌缺血后心室易损期(VVP)明显延长 34± 2 2 .6 1ms,迷走神经刺激后VVP明显缩短至 11.75± 7.72m     

跨室壁复极离散变化及其对心电图T波影响的在体实验研究

为探讨在体情况下心肌跨室壁复极离散变化及其对心电图T波影响的可能机制。运用单相动作电位 (MAP)记录技术 ,同步记录 2 1只开胸兔的左室心肌心外膜层 (Epi) ,中层 (Mid) ,内膜层 (Endo)的MAP ,分别予以减慢心率、静脉注射索他洛尔 (dl sotalol)、海葵毒素 (ATX Ⅱ )后 ,观察跨室壁复极离散的变化以及心电图T波的相应改变。结果 :①慢频率导致Mid层细胞MAP复极时间 (RT)显著延长 (从 2 0 2± 19ms到 370± 34ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,跨壁复极离散度 (TDR)增大 (从 11± 4ms到 40± 2 1ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,QT间期延长 (从 2 0 5± 2 1ms到 371± 30ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,T波增宽。②dl sotalol导致Mid层细胞MAP的RT显著的延长 (从 2 0 2± 19ms到 395± 34ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,TDR增大 (从 10± 3ms到 75± 2 5ms ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,QT间期延长 (从 2 0 8± 16ms到 397± 33ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,三层心肌MAP的 3相复极不同程度的延长 ,使复极电位梯度变化 ,产生增宽、低幅有切迹的T波。③ATX Ⅱ导致Mid层细胞MAP的RT显著的延长 (从370± 34ms到 473± 35ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,TDR增大 (从 40± 2 1ms到 6 2± 19ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,QT间期延长 (从 372± 33ms到 479± 33ms,P <0 .0 5 ) ,三层心肌MAP的 2相平台期不同程度延长 ,使复极电位梯     

β受体激动剂对LQT1模型的电生理影响

目的探讨LQT1患者在交感神经兴奋时发生室性心律失常的机制。方法实验切取犬楔形心室肌组织块,用30μmol/L chromanol 293B(I_(Ks)阻断剂)灌流该标本模拟LQT1,采用玻璃微电极和特制的金属电极,同步记录造模前后的中层和外层心室肌细胞的跨膜动作电位(TAP)和跨壁心电图(TECG),并观察异丙肾上腺素(Iso,100 nmol/L)对造模后的TAP和TECG的影响。结果chro- manol 293B使中层和外层心室肌细胞动作电位时限(APD_(90))均匀延长[中层：(287±12)ms vs(362±18)ms,P＜0．05；外层：(229±13)ms vs(303±20)ms,P＜0．05],跨壁复极离散度(TDR)增加不明显[(46±5)ms v8(49±7)ms,P＞0．05],TECG示QT间期延长[(314±13)ms vs(389±16)ms,P＜0．05]。加入Iso后,中层心室肌细胞APD_(90)延长[(362±18)ms vs(388±14)ms,P＜0．05],并出现早期后除极(EAD),外层心室肌细胞APD_(90)缩短[(303±20)ms vs(285±12)ms,P＜0．05],TDR明显增加[(49±7)ms vs(87±11)ms,P＜0．05],TECG示QT间期延长[(389±16)ms vs(405±15) ms,P＜0．05],并能自发产生室性早搏和室性心动过速。结论在LQT1模型中,Iso对中层和外层心室肌细胞TAP的影响不一致,引起TDR增加,这可能是交感神经兴奋使LQT1患者发生室性心律失常的机制。     

迷走神经刺激对心力衰竭兔跨室壁复极离散的影响

目的探讨迷走神经刺激对心力衰竭(简称心衰)兔跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)的影响。方法用阿霉素制作兔心衰模型,采用单相动作电位(MAP)记录技术分别记录10只开胸心衰兔(心衰组)和10只开胸正常兔(对照组)迷走神经刺激前后左室游离壁心尖上方1cm处三层心肌的MAP,测量并分析MAP时程(MAPD),TDR。结果对照组刺激前后TDR没有显著性差异,心衰组刺激后TDR显著减少(P<0.05)。迷走神经刺激前,与对照组比较,心衰组TDR明显延长(12.80±2.57ms vs8.82±1.33ms,P<0.05),刺激后两者相比无显著性差异(7.89±3.80ms vs9.44±3.21ms,P>0.05)。结论迷走神经刺激可使心衰组的TDR降低。     

局部给药跨室壁氯化钾单相动作电位记录电极的研制

目的研制局部给药跨室壁氯化钾单相动作电位(MAP)记录电极(KC lMAP电极),探讨模拟在体犬交感神经不均一的致心律失常机制。方法由5F动脉鞘管和0.2 mm的绝缘银丝,组构成3对MAP记录电极,鞘芯腔内注入含30%氯化钾琼脂糖凝胶即制成KC lMAP电极。用自制的电极记录犬左室前壁跨室壁MAP,观察局部异丙肾上腺素对三层心肌细胞动作电位时程(APD)及跨室壁复极离散度(TDR)的影响和心律失常的诱发情况。结果KC lMAP电极能稳定记录三层心肌MAP 120 m in以上,随时间的延长动作电位振幅逐渐降低但不影响复极特性的分析;局部给予异丙肾上腺素(10-5mg/m l)能显著降低中层心肌细胞的APD90(236.9±3.8 m s vs 226.3±3.0 m s)和TDR(35.7±4.8 m s vs 24.9±3.9 m s),中层心肌细胞易于诱发早期后除极及触发活动并引起室性心律失常。结论KC lMAP电极可理想地用于跨室壁心肌复极特性的研究;异丙肾上腺素降低正常犬的TDR,其诱发室性心律失常的机制与后除极和触发活动有关。     

应用自制复合电极同步记录兔左心室游离壁三层心肌的单相动作电位

应用自制复合电极同步记录家兔在体三层心肌的单相动作电位 (MAP) ,并与经典的心内膜电极、心外膜吸附电极和三层独立电极记录结果进行比较。结果显示 :①应用自制复合电极同步记录家兔在体的三层心肌MAP形态及时程与经典的记录结果相近 ;②在心动周期 (CL)为 30 0ms时 ,三层心肌的MAP复极达 90 %的时程 (MAPD90 )无显著差异 ,当CL为 80 0ms时 ,家兔心外膜心肌 (Epi)、中层心肌 (M)和心内膜心肌 (Endo)的MAPD90 分别为 2 15± 18,2 6 2± 16 ,2 16± 12ms,M与Epi及Endo相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,n =8) ,跨室壁复极离散度为 34± 3ms。结论 :应用复合电极同步记录在体心肌跨室壁三层MAP是可行的 ,家兔心脏跨室壁心肌电生理在正常心率时无明显差异 ,而当心率减慢时则异质性增加。     

兔心肌心室间复极离散的电生理学机制研究

目的观察生理和缺血状态下兔心室间复极离散,探讨临床缺血心肌发生室性心律失常的电生理机制。方法酶解法急性分离兔心室肌细胞,采用细胞膜片钳技术,分别观察对照组(正常心室内膜动作电位时程)和缺血组(缺血心室内膜动作电位时程)在不同刺激频率下[即基础循环周长(basic cycle length,BCL)=2000、1000、500及250 ms]左右心室肌心内膜细胞的动作电位时程变化。结果对照组生理心肌的室间离散分别为(47.70±7.89)ms,(45.50±7.00)ms,(40.30±7.33)ms,(37.90±6.45)ms;缺血后心室间离散则分别为(91.90±7.67)ms,(91.40±7.62)ms,(88.60±7.78)ms,(89.20±6.91)ms。结论生理状态的心肌左右心室间存在复极离散,缺血状态下心室间复极离散增大。这种心室间的复极异质性可能是缺血心肌发生室性心律失常的电生理机制之一。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

县级以下综合医疗机构医务人员对现代结控知识的认识现状调查

目的本文旨在了解医务人员现代结控知识掌握的现状及培训效果?方法于培训前后进行问卷调查,内容包括:病例发现?结核病诊断及化疗?结果培训前疫情报告和转诊,回答正确者占75.2%?71.7%;对临床表现?查痰和诊断依据,回答正确者占83.5%?42.5%?40.8%;抗痨药物?用药方法?化疗原则?短化方案?短化疗程?治愈标准六项,回答正确者占58%?14.4%?20.8%?9.2%?17%?24.3%?培训后再次调查发现,90%以上医务人员对现代结控基本知识已掌握?结论各级医务人员现代结控知识是很贫乏的,因此,对其进行系统培训是极为必要的,此项工作省时?省力?投入少,可收到事半功倍的效果。     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

Preservation of the pylorus in resection of the head of the pancreas

Pylorus preservation has been advocated to decrease the morbidity associated with the classical or standard pancreaticoduodenectomy. The proposed advantages are decreased incidence of peptic ulceration, dumping syndrome, and nutritional problems. However, after an initial period of enthusiasm for the procedure, it is now being found that marginal ulceration at the duodenojejunal anastomosis is encountered with increasing frequency. Delay in gastric emptying occurs frequently, with an overall incidence of 30%. With the availability of better pancreatic enzyme supplements, the current incidence of nutritional problems and weight loss after the standard Whipple procedure is unknown. Whether there is a difference in long-term survival after the two procedures performed for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas is still debatable. A controlled trial is needed to answer many of these questions, and pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy should be used cautiously until further data become available.