肝硬化门静脉高压症围手术期甲状腺激素水平的观察

目的：探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症患者血清甲状腺素水平以及手术后甲状腺素的变化规律。方法：选择51例肝硬化门静脉高压患者和51例正常对照者,抽取空腹静脉血,同时对31例具备手术条件而接受脾脏切除、胃底贲门周围血管离断手术者,于手术前1d和手术后1、7、14、30d抽取空腹静脉血,利用放射免疫分析检测血清FT3、FT4、T3、T4、rT3水平。结果：51例肝硬化门静脉高压患者血清FT3、FT4、T3、T4均明显低于正常对照组,且以期病情严重者最明显;31例接受脾脏切除、胃底贲门周围血管离断手术者,手术后含量进一步降低,手术后1周逐渐回升,于手术后30d恢复手术前水平。结论：肝硬化门静脉高压患者存在低甲状腺素血症,手术刨伤进一步加重这种现象,术后顺利恢复者可于手术后30d恢复手术前水平,围手术期检测血清甲状腺素水平有助于了解病情轻重及手术后病情恢复情况。     

门脉高压症选择性贲门周围血管离断术后血浆ET-1、NO水平的变化

目的:观察肝硬化门静脉高压症患者血浆内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)水平,探讨ET-1、NO水平与疾病严重程度和手术治疗效果的关系.方法:采用放射免疫分析和Griss方法,对治疗前的92例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者进行血浆ET-1、NO测定;并对66例接受选择性贲...     

Hemodynamic Changes in Splanchnic Blood Vessels in Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension (PHT) is associated with a hyperdynamic state characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume, and a decreased splanchnic vascular resistance. This splanchnic vasodilation is a result of an important increase in local and systemic vasodilators (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, prostacyclin, endocannabinoids, and so on), the presence of a splanchnic vascular hyporesponsiveness toward vasoconstrictors, and the development of mesenteric angiogenesis. All these mechanisms will be discussed in this review. To decompress the portal circulation in PHT, portosystemic collaterals will develop. The presence of these portosystemic shunts are responsible for major complications of PHT, namely bleeding from gastrointestinal varices, encephalopathy, and sepsis. Until recently, it was accepted that the formation of collaterals was due to opening of preexisting vascular channels, however, recent data suggest also the role of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. These points are also discussed in detail. Anat Rec, 291:699–713, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Case Report of Early Idiopathic Portal Hypertension

We report herein a case (46 years, female) of very early idiopathic portal hypertension. During an examination for in situ uterine cervical cancer, splenomegaly and hypersplenism were incidentally found. CT and MRI showed a nonatrophic liver with dilated portal veins and marked splenomegaly. The portal venous blood flow was increased, while portal venous blood pressure was not high. The spleen (1,220 g) showed hyperplasia of white pulp and congestion. The lobular architecture of the liver was well-preserved, and the subcapsular regions were not atrophic or dropped out. The portal tracts were not fibrotic, and portal veins were neither stenotic nor sclerotic. Instead, lymphoid cell infiltrations were found in about half the portal tracts, and there was subendothelial mononuclear cell infiltration of small portal vein branches. The hepatic lobules showed non-specific reactive change. This case suggests that early hepatic changes recognizable histologically in this disease are lymphoid cell infiltration of the portal tract and of subendothelial regions of portal vein branches, and nonspecific lobular hepatitis. These hepatic changes, as well as marked splenomegaly, may represent an altered immunophenomenon of this disease.     

晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症术后近期再手术分析

目的分析晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症术后近期再手术原因,探讨控制再手术率的措施。方法回顾性分析2004年9月至2009年9月湖南省晚期血吸虫病救助期间23例近期再手术病例资料。结果晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症手术589例,近期再手术23例,再手术率为3．9％。其中2次手术16例,3次手术6例,4次手术1例。再手术原因有腹腔大出血、消化道穿孔、胰尾部损伤、粘连性肠梗阻、切口感染、切口裂开、膈下脓肿。所有患者均痊愈出院,随访5～20月均无严重并发症出现。结论晚期血吸虫病术后近期再次手术原因与术前准备不充分,术中操作过失及术后处理不到位有关。加强围术期处理是提高手术质量和疗效、控制再手术率的关键。     

Pathology of the Liver in "Idiopathic Portal Hypertension" Associated with Autoimmune Disease

The histopathology of the liver in idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) associated with autoimmune disease (15 cases), was examined and compared with that of IPH without autoimmune disease (31 cases). It was found that hepatic histopathology was heterogeneous in the cases with autoimmune disease. That is, the hepatic histopathology in 7 cases was similar to that of classic IPH without autoimmune disease, and the remaining 8 cases disclosed unusual lesions such as focal non suppurative cholangitis, nodular parenchymal hyperplasia, moderate portal inflammation, and intrahepatic ductopenia. These unusual lesions, which frequently coexisted in the same case, were not typical ones for making other diagnoses such as primary biliary cirrhosis or nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. These findings suggest that unusual histologic lesions in the livers of IPH patients with autoimmune disease may represent an accentuated immunologic reaction inherent in IPH, or that such cases may be an abortive or incomplete form of primary biliary cirrhosis or nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. Acta Pathol Jpn 39: 586-592, 1989.     

门静脉内皮细胞损伤与门静脉高压症相互关系的研究

采用Masson三色染色法,辅以形态学观察,研究肝硬变病人(n=30)肝内外门静脉的内皮细胞变化。发现血管内皮细胞有明显损伤,伴血栓形成及管壁结构改建。提示血管内皮细胞损伤与门静脉高压症有密切关系。     

肝门静脉高压症(PHT)血液动力学研究进展

肝门静脉高压症(Portal hypertension，PHT)是世界范围内的一种常见病、多发病，严重影响病人的生存质量。血液动力学研究对于揭示PHT的发病机理，探讨其并发症出血的危险性，选择恰当的手术方式和手术时机以至检验药物的疗效等方面都有重要意义。我们就从血液动力学角度阐述PHT的发病机制，讨论外科手术治疗方案，并介绍近期PHT血液动力学研究的若干成果，最后提出PHT血液动力学新的整体生物力学模型的主要思想。     

Three-dimensional structural changes of hepatic sinusoids in cirrhosis providing an increase in vascular resistance of portal hypertension

A quantitative topological analysis of the three-dimensional sinusoidal structure of five normal human livers and ten cirrhotic livers was performed with the aid of a computer system for reconstruction from serial tissue sections. The mean cycle rank (number of independent cycles) of the sinusoidal network in the examined tissue, 200 × 200 × 80 μm³ in size, was 181.2 ± 23.9 in the normal liver and 84.9 ± 19.1 in the cirrhotic liver. There was a statistically significant difference between the two values (P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the sinusoidal volume of the same size tissue between the normal liver and cirrhotic liver. It was found therefore that the sinusoidal network of the cirrhotic liver was more sparsely and coarsely connected in three-dimensional space than that of the normal liver. In addition, there was no significant difference in the mean sinusoidal radius or in the distribution of 1/(radius)⁴ values between the normal liver and the cirrhotic liver. Resistance changes of the lattice sinusoidal model, where resistance of each sinusoidal branch is proportional only to its length, were then studied. In the lattice model analysis, the resistance between the two endpoints becomes larger as the cycle rank of the network model decreases. This fact suggests that in portal hypertension of cirrhosis the three-dimensional structural change of sinusoids, that is, decrease in the cycle rank, plays a role of increased vascular resistance within regenerative nodules.     

贲门周围血管离断术加胃底血流阻断术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨贲门周围血管离断术加胃底血流阻断术治疗门脉高压症的疗效。方法回顾性分析109例采用贲门周围血管离断加胃底血流阻断术治疗的门脉高压症患者的临床资料，对手术前后的肝脏功能、术后并发症及再出血发生率等进行分析。结果全组病例无手术死亡，术后近期无其他并发症发生。随访5个月至6年，再出血率为6．1％（6／99）。结论贲门周围血管离断加胃底血流阻断术治疗门脉高压症不仅操作简便，而且对肝功能无明显影响，术后并发症发生率低，易在基层医院开展，有良好的临床实用价值。     

猪肝门静脉壁组织结构增龄性变化的定量分析

目的　探讨猪肝门静脉壁结构成分的增龄性变化 ,为猪 -人异种肝移植提供理论依据。方法　取正常不同月龄猪肝门静脉 ,HE染色 ,Weigert、Anilineblue及桔黄G分染弹性纤维、胶原纤维和平滑肌 ,光镜观察 ,计算机图像分析系统测量各结构成分的相对含量。结果　猪肝门静脉随月龄的增长胶原纤维的含量逐渐升高 ,弹性纤维的含量相对稳定 ,平滑肌的含量在 3月龄时最高 ,胶原纤维与弹性纤维含量的比值 (C/E)逐渐升高。结论　猪肝门静脉壁各结构成分的相对含量随增龄发生变化 ,在实施猪 -人异种肝移植时应选择与人肝门静脉壁结构成分含量相近的月龄猪作为供体。     

PTEN expression is down‐regulated in liver tissues of rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by biliary stenosis

The gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) codes for a tumor‐suppressor phospholipid phosphatase. Deletion, mutation or abnormal expression of PTEN is commonly found in many kinds of malignant tumors. At the time of this study, though, the role of PTEN expression in the pathology of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the dynamic expression of PTEN in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis, with special emphasis on the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vivo. The rat model of hepatic fibrosis used in this study employed common bile duct ligation. At four time points, the expression of PTEN in hepatic tissues and activated HSC in rat liver tissues was measured by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, real‐time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Further, α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), an activated HSC marker in rat liver tissues, was detected by immunohistochemical staining. This study showed that aggravation of hepatic fibrosis led to gradually decreasing expression of PTEN in the hepatic tissues. Further, as hepatic fibrosis worsens, PTEN‐expressing activated HSC accounts for an increasingly smaller percentage of all activated HSC. In contrast, the percentage of α‐SMA‐expressing HSC cells increases significantly. In conclusion, expression of PTEN mRNA and protein is down‐regulated in fibrogenic rat liver tissue, and its expression in HSC in vivo also decreases with progression of fibrosis. Thus, these results show that the dynamic expression of PTEN in hepatic tissues negatively correlates with activation and proliferation of HSC.     

门静脉高压症患者血浆内源性硫化氢含量的变化和意义

目的:观察血浆内源性硫化氢(H2S)在门静脉高压症不同Child级别患者中的差异及其在门静脉高压症发病中的可能作用。方法:测定2007年9月～2007年12月在我院住院治疗的门静脉高压症患者(23例)和同期体检健康人群(25例)的血浆H2S水平、肝功能、门静脉管径,分析血浆H2S含量差异与门静脉高压症的关系。结果:门静脉高压症患者血浆H2S水平较健康人低;Child不同级别H2S含量存在明显差异,血浆H2S含量与门静脉管径具有负线性相关关系。结论:内源性H2S可能参与门静脉高压症的病理过程。     

A comparative histological and morphometric study of vascular changes in idiopathic portal hypertension and alcoholic fibrosis/cirrhosis

AIM: To examine the pathological changes of hepatic arteries in idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) which is characterized by the obliteration of the intrahepatic portal vein branches and presinusoidal portal hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: Liver specimens (biopsied or surgically resected) from 20 patients with IPH, 20 patients with alcoholic fibrosis/cirrhosis (AF/C) and 20 histologically normal livers were used. The vascular lumina of arterial and venous vessels in portal tracts were morphometrically evaluated by an image analysis system. The ratio of portal venous luminal area to portal tract area (portal venous index) of IPH and that of AF/C were significantly reduced compared with normal liver. The portal venous index for IPH was significantly lower than that for AF/C. The ratio of hepatic arterial luminal area to portal tract area for AF/C was significantly higher than that in normal liver; however, that for IPH was similar to normal. The peribiliary vascular plexus was increased in AF/C but not in IPH. In AF/C, the number of mast cells and macrophages known to be the source of angiogenic substances was significantly increased in the portal tract compared with normal liver, while in IPH it was not increased. CONCLUSIONS: In AF/C, a reduction in portal venous lumen was associated with an increase of hepatic arterial lumen and of angiogenesis-related cells in portal tracts. However, such compensatory arterial changes were not evident in IPH, and this compensatory failure may be a feature of IPH.     

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding May Unmask Didanosine-Associated Portal Hepatopathy in HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients

Abstract

Three HIV individuals with chronic hepatitis C presented with esophageal variceal bleeding. They had mild liver fibrosis and normal liver function tests. All had received didanosine for long periods. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension associated with didanosine may appear in HIV patients without any liver disease or added to chronic hepatitis C.     

门脉高压症肝内门体分流术前后胰高血糖素和胰岛素的变化

肝硬化门脉高压症的患者在行门体分流术前与术后均有高水平的胰高糖素与胰岛素血症。洒文显示，行门体分流术对于外周血胰岛糖血素确有升高的作用，但并不影响外周血的胰岛素水平；并且提示在门脉高压症的发病机制中，胰高血糖素与胰岛素起了一定的作用。     

基于W-Net的肝静脉和肝门静脉全自动分割

基于术前CT影像的肝静脉和肝门静脉分割对于进行肝脏分段具有重要的临床价值。但在肝脏的静脉期CT影像中,肝静脉和肝门静脉的灰度差异很小,血管结构也错综复杂,因此自动提取三维的肝静脉和肝门静脉一直是个难题。为解决此难题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的网络结构W-Net。该结构利用肝静脉和肝门静脉在三维结构上的差异,为全部肝血管和门静脉的提取分别设置损失函数,通过优化两个损失函数的加权和,自动学习全部肝血管和门静脉的三维结构特征,使全部肝血管和肝门静脉均达到优化的提取效果,两者相减即可得到肝静脉。采用公开数据集3Dircadb01中的10组延迟期腹部CT影像用于网络模型构建,另外10组用于测试。结果显示,肝区全部血管Dice系数达到0.715,准确率达到0.970;肝静脉Dice系数达到0.597,准确率达到0.984;肝门静脉Dice系数达到0.608,准确率达到0.970。通过10组临床数据进行测试,所构建的网络均能将肝静脉和肝门静脉有效地分割开。实验结果表明,所提出的方法具有较好的特征提取能力及泛化能力,在公开数据和临床数据中都有较好的表现。     

选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的：探讨选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症临床疗效.方法：我院自2004年8月至2009年8月,采用选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症患者26例.结果：与术前相比,手术后门静脉压力降低22例,升高4例.1例围术期死亡;25例术后获得确切止血效果,治愈出院.25例获1～6 a随访,无再出血发生,无肝性脑病发生,无难治性腹水,部分患者术后肝功能得到不同程度改善,术后食管静脉曲张消失18例、减轻5例,另2例无变化.结论：选择性贲门周围血管离断术是一种治疗门脉高压症安全、合理、最为有效的方法之一.     

肝内型门脉高压症形成中大鼠门静脉零应力状态的变化

用CCl4注射法制备大鼠肝内型门脉高压模型，通过观察门静脉张开角的大小，研究肝内型门脉高压大鼠在模型建立过程中不同时间点门静脉零应力状态的变化。结果发现，在门脉高压症形成中．大鼠门静脉张开角逐渐增大，从CCl4注射第10周起与对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。表明在门脉高压形成过程中，门静脉存在非均匀性生长，门脉高压大鼠门静脉的残余应力和应变大于正常大鼠。