Severity of coronary artery disease in obese patients undergoing coronary angiography: "obesity paradox" revisited

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the existence of an 'obesity paradox' in patients undergoing coronary angiography, i.e., a high body mass Index (BMI) is associated with less severe coronary lesions. We sought to confirm the existence of this phenomenon in the US patient population. METHODS: Study subjects included 770 consecutive patients (470 men, 428 African-Americans, 212 Caucasians) referred for coronary angiography to a tertiary care center. Duke myocardial jeopardy score, a prognostication tool predictive of 1-year mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, was assigned to angiographic data. Patients were classified according to their BMI (kg/m2) as normal (21-24), overweight (25-29), obesity class I (30-34), class II (35-39) and class III (40 or above). RESULTS: Patients in the increasing obesity class had a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia and were more likely to be women. A negative correlation was observed between BMI and age (R = - 0.15 p < 0.001) as well as between BMI and Duke Jeopardy score (r = - 0.07, p < 0.05) indicating that patients with higher BMI were referred for coronary angiography at a younger age, and had a lower coronary artery disease (CAD) burden. BMI was not an independent predictor of coronary lesion severity on multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Obese patients are referred for coronary angiography at an earlier age and have a lower CAD burden lending further credence to the existence of an apparent "obesity paradox". However, obesity per se, after adjustment for comorbidities, is not an independent predictor of severity of coronary artery disease.     

The obesity paradox in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: A meta-analysis

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in survival after initial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with different body mass index (BMI).

Methods

Literature retrieval was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases to obtain the published studies on the survival of STEMI patients with different BMI after initial PCI from the establishment of the database to 2022. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA16.0.

Results

Two hundred thirty-nine studies were retrieved, and 12 studies were eventually included. Meta-analysis showed that overweight patients [OR = 0.66, 95% CI (0.58, 0.76), p < .001] and obese patients [OR = 0.60, 95% CI (0.51, 0.72), p < .001] had lower in-hospital mortality than healthy-weight patients. Overweight patients [OR = 0.66, 95% CI (0.58, 0.74), p < .001] and obese patients [OR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.53, 0.72), p < .001] had lower short-term mortality than healthy-weight patients. In addition, overweight patients [OR = 0.63, 95% CI (0.58, 0.69), p < .001] and obese patients [OR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.52, 0.66), p < .001] also had lower long-term mortality than healthy-weight patients. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.89, 1.27), p > .05], short-term mortality [OR = 1.04, 95% CI (0.89, 1.22), p > .05], and long-term mortality [OR = 1.07, 95% CI (0.95, 1.20), p > .05] between overweight and obese patients.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis confirmed an obesity paradox in STEMI patients following PCI. The obesity paradox exists in in-hospital, short-term, and long-term conditions.     

血浆内脂素在不同体质指数冠心病患者的表达

目的:比较不同体质指数(BMI)冠心病组和对照组之间的血浆内脂素水平,并探讨不同BMI冠心病组内脂素与冠状动脉病变程度的关系.方法:选取59例经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者和49例健康志愿者,分别根据BMI分为非肥胖组(BMI＜25 kg/m2)和肥胖组(BMI≥25 kg/m2).抽血测定内脂素等,并记录冠状动脉病变支数、Gensini积分等.比较不同BMI冠心病组内脂素水平和冠状动脉病变支数、Gensini积分的关系.结果:①冠心病组内脂素明显高于对照组(P<0.01).②非肥胖冠心病组的内脂素、TG、腰围高于非肥胖对照组(P<0.01),肥胖冠心病组的内脂素水平高于肥胖对照组(P<0.01).③非肥胖冠心病组和肥胖冠心病组,随着冠状动脉病变支数的增加,内脂素、Gensini积分逐渐增加(P<0.05,P<0.01).④非肥胖冠心病组和肥胖冠心病组的相关分析发现内脂素和冠状动脉病变支数(r1=0.513,P1=0.012;r2=0.607,P2<0.01)、Gensini积分(r1=0.576,P1=0.004;r2=0.716,P2<0.01)呈正相关.结论:冠心病组的内脂素明显高于对照组,肥胖冠心病组内脂素升高的更明显,不同BMI冠心病患者血浆内脂素与冠状动脉病变支数、Gensini积分均呈正相关,内脂素可能是冠心病发生的危险因素.     

Abdominal diameter index: a more powerful anthropometric measure for prevalent coronary heart disease risk in adult males

AIM: The authors wished to compare the strength of association of several anthropometric measures of body size and fat distribution among themselves and in comparison with other known risk factors for prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Prevalent CHD was assessed in 466 middle-aged, male, multiracial Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority officers in New York City by verified history, electrocardiogram or exercise stress test. Anthropometric measures included body mass index, waist, hip and thigh circumferences, waist-hip ratio, waist-thigh ratio, sagittal abdominal diameter and abdominal diameter index (sagittal abdominal diameter/thigh circumference). Results were compared with other CHD risk factors measured simultaneously (history of diabetes, smoking, blood pressure, lipid profile, apolipoproteins A and B, lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, fibrinogen, urinary microalbumin, serum vitamin E and ferritin) and a calculated 10-year CHD risk using a Framingham algorithm (10-year Framingham CHD risk). RESULTS: CHD was found in 29 individuals. Of the six anthropometric measures, abdominal diameter index gave the largest and most significant standardized odds ratio (OR) for CHD [1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20, 2.71], equivalent to 10-year Framingham CHD risk. Men in the highest compared with the lowest tertile of abdominal diameter index had a univariate OR of 5.47 (95% CI 1.55, 19.28) which was the only anthropometric measure that remained significant after adjusting for 10-year Framingham CHD risk. CONCLUSIONS: For middle-aged American men, abdominal diameter index may be the most powerful anthropometric measure of risk for prevalent CHD.     

Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study

Abstract. Noda H, Iso H, Irie F, Sairenchi T, Ohtaka E, Ohta H (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ibaraki Prefectural Office, Ibaraki; Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi; Ibaraki Health Service Association, Ibaraki; Japan). Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. J Intern Med 2010; 267 :576–587. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine whether LDL cholesterol raises the risk of coronary heart disease in a dose–response fashion in a population with low LDL‐cholesterol levels. Design. Population‐based prospective cohort study in Japan. Subjects and main outcome measures. A total of 30 802 men and 60 417 women, aged 40 to 79 years with no history of stroke or coronary heart disease, completed a baseline risk factor survey in 1993. Systematic mortality surveillance was performed through 2003 and 539 coronary heart disease deaths were identified. Results. The mean values for LDL‐cholesterol were 110.5 mg dL^?1 (2.86 mmol L^?1) for men and 123.9 mg dL^?1 (3.20 mmol L^?1) for women. Men with LDL‐cholesterol ≥140 mg dL^?1 (≥3.62 mmol L^?1) had two‐fold higher age‐adjusted risk of mortality from coronary heart disease than did those with LDL‐cholesterol <80 mg dL^?1 (<2.06 mmol L^?1), whereas no such association for women was found. The multivariable hazard ratio for the highest versus lowest categories of LDL‐cholesterol was 2.06 (95 percent confidence interval: 1.34 to 3.17) for men and 1.16 (0.64 to 2.12) for women. Conclusion. Higher concentrations of LDL‐cholesterol were associated with an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease for men, but not for women, in a low cholesterol population.     

Genetic association studies of obesity in Africa: a systematic review

Obesity is increasing in Africa, but the underlying genetic background largely remains unknown. We assessed existing evidence on genetic determinants of obesity among populations within Africa. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched and the bibliographies of retrieved articles were examined. Included studies had to report on the association of a genetic marker with obesity indices and the presence/occurrence of obesity/obesity trait. Data were extracted on study design and characteristics, genetic determinants and effect estimates of associations with obesity indices. According to this data, over 300 polymorphisms in 42 genes have been studied in various population groups within Africa mostly through the candidate gene approach. Polymorphisms in genes such as ACE, ADIPOQ, ADRB2, AGRP, AR, CAPN10, CD36, C7orf31, DRD4, FTO, MC3R, MC4R, SGIP1 and LEP were found to be associated with various measures of obesity. Of the 36 polymorphisms previously validated by genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) elsewhere, only FTO and MC4R polymorphisms showed significant associations with obesity in black South Africans, Nigerians and Ghanaians. However, these data are insufficient to establish the true nature of genetic susceptibility to obesity in populations within Africa. There has been recent progress in describing the genetic architecture of obesity among populations within Africa. This effort needs to be sustained via GWAS studies.     

Body mass index and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women.

AIMS: Prospective epidemiological studies demonstrate an increase in coronary heart disease mortality in women beginning at values of body mass index > or = 22 kg. m(-2). However, the metabolic basis for this observation has not been adequately studied in women. Our aim was to examine the association between body mass index, metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors and a predicted 10-year coronary heart disease risk score in a large occupational cohort of women in the U.K. METHODS AND RESULTS: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular risk factors in 14 077 women, aged 30-64 years. The main outcome measures were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a), fasting blood glucose and a predicted 10-year coronary risk score. Across seven categories of body mass index, i.e. < 20, 20-, 22-, 24-, 26-, 28- and > or = 30 kg. m(-2), there were highly significant age-adjusted increases in the risk factors (all P < 0.001), except for a decrease in HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 (all P<0.001) and no relationship with lipoprotein(a) (P = 0.05). Based on a multifactorial 10-year coronary heart disease risk estimate, odds ratios for being in the highest quintile of risk for each category of body mass index, were 1 (< 20 kg. m(-2)), 0.91, 1.56, 2.18, 2.97, 3.83 and 4.21 (> or = 30 kg. m(-2)). CONCLUSION: The significant rise in metabolic coronary heart disease risk at 22 kg. m(-2)observed in this study is consistent with prospective epidemiological studies in women which have reported an increase in coronary heart disease mortality starting at 22 kg. m(-2). However, body mass index was a poor discriminator of women at different levels of coronary heart disease risk. The primary goal of weight loss in individuals should be the correction of dysmetabolism, irrespective of the level of body mass index.     

Management of coronary heart disease in the elderly

The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) increases rapidly with advancing age and remains the major cause of death among elderly Americans. The number of elderly has doubled in the last 30 years and is projected to continue growing at more than twice the rate of the general population. The resources required in managing CHD in this population will reach astronomical levels during the next few decades and will severely tax our ability to provide adequate medical care to all citizens, unless cost effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are developed which do not severely compromise health care. Risk factors for CHD should be identified and modified as early in life as possible. Modification of risk factors begun at advanced age appears to confer benefit, however. Anti-ischemic drug therapy is the treatment of choice for patients with mild or moderate stable angina. Select elderly may be willing to accept the increased risks of coronary revascularization to achieve relief from debilitating angina or prolongation of life. Physicians must use care in planning diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Quality of life and independence are often more important considerations than longevity in this age group.     

肺心病合并冠心病心电图分析

目的探讨肺心病合并冠心病心电图的特点。方法回顾我院住院病例选择肺心病和肺心病合并冠心病各120例均行同步十二导联心电图检查,必要时进行24 h动态心电图检查对比心电图的变化。结果肺心病合并冠心病组(合并组)比肺心病组心电图改变明显,两者有显著差异结论心电图及动态心电图的某些特殊改变能提示肺心病合并冠心病。     

The burden of cardiovascular disease associated with high body mass index in the Asia–Pacific region

Studying obesity in the Asia–Pacific region is difficult because of the diverse ethnic background and different stages of economic and nutrition transition. The burden of cardiovascular disease associated with overweight (defined as body mass index ≥25 kg m^?2) was previously estimated for countries within the region. However, using the conventional cut‐point of 25 kg m^?2 ignores the continuous association between body mass index and cardiovascular disease from approximately 20 kg m^?2. By estimating the proportion of cardiovascular disease that would be prevented if the theoretical mean body mass index in the population was shifted to 21 kg m^?2, nationally representative data from 15 countries suggested the population attributable fractions for cardiovascular disease were approximately three times higher than the previous estimates. Coronary heart disease attributable to body mass index other than 21 kg m^?2 ranged from 2% in India to 58% in American Samoa. Similarly, the population attributable fraction for ischaemic stroke ranged from 3% in India to 64% in American Samoa. If cardiovascular risk increases from 21 kg m^?2 applies to all populations, most countries in the region will need to aim towards substantially reducing their current population mean body mass index in order to lower the burden of cardiovascular disease associated with excess weight.     

Reduction in coronary heart disease: clinical and anatomical considerations

Coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction have relieved symptoms, preserved myocardium, and prolonged life but have not modified the progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. In the last 10 years, however, progress has been made in establishing the cholesterol-atherogenesis hypothesis. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the higher the total plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the greater the risk that coronary artery disease will develop. Recently, clinical trials including the Coronary Drug Project, the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT), and the Helsinki Heart Study provided evidence that lowering cholesterol reduces the frequency of fatal and nonfatal coronary events. In addition, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Type II Coronary Intervention Study and the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study demonstrated that lowering of cholesterol was associated with a decreased incidence of progression of coronary disease, as well as with the potential for reduction in the atherosclerotic plaque. Beneficial effects of diet and lifestyle changes also have an important effect on atherosclerosis. The impact of lowering cholesterol has been limited primarily by pharmacologic programs which lower cholesterol only 10-20% and are associated with a high incidence of intolerable side effects. With the recent introduction of the HmG co-A reductase inhibitors and their more profound effect on serum lipids, it may be possible to further promote plaque regression. The future of all these interventions, however, must still be assessed by overall mortality; studies to date have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular mortality but age-adjusted total mortality has remained unchanged. Future management of patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease will involve a collaboration of cardiologists, endocrinologists, and epidemiologists to coordinate screening, recognition, and treatment of this disease.     

Cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality

The epidemiological relation between increased levels of blood cholesterol and increased risk of future heart disease is clear, both within and between countries. These strong relationships have led to the adoption of consensus statements in most countries which recommend measures such as the reduction of dietary saturated fat/an increase in the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio and other dietary and sometimes drug methods to reduce serum cholesterol. There is controversy as to whether these measures should be targeted at individuals with high levels of cholesterol or whether there should be a public health approach to the whole population. The public and medical debate has become more heated since the data from intervention trials are conflicting. Taken overall the trials do appear to show reduction in risk of coronary which is stronger for non fatal, compared with fatal coronary events. Meta analysis suggests that increasing benefit accrues from larger reductions and also longer reductions in cholesterol by intervention. However, individual trials frequently show variable results and some, especially the recent 15 year follow up of a Finnish five year intervention (by diet, cholesterol lowering and blood pressure lowering drugs) was strikingly adverse—although the total number of events was not large. Total mortality is much harder to influence and the sum of the available trials is hopelessly inadequate in size to address these questions. As a result confusion abounds and is unlikely to be clarified by the present on going trials. The need for more data is clear. The pilot study for the Oxford Cholesterol Study will be presented as a prelude for a proposed main study in about 20 000 high risk individuals.     

The obesity paradox for outcomes in atrial fibrillation: Evidence from an exposure‐effect analysis of prospective studies

The impact of obesity on the prognosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains controversial. We conducted an exposure‐effect meta‐analysis of prospective studies to clarify the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in patients with AF. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched through May 1, 2019. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated using random‐effects models. Nonlinear associations were explored using restricted cubic spline models. Twenty publications involving 161,922 individuals were included. Categorical variable analysis showed that underweight was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality (RR: 2.6), cardiovascular death (RR: 2.91), major bleeding (RR: 1.57), stroke or systemic embolism (RR: 1.62), and a composite endpoint (RR: 2.23). In exposure‐effect analysis, the risk per 5 BMI increase was reduced for adverse outcomes (RR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.80‐0.92 for all‐cause death; RR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.71‐0.95 for cardiovascular death; RR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.84‐0.95 for stroke or systemic embolism; and RR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.67‐0.92 for a composite endpoint). There was a significant “U”‐shaped exposure‐effect relationship with all‐cause death, and the nadir of the curve was observed at a BMI of approximately 28. Our results showed that underweight is associated with a worse prognosis, but that overweight and obesity are associated with improved adverse outcomes in patients with AF.     

脉压指数联合动脉硬化指数对冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的预测价值

[目的]探讨脉压指数(PPI)联合动脉硬化指数(AI)对冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的预测价值。[方法]选取2019年1月—10月在佛山市中医院经冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查诊断为冠心病的150例患者,分为单支组(36例)、双支组(49例)、三支组(65例);同期行CAG后排除冠心病的患者50例纳入对照组。冠心病分型：稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者37例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者42例、急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者35例、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者36例。比较各组PPI、AI水平差异,并分析冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的影响因素。Gensini评分与PPI、AI水平的相关性采用Pearson分析。PPI、AI预测冠状动脉病变严重程度的效能采用ROC曲线分析。[结果]单支组、双支组及三支组PPI、AI水平依次增加(P<0.05)。SAP组、UAP组、NSTEMI组及STEMI组PPI、AI水平相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PPI、AI均与Gensini评分存在正相关(r=0.561、r=0.629,均P=0.000)。多因素Logi...     

From the Cover: Revealing the burden of obesity using weight histories

Analyses of the relation between obesity and mortality typically evaluate risk with respect to weight recorded at a single point in time. As a consequence, there is generally no distinction made between nonobese individuals who were never obese and nonobese individuals who were formerly obese and lost weight. We introduce additional data on an individual’s maximum attained weight and investigate four models that represent different combinations of weight at survey and maximum weight. We use data from the 1988–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, linked to death records through 2011, to estimate parameters of these models. We find that the most successful models use data on maximum weight, and the worst-performing model uses only data on weight at survey. We show that the disparity in predictive power between these models is related to exceptionally high mortality among those who have lost weight, with the normal-weight category being particularly susceptible to distortions arising from weight loss. These distortions make overweight and obesity appear less harmful by obscuring the benefits of remaining never obese. Because most previous studies are based on body mass index at survey, it is likely that the effects of excess weight on US mortality have been consistently underestimated.Most studies of the mortality risks of obesity are based on a snapshot. Body mass index (BMI) is recorded once, at the time of the survey, and individuals are followed forward from that point (1–19). As a consequence, there is generally no distinction made between nonobese individuals who were never obese and nonobese individuals who were obese in the past and lost weight. This distinction would be important if individuals who were formerly obese were at higher risk than never-obese individuals. Evidence from the prior literature suggests that such a pattern may exist for at least the following reasons.First, the effects of obesity may not be felt instantaneously but manifest themselves over time and cumulatively. When multiple observations of BMI in the course of life are introduced into a research design to study mortality, they each have predictive value (20). Similarly, mortality has been shown to be a positive function of the duration of obesity (20–22).The second reason is that illness can cause weight loss through loss of appetite or increased metabolic demands. This relationship may explain why weight losers have been found to have high mortality in a number of studies (20, 23–25). The role of obesity in initiating disease may be obscured or erased altogether in cross-sectional accounts of weight and height that fail to address illness-associated weight loss (26). This type of bias, referred to as confounding by illness or reverse causation, has frequently been cited as a serious obstacle to obtaining unbiased estimates of the association between obesity and mortality (27–37). In contrast, evidence for the occurrence of such bias is said to be weak and inconsistent by other researchers (38–40).One common strategy for reducing bias from reverse causation is to delay the beginning of analysis until several years after baseline because the bias from reverse causation is thought to be most severe in the early years after survey collection (28, 31). A second strategy is to exclude people with certain chronic conditions at baseline (28). The first approach has produced inconsistent effects (41–43) and may be inadequate in light of evidence that weight loss often begins many years before death (44). A limitation of the second approach is that it fails to capture undiagnosed or subclinical illnesses (44). Both strategies eliminate large proportions of observations, thereby reducing power and the external validity of results (45). Finally, both approaches risk eliminating observations in which disease is a product of obesity itself, producing a classic instance of “overadjustment bias” (46).A recently developed approach that avoids these pitfalls is to replace BMI at survey with one’s maximum historical BMI. Because lifetime maximum BMI is unaffected by disease-associated weight loss, no subjects and no years of exposure need to be excluded to minimize the effects of reverse causality (47).In this article, we formally investigate the performance of various models of the mortality risks of obesity. We use model selection criteria to compare the conventional approach, based on BMI at the time of survey, with alternative models that introduce a central feature of weight history: an individual’s maximum weight. These alternative models address reverse causality and represent enduring effects of past obesity status. We attempt to understand why some models perform better than others by examining age-standardized death rates and by investigating how disease profiles and mortality rates vary across combinations of maximum and survey weight.     

冠心病患者冠脉动脉病变严重程度与心率震荡斜率相关

目的评价冠心病与心率震荡、心率变异的关系。方法对20例经冠脉造影术确诊的冠心病患者,20例高血压患者（经冠脉造影术排除冠心病）与20例正常体检者进行心率变异指标和心率震荡参数比较。并对冠脉病变与各项指标进行线性回归分析,进一步评价心率变异、心率震荡指标与冠脉病变程度的相关性。结果冠心病患者组心率变异指标SDNN（100±7）ms、SDNNI（39±3）ms和心率震荡参数TS（3.0±2.3）均低于正常体检组的SDNN（131±6）ms、SDNNI（53±3）ms、TS（6.7±1.3）（P<0.01）,而高血压患者组仅SDNN（109±6）ms、SDNNI（44±3）ms低于正常体检组（P<0.05）;研究还发现冠心病组TS（3.0±2.3）低于高血压组TS（6.0±1.6）（P<0.01）。对冠脉病变与各项检测指标进行线性回归分析后发现,TS与冠脉的狭窄程度呈负相关（r=-0.61,P<0.01）,与冠脉病变评分呈负相关（r=-0.462,P<0.05）。将冠脉按照病变程度进行分组发现,冠状动脉病变狭窄程度≥50%的TS值显著变小（P<0.01）,多支病变的TS明显变小（P<0.05）,冠脉病变评分高于10分组TS值显著变小（P<0.05）。结论冠心病患者的心率震荡参数TS显著减小,并且TS与冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度有一定相关性。     

Report: Association of coronary artery disease and valvular heart disease in chile

This study analyzes the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (VHD) in Chile. Coronary angiography was performed in all patients referred to cardiac catheterization with VHD who were over age 50 years and who had angina or ECG signs of ischemia. A total of 100 patients entered the study. Significant CAD (greater than 50% obstruction) was found in 14% of the cases: 7% in patients with mitral valve disease (MVD), 18% in aortic valve disease (AVD), and 21% in combined mitral and aortic valve disease (MAVD). Angina was present in 14% of the patients with MVD, 63% with AVD, and 53% with MAVD. Only 57% of patients with CAD had angina pectoris; 20% with angina had CAD. Hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction were not correlated with the presence or absence of CAD. We conclude that in patients with valvular heart disease, the incidence of CAD is lower in Chile than previously reported in the English literature. We confirmed the fact that angina is often not associated with CAD, and that CAD is often present in the absence of angina.     

The obesity paradox in men with coronary heart disease and heart failure: The role of muscle mass and leptin

Aims

We have investigated the role of muscle mass, natriuretic peptides and adipokines in explaining the obesity paradox.

Background

The obesity paradox relates to the association between obesity and increased survival in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) or heart failure (HF).

Methods

Prospective study of 4046 men aged 60–79 years followed up for a mean period of 11 years, during which 1340 deaths occurred. The men were divided according to the presence of doctor diagnosed CHD and HF: (i) no CHD or HF ii), with CHD (no HF) and (iii) with HF.

Results

Overweight (BMI 25–9.9 kg/m²) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) were associated with lower mortality risk compared to men with normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²) in those with CHD [hazards ratio (HR) 0.71 (0.56,0.91) and 0.77 (0.57,1.04); p = 0.04 for trend] and in those with HF [HR 0.57 (0.28,1.16) and 0.41 (0.16,1.09; p = 0.04 for trend). Adjustment for muscle mass and NT-proBNP attenuated the inverse association in those with CHD (no HF) [HR 0.78 (0.61,1.01) and 0.96 (0.68,1.36) p = 0.60 for trend) but made minor differences to those with HF [p = 0.05]. Leptin related positively to mortality in men without HF but inversely to mortality in those with HF; adjustment for leptin abolished the BMI mortality association in men with HF [HR 0.82 (0.31,2.20) and 0.99 (0.27,3.71); p = 0.98 for trend].

Conclusion

The lower mortality risk associated with excess weight in men with CHD without HF may be due to higher muscle mass. In men with HF, leptin (possibly reflecting cachexia) explain the inverse association.     

老年人冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

随着我国逐渐步入老龄化社会,老年冠心病患者的人数日益增加。相对于非老年群体,老年冠心病患者心血管事件的危险因素更多,冠状动脉介入治疗术后的血栓和出血风险更大,因此老年冠心病患者的冠心病介入治疗需要得到更多的关注。本文回顾了老年冠心病患者接受冠状动脉介入治疗的相关进展,并提出老年冠心病介入治疗工作的改进建议。