单侧液压脑损伤对大鼠双侧海马GFAP表达和CA1区突触传递的影响

目的研究单侧液压脑损伤(FPI)对大鼠双侧海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达和CA1区突触传递的影响。方法建立大鼠单侧液压脑损伤模型,脑标本分为对照组(包括正常对照和假手术对照)、FPI损伤同侧组和FPI损伤对侧组。免疫组化法检测海马水平切片GFAP表达,对海马CA1区锥体神经元进行细胞内记录。结果FPI大鼠双侧海马齿状回门区和CA1区GFAP表达均比对照组明显增强。FPI损伤同侧组兴奋性输入-输出关系曲线的斜率比其他两组显著增大(P<0.05);FPI损伤同侧组和对侧组双脉冲易化(PPF)比值和抑制性突触后电位(IPSP)幅值均比对照组显著减小(P<0.05);FPI损伤同侧组和对侧组双脉冲抑制(PPD)比值均比对照组显著增大(P<0.05)。结论大鼠单侧液压脑损伤对双侧海马均可产生影响,导致双侧海马CA1区兴奋性突触传递增强,抑制性突触传递减弱。     

颞叶癫痫大鼠病灶脑电的混沌特性

目的以相关维数(Dc)作为主要指标研究Wistar大鼠癫痫病灶脑电生理活动的混沌特性。方法15只健康Wistar雌性大鼠,体质量为210～260g,选择其中10只制备慢性癫痫模型作为实验组;另5只健康Wistar雌性大鼠为正常对照组。采用动态脑电图仪测量大鼠的脑电波波形,量化记录正常对照组和癫痫实验组大鼠的脑电生理活动,以G-P法计算不同状态下的相关维数,并用相关维数来表示相对应的大脑功能。对组间及组内两侧相关维数的比较进行统计学处理。结果对照组大鼠的相关维数值为6～8,而实验组大鼠在病灶处的相关维数值为2～6,组间相关维数分布范围差异具有显著性意义(P<0.01);对照组与实验组大鼠左右两侧相关维数的比较,则差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05)。结论正常大鼠与癫痫大鼠的大脑功能状态有所不同,正常大鼠的脑电生理活动复杂程度高于癫痫大鼠。     

双侧钉棒及同侧单钉棒置入内固定的生物力学比较

背景：腰椎失稳、腰椎滑脱等腰椎退行性疾病常常需要实施腰椎融合,其目标是稳定脊柱,但究竟采取何种内固定方式仍存在争论。 目的：比较单侧与双侧经椎间孔减压椎体间融合治疗腰椎退行性病变的生物力学差异。 方法：人新鲜尸体腰椎标本6具,L4~5模拟微创经椎间孔减压椎体间融合,根据不同的内固定组合方式分为2组,即双侧钉棒组及同侧单钉棒组。在生物力学试验机上测量各种固定方式不同工况下的运动范围(ROM值),并进行比较。 结果与结论：以完整的腰椎运动单元为参照,两固定组的ROM值均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。其中双侧钉棒组在各工况下ROM值均显著低于同侧单钉棒组(P < 0.05)。提示在生物力学实验中,单侧椎弓根螺钉固定椎间融合生物力学性能优良,刚度适中,腰椎可获得可靠的稳定性。但与双侧钉棒固定比较,单钉棒方式仍然存在差距。     

正常国人双侧大脑中动脉分叉角度测量及脑动脉瘤形成、发展因素的相关性研究

目的测量双侧大脑中动脉M1分叉角度,探讨其正常值范围及与年龄和性别的相关性研究,分析脑动脉瘤形成、发展因素的相关性。方法以40例大脑中动脉动脉瘤组及195例对照组的MRA资料为研究对象,进行双侧大脑中动脉分叉角度测量,结果采用百分比法和Correlation相关性分析,统计95%可信区间以及夹角和性别、年龄及侧别的相关性。结果因为所测夹角数据呈非正态分布,故采用百分位数法计算95%正常值范围。男性左侧MCA夹角58.52~128.40°,男性右侧MCA夹角60.20~132.20°;女性左侧MCA夹角51.63~127.50°,女性右侧MCA夹角65.38~155.38°;Correlation相关性分析结果:双侧MCA夹角(左侧MCA夹角56.90~128.00°;右侧MCA夹角62.00~144.00°)(r=0.321,p=0.000)差异有统计学意义。秩和检验双侧MCA夹角有差异(Z=-2.641,P=0.008)。MCA夹角与年龄之间为正相关(左右侧r分别为0.248、0.210,P<0.01);与性别之间无相关性(左右侧r分别为0.135、0.085,P>0.05)。动脉瘤组和对照组秩和检验显示动脉瘤组夹角和对照组夹角间有显著差异(左右侧Z值分别为-6.357、-7.452,P<0.01),含有动脉瘤的分叉角度明显高于对照组的分叉角度。结论 MCA夹角与年龄有关,呈正相关,年龄越大,夹角有增大趋势;与性别无相关性。左侧MCA夹角大于右侧MCA夹角。动脉分叉角度对分叉部动脉瘤的检出及预测具有重要参考价值。     

不同疗效广泛性焦虑障碍患者大脑半球间功能连接差异的功能磁共振研究

目的:探讨广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)患者大脑半球间功能连接变化特征,以及这些变化与疗效之间的相关性。方法:使用1.5 T磁共振扫描仪,比较38例经艾司西酞普兰治疗8周后的GAD患者(GAD组)及30名性别、年龄、教育程度相匹配的健康对照者(正常对照组)的基于体素镜像同伦连接(VMHC)值;同时比较痊愈患者(n=13)及非痊愈患者(n=25)VMHC值;运用DEPASF 4.3 Advanced Edition软件处理数据进行全脑VMHC比较,并分析相关因素。结果:GAD患者的双侧颞中回、双侧中央前回、双侧枕中叶VMHC降低(P0.05,Alphasim校正);GAD患者双侧小脑6区,双侧前扣带和旁扣带脑回VMHC值与基线汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分负相关,双侧眶内额上回VMHC值与病程负相关(P0.05,Alphasim校正);痊愈组的双侧颞下回VMHC值显著高于非痊愈组(P0.05,Alphasim校正)。结论:GAD患者在颞叶、额叶、部分枕叶存在双侧大脑半球间功能连接异常,两侧颞下回大脑半球间高功能连接预示艾司西酞普兰有较好的8周末疗效。     

年龄、性别、糖尿病史对脑葡萄糖标准化摄取最大值和标准化代谢率的影响

目的 研究年龄、性别、糖尿病史对脑葡萄糖代谢标准化摄取最大值(SUVmax)及标准化代谢率(SCMR)的影响. 方法 选取自2006年5月至2010年11月在南京军区南京总医院核医学科行PET-CT脑代谢体检的健康志愿者79例,采用感兴趣区法分别测量双侧大脑、小脑各13个感兴趣区(左右侧a1、a2、m1、m2、m3、m4、m5、m6、in、cs、p1、p2、ce)的SUVmax值,通过计算左侧感兴趣区SUVmax值/右侧相应感兴趣区SUVmax值得到SCMR值.对受检者进行分层分析,分为男性组(45例)和女性组(34例),＜40岁组(33例)、40～49岁组(21例)和≥50岁(25例),糖尿病组(26例)和非糖尿病组(53例),探讨不同年龄段、不同性别、有无糖尿病史对SUVmax值和SCMR值的影响. 结果 受检者左右侧间各相应感兴趣区的SUVmax值比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),左右侧半球中各感兴趣区间SUVmax值比较差异有统计学意义(左侧:F=14.280,P=0.000;右侧:F=14.680,P=0.000).女性左右侧m1感兴趣区的SUVmax值明显低于男性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).不同年龄组间左右侧各感兴趣区的SUVmax值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).糖尿病组左侧a1、右侧a1、左侧a2、右侧a2、右侧m2、左侧m3、左侧m4、右侧m4、左侧p1、右侧p1、左侧p2、右侧p2、左侧cs、右侧cs、左侧in、右侧in、左侧ce、右侧ce共18个感兴趣区的SUVmax值低于非糖尿病组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但经标准化处理后,不同性别、不同年龄段、有无糖尿病组间各感兴趣区的SCMR值比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 SUVmax值受年龄、性别、糖尿病史等因素的影响,而应用SCMR值可以消除上述因素的影响,为不同研究或不同个体之间的比较提供一个可靠的研究指标.     

双侧杏仁核同时点燃建立复杂部分性癫(疒间)模型的实验研究

目的观察双侧杏仁核同时点燃时疒间性发作的特点及出现时间,并探讨其机制。方法将40只成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机平均分为两组:双侧杏仁核同时点燃组(BK组)和单侧杏仁核点燃组(UK组)。在28d时间内,按照Goddard方法将大鼠点燃,并对结果进行对比分析。结果BK组所有大鼠在平均20.9次刺激后均出现Ⅴ级惊厥发作,点燃成功率100%,其中12只大鼠显示有自发性疒间性放电;UK组大鼠12只完全点燃,点燃成功率为60%,平均刺激次数为8.9次。两组相比双侧杏仁核点燃法可显著提高大鼠点燃成功率(P<0.01),但点燃时间明显延迟(P<0.01)。结论双侧杏仁核同时点燃可显著提高点燃成功率,并明显延缓点燃成功时间,可能与双侧点燃时神经元兴奋和抑制机制都显著增强有关。BK对点燃的致疒间机制和抗疒间药物的筛选研究提供了一种更为先进的动物模型。     

脑血管病变与阿尔茨海默病关系的病例对照研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病与经头部CT证实的脑血管病变、白质病变的可能关系。方法选择60例阿尔茨海默病患者及84例年龄、性别与之相匹配的认知功能正常老年人,采用盲法分析临床诊断前3～5年的头部CT资料,调查头部CT显示的各种脑血管病变;对白质病变进行分区评分(评分等级为0～3分),并将双侧额区、顶枕区、颞区及幕下共8个区域的总和作为白质病变总评分;测量钩间距、双侧侧裂宽度、第三脑室宽度、哈氏值、脑室指数和侧脑室体部指数,以反映脑萎缩和脑室扩大的程度。结果CT资料显示,阿尔茨海默病组患者存在明显的脑血管病变、白质病变、脑萎缩和脑室系统扩大;正常对照组有脑血管病变者15例(17.86%),阿尔茨海默病组33例(55.00%),单因素分析组间差异有高度统计学意义(P=0.0001)。两组白质病变均以双侧额区和顶枕区评分居高,双侧颞区和幕下评分较低;白质病变总评分、双侧额区及左侧顶枕区白质病变评分,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组钩间距、双侧侧裂宽度、第三脑室宽度及侧脑室体部指数,组间差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05);但哈氏值、脑室指数,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素分析显示,考虑白质病变总评分时,脑血管病变、第三脑室宽度和钩间距与阿尔茨海默病有关(OR=3.222,1.507,1.271;95%CI:1.199～8.689,1.197～1.897和1.093～1.476);考虑不同部位白质病变评分时,脑血管病变、左侧额区白质病变评分、第三脑室宽度和钩间距与阿尔茨海默病有关(OR=2.876,1.744,1.548和1.268;95%CI:1.048～7.895,1.021～2.978,1.221～1.962和1.091～1.473);其中第三脑室宽度和钩间距OR值变化不明显。双侧侧裂宽度和侧脑室体部指数与阿尔茨海默病无关。剔除年龄和脑萎缩等影响因素后,多因素分析显示脑血管病变、左侧额区白质病变评分与阿尔茨海默病显著相关。结论阿尔茨海默病患者的脑血管病变和白质病变均可能促进阿尔茨海默病的发生和发展。控制脑血管疾病,减轻白质病变程度,将有助于阿尔茨海默病的防治。     

乙烯雌酚诱发大鼠泌乳素腺瘤动物模型的建立

目的 建立大鼠泌乳素腺瘤动物模型，观察大鼠不同性别、用药时间和去势等因素对其发生的影响。方法 将Wistar大鼠分为注射乙烯雌酚(DES)的雌性鼠试验组、去势鼠试验组和雄性鼠试验组，每组内设对照组。分别于第2，4，8和12周时观察大鼠脑垂体重量及血清泌乳素(PRL)水平和垂体组织病理学改变。结果 雌性组和去势组8周时大鼠均形成腺瘤，血清PRL水平达高峰。雄性组12周时大鼠均形成腺瘤，PRL水平和垂体重量随着DES作用时间的延长而持续增高。结论 腹腔注射DES可以引起Wistar大鼠泌乳素腺瘤的形成，是一种制作简便、可靠的动物模型，大鼠性别、是否去势对其形成无明显影响。     

颈髓电刺激增加脑血流的作用机制研究(英文)

目的尽管颈髓电刺激(SCS)在许多动物实验中已被证实能增加脑血流,但其作用机理还不甚明了。本文将从脑血管的交感和副交感通路方面探讨SCS对脑血流的影响机理。方法对SD大鼠给予SCS并用激光多普勒(LDF)实时记录脑血流。动物分成5 组,对照组:不对神经纤维和神经节作任何手术处理;V1 组:切断双侧鼻睫状神经及其副交感节后纤维;SCS组:切断双侧颈上神经节;V1 SCG:切断双侧鼻睫状神经及其副交感节后纤维及双侧颈上神经节;假手术组:手术暴露双侧鼻睫状神经和其副交感节后纤维及双侧颈上神经节,但不切断神经纤维或神经节。结果SCS时的LDF变化在对照组、V1和SCG 组间没有显著性差异。但在V1 SCG组中,SCS的升脑血流效应却被明显抑制了。结论SCS的升脑血流效应可能是通过交感和副交感双重通路实现的。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.