Antisperm Antibodies on the Surface of Spermatozoa before＇Ejaculation from Vasectomized Men

The antisperm antibodies (AsAbs) coated on spermatozoa of the proximal vas deferens (sperm before ejaculation, SBE) from 48 fertile men who were volunteers of vasectomy and 24 vasectomized men who asked for vasovasotomy,were determined by immunobead test (IBT) and sperm cervical mucus contact test (SCMC). The results showed that in fertile men there were no positive sam ples of SBE in IBT and SCMC. In vasectomized men positive samples of SBE were found in 79.4% for IgG, 38.2% for IgA and 35.5% for SCMC. The AsAbs on SBE could be found at the time of less than one year to more than 3 years after vasectomy. The AsAbs were still found on the semen samples at 1-3 months after vasovasotomy. Our results also indicated that the incidence of AsAbs on SBE from vasectomized men could not predict the levels of AsAbs on their ejaculated sperm after vasovasotomy. There was no significant correlation between the levels of AsAbs in serium before vasovasotomy and those on SBE from vasectomized men.     

Postvasectomy pregnancy (Letter)

The case of a woman who became pregnant 3 months after her husband had undergone vasectomy is presented. The sperm count at the time of her pregnancy was 200,000/mL. A man is considered fertile if any motile sperm are present in the ejaculate. The rate of disappearnce of sperm after vasectomy varies, and a transient reappearance of sperm is possible. The patient should not be declared sterile before he has produced 2 sperm-free specimens, the 2nd one at least 4 months after the vasectomy.     

输精管结扎家兔抗精子抗体变化的实验研究

本实验应用间接血凝试验(IHT)和间接免疫荧光(IIF)两种方法,测定了33只输精管结扎的家兔血清抗精子抗体。IHT检测结果表明,23例检出抗精子抗体,阳性率为69.7％,效价范围为1∶5～1∶1280,抗体效价几何均数的峰值(1:174.5)出现于结扎后第11个月。IIF检测结果显示,30例检出抗精子抗体,占90.9％,其中9例为一过性。对照组两种方法的检测结果均为阴性。输精管结扎后第4个月起开始检出抗精子抗体,此后阳性率逐月增加,第7～12个月波动于45～72％的范围内。比较两种试验结果发现,二者有显著的一致性     

Vasectomy report--What it said and didn't say

At the 1972 Transfusion Congress, Henry and Choi reported that nine out of 12 vasectomized men in their series demonstrated the presence of antibodies that were cross reactive with HL-A antigen. These cytotoxic antibodies can occur independent of sperm agglutinating antibodies. Sera from the nine men demonstrated HL-A specificity or cross reactivity to HL-A antigens as shown by their reaction to a panel of lymphocytes specifically typed for HL-A antigen. They did not show any significant reaction to their own lymphocytes. The results do not indicate that vasectomy should be stopped or that vasectomized men are likely candidates for multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or autoimmune disease.     

输精管结扎对大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨输精管结扎对睾丸曲细精管生精细胞凋亡程度的影响，应用流式细胞仪和脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记（ＴＵＮＥＬ）技术，检测大鼠输精管结扎和假手术后２～１２周睾丸生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果：流式细胞仪检测发现结扎组的亚单倍体峰增高，亚单倍体细胞百分率升高；ＴＵＮＥＬ法则显示结扎后总的生精细胞凋亡数较假手术后明显增加（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结扎后不同时间组与同期假手术组比较，２周、６周、１０周组精原细胞和初级精母细胞凋亡数前者均高于后者（Ｐ均＜０．０５），１２周组精原细胞凋亡数前者高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果表明输精管结扎会导致生精细胞凋亡增加。     

输精管结扎对大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨输精管结扎对睾丸曲精管生精细胞凋亡程度的影响，应用流式细胞仪和脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记技术，检测大鼠输精管结扎和假手术后２－１２周睾丸生精细胞的凋亡情况。     

Recanalisation of vas.

Observations made on a series of 42 cases of vas recanalization following vasectomy are reported. The study was performed in India. Observed indications for the reanastomosis include death of son (50%), death of daughter (4.8%), death of all issue (19%), remarriage (11.9%), ill effects of vasectomy (9.5%), and unmarried men who underwent the operation for the monetary incentive and claim misrepresentation of facts. Age of patients varied from 20-45 years. 38% of the cases were aged 25-30 years. 42.8% had an interval of 2-5 years between vasectomy and request for reversal, by far the greatest percentage. 40 of the 42 cases had bilateral vasectomy. In all cases, end-to-end vasovasotomy was performed. A stainless steel splint was used in 39 cases, and suture material was all that was necessary in 3 cases. 3 complications were noted postoperatively: 1 case of hematoma, 1 of splint descending into the scortum, and l wound infection. The following success rates are given by interval from vasectomy to reanastomsis: 100% (up to 6 months); 100% (6 months-1 year); 75% (1-2 years); 81.2% (2-5 years); and 62.5% (5-10 years).     

Alteration in testicular cyclic AMP system in the rat following vasectomy.

Endogenous cyclic AMP levels and the activities of adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP-dependent and independent protein kinases were examined in testes of mature rats bilaterally vasectomized for one, three and seven months. Although no significant alteration in testicular cyclic AMP was detected one month following vasectomy, marked decreases (by 55% and 32%, respectively) were seen three and seven months postvasectomy. Likewise, vasectomy also resulted in a significant decrease (by 25%) in the activity of testicular adenylate cyclase three and seven months after vasectomy. Although soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity remained unaffected three months postvasectomy, the activity of the cyclic nucleotide-dependent enzyme was significantly increased (by 21%) when compared to the sham-operated controls. Furthermore, while the protein kinase ratio (--cyclic AMP/+cyclic AMP) was decreased in animals vasectomized for three months, the ability of the enzyme to bind (3H) cyclic AMP in vitro was significantly enhanced (18%). Rats vasectomized for seven months showed similar biochemical alterations but the effects of this procedure were more pronounced. Moreover, while short-term vasectomy increased the responsiveness of seminiferous tubular adenylate cyclase to in vitro stimulation by follicle stimulating hormone, the activity of the enzyme was also increased (by 100%) in the presence of luteinizing hormone in vasectomized rats. These data raise the possibility that changes in testicular function seen following vasectomy may be related to the alterations in cyclic AMP metabolism as well as in the sensitivity of testicular adenylate cyclase to regulation by gonadotropins.     

输精管结扎家兔血浆辜酮水平与睾丸的定量组织学观察

成年日本大耳白雄兔行双侧输精管结扎手术。实验结果表明,各月份血浆睾酮测定值与对照组比较无显著差异。按血清抗精子抗体滴度分组,比较各组家兔血浆睾酮水平,显示血浆睾酮水平与血清抗精子抗体滴度无相关。睾丸间质细胞计数观察结果是,结扎组与对照组比较无显著差异。证明输精管结扎对血浆睾酮无影响。     

慢性前列腺炎与输精管结扎的相关性调查

目的:探讨输精管结扎与慢性前列腺炎(CP)的关系。方法:采用整群随机抽样方法,对兖州某矿区25～55岁成年男性进行CP流行病学现况调查。结果:共调查1638人,其中做过输精管结扎手术者238人,未做结扎手术者1400人,患CP189例。输精管结扎者CP患病率(19.75%)高于未做结扎者(10.14%)(P<0.01)。结论:输精管结扎是CP发生的一个危险因素。     

输精管结扎对大鼠胸腺细胞自身增殖反应性和ConA诱导的脾细胞增殖反应性的影响

目的：研究输精管结扎大鼠Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的变化。方法：应用生物学方法检测了输精管结扎６月和１６月大鼠胸腺细胞自身增殖反应性、ＣｏｎＡ诱导的脾细胞增殖反应性以及培养上清中ＩＬ－２活性。结果：①胸腺细胞自身增殖反应性，ＶＧ与ＳＯＧ比较无显著差异；②ＣｏｎＡ诱导的脾细胞增殖反应性和ＩＬ－２活性，ＶＧ６明显低于ＳＯＧ６（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；而ＶＧ２５和ＳＯＧ２５比较无明显差异。结论：输精管结扎早期，成熟Ｔ细胞功能暂时性降低，但对Ｔ淋巴细胞分化成熟过程无影响     

EFFECT OF VASECTOMY ON THE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE LEVELS IN THE SERUM AND SEMINALPL ASMA OF HUMAN MALE

This paper reports the profile of reproductive hormone levels in the serum and seminal plasraa, and the concentration of zinc and fructose in the seminal plasma of eleven healthy men before and two years after vasectomy. The normal fertile volunteers were     

输精管结扎术对附睾、睾丸及前列腺大小远期影响的超声观察

目的研究长期输精管结扎对附睾、睾丸、前列腺大小的影响。方法随机选择蓬安县一个乡中年龄〉55岁且无泌尿生殖系统病变或阴囊局部症状的男性自愿者104例,其中输精管结扎术后14～41年的73例（结扎组）,未做输精管结扎的31例（对照组）,应用高频彩色多普勒超声检查附睾、睾丸和前列腺的大小。结果两组间对比这些器官的大小差异无统计学意义（P〉0.10）。结扎组和对照组分别有12例（16.0%）和3例（10.0%）有附睾肿胀,分别有11例（15.0%）和5例（16.0%）有睾丸萎缩。结论输精管结扎对附睾、睾丸和前列腺的大小无显著的远期影响。     

抗精子抗体对输精管吻合术后生育力的影响

检测了输精管吻合术后４４例的精液常规、性激素、血清和精浆中抗精子抗体。结果表明，未生育组的血清和精浆中抗精子抗体的浓度明显高于生育组，提示血清精浆中抗精子抗体可降低吻合术后患者的夏育能力，吻合术并不能使抗精子抗体消失，吻合术前后应检测抗精子抗体。     

精子染色质扩散试验及末端转移酶标记法检测精子脱氧核糖核酸完整性

目的 比较精子染色质扩散试验(SCD)和脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测精子DNA完整性.方法 对20名已生育的成年健康男性和32例不育患者的精液用上游法筛选得到活动精子,同时进行SCD和TUNEL.结果 不育组和生育组DNA损伤精子百分率的SCD检测结果分别为(12.8±5.8)%和(7.6±3.3)%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.576,P=0.001);TUNEL检测结果分别为(11.1±5.1)%和(6.8±2.8)%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.467,P=0.001).SCD与TUNEL检测结果在不育组(r=0.841,P=0.000)和生育组(r=0.823,P=0.000)均具有明显的线性相关关系.生育组SCD检测结果与TUNEL检测结果比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.996,P=0.060),而不育组SCD检测结果明显高于TUNEL检测结果,差异有统计学意义(t=3.023,P=0.005).结论 精子DNA损伤与男性不育有关.与TUNEL比较,SCD是一种更为准确、简单、廉价的检测精子DNA完整性的方法.     

Blood coagulation following vasectomy.

Concern that men may have an increased risk of the development of thrombophlebitis following vasectomy prompted the study of 58 vasectomized men and 37 age-matched controls. Eight patients undergoing total hip replacement also were studied, since they are known to have an increased risk of thrombotic complications. There were no changes in coagulation suggestive of a thrombotic tendency in the vasectomized population, though an increase in fibrinogen concentration was present preoperatively, and transient increases in factor V concentration, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen concentration were seen postoperatively in some cases. None of the vasectomized patients had clinical evidence suggestive of thrombosis.     

A study on postoperative vasectomy cases

A followup study of a sample of 160 of the 2500 men, who had vasectomies at the R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital in Calcutta from 1972-1975, was conducted in order to assess the characteristics of acceptors, the frequency of postoperative complications, and the impact of vasectomy on sexual feelings. 53.1% of the men were between the ages of 35-44. Average marriage duration was 13.1 years and the men had an average of 3.75 children. 96.8% of the men were literate. 60.6% had incomes below Rs.200, 35.6% had incomes between Rs.201-500, and 3.8% had incomes above Rs.501. 159 of the men were Hindu. 50% of the men reported that they experience contraceptive failure prior to vasectomy. Post operative complications were experienced by 70.62% of the men. 32.5% of the 160 men experienced early complications within 10 days after the operation and 83.1% experienced late complications, 10 or more days following the procedure. In reference to early complications, out of the total 160 patients, 11.2% had local pain or swelling; 14.4% had stitch abscess, 4.4% had bleeding or hematoma, 1.9% had fever, and 0.6% had hemorrhagic diathesis. In reference to late complications, out of the total 160 patients, 13.1% had cord related problems, 10.6% had swelling of the epididymis, 10.6% had swelling of the testis, and 3.8% experienced a general deterioration in health. Sexual feelings after the vasectomy remained the same for 62.5% of the patients, decreased for 31.25%, and improved for 6.25%. Among those patients who had decreased sexual feeling, 55.6% were between the ages of 45-54, 31.8% were between the ages of 35-40, and 25.5% were between the ages of 25-34. A decrease in sexual feeling was significantly related to post operative late complications. Among the 123 men who had a semen analysis 90 days following vasectomy, 18 had positive readings and 105 had negative readings. 6 of the 123 men reported that their wives conceived after vasectomy and of these 6, only 4 had positive readings. The study findings were presented in tabular form.     

家兔输精管人工授精的精子免疫实验研究

成年雄兔１０只（Ａ组）行单侧输精管授精，１０只（Ｂ组）行双侧输精管结扎后再单侧输精管授精，１０只（Ｃ组）行双侧输精管结扎。然后按自身对照比较对三组均进行连续１２个月的抗精子抗体检测。结果表明，采用补体依赖性精子制动试验（ＳＩＴ）和微量凝集试验（ＴＡＴ）、Ａ、Ｂ组在术后３个月均测出血凝集和制动抗体；Ｃ组在术后６个月均测出血凝集和制动抗体；Ａ组２８．６％和Ｃ组２０％的家兔在术后６个月时测出精浆制动抗精     

精液质量与季节关系探讨

目的探讨季节变化与精液量、pH值、精子密度、活率及活力的关系。方法用计算机辅助精子分析（CASA）技术,按照《WHO人类精液及精子-宫颈粘液相互作用实验室检验手册》,使用北京伟力公司WLJY9000仪器,对1386例育龄男性完整精液标本进行分析,并分为春季（3-5月）、夏季（6-8月）、秋季（9-11月）、冬季（12-2月）4组,分析比较各组精液参数。结果 1386名育龄男性精液量（2.78±0.89）ml,pH值（7.46±0.15）,精子密度（73.59±50.62）×10^6/ml,精子活率（65.71±19.39）%,a级精子（29.89±13.26）%,a＋b级精子（48.47±15.64）%。其中正常组924例（66.67%）,异常组462例（33.33%）。各组精液量、pH值、精子密度、活率及活力差异没有统计学意义。结论季节变化对精液参数没有显著影响。     

How is postvasectomy sterility confirmed?

9 months after vasectomy of a 58-year-old man, with substantial segments of the vas deferens removed, rare non-motile spermatozoa were found on 4 occasions. This probably represents persistent sperm remaining in the ductal system reservoir rather than indicating incomplete sterilization. Persistent sperm have been noted in patients up to 1 year after vasectomy. Sperm clearing time from the ejaculate tends to be variable and dependent upon the number of ejaculations. Older patients require more ejaculations to obtain sperm-free samples. Rare non-motile sperm are highly unlikely to result in conception. However, it is advisable not to consider the patient sterile until at least 4 months after the vasectomy with a minimum of 16 ejaculations and 2 consecutive sperm-free specimens.