老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者外周血T细胞表达趋化因子受体3的研究

目的 探讨趋化因子受体3(CXCR3)在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)发病中的作用.方法 研究对象均为65岁以上的老年人,分为COPD急性加重期组(20例)、COPD稳定期组(17例)及对照组(14例),分离外周血单个核细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD4+和CD8+T细胞分别占总T细胞的百分比,CD4+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD4+T细胞的百分比,CD8+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD8+T细胞的百分比,以及CD4+CXCR3+和CD8+CXCR3+T细胞上CXCR3的平均荧光强度(MFI).结果 ①三组间及COPD急性加重期组治疗前后CD4+、CD8+T细胞分别占总T细胞的百分比,差异无统计学意义.②CD8+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD8+T细胞的百分比及CD4+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD4+T细胞百分比:COPD急性加重期组较COPD稳定组及对照组明显降低,COPD稳定组较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.CD4+CXCR3+和CD8+CXCR3+T细胞上CXCR3的MFI三组间差异无统计学意义.③COPD急性加重期组经治疗后CD8+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD8+T细胞的百分比及CD4+CXCR3+T细胞占总CD4+T细胞百分比,CD4+CXCR3+和CD8+CXCR3+T细胞上CXCR3的MFI,均明显降低,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论 COPD稳定期T细胞上CXCR3的过度表达在COPD慢性炎症过程中起作用.     

IL-21与COPD发病机制的研究进展

IL-21是近年来发现的一种细胞因子,主要由活化的 CD4+T 细胞产生,在 Th17细胞中大量分泌,IL-21与其受体结合后,参与免疫应答与炎症反应.COPD是一种由吸烟所诱发的 T 细胞介导的炎症及自身免疫性的疾病.COPD的发病机制复杂,其中免疫失衡在 COPD发生发展中起着重要作用,多种细胞因子的变化与 COPD有关,IL-21就是其中的一种.本文就 IL-21与 COPD 的气道炎症、肺气肿、肺动脉高压的发病机制的研究作一综述.     

T细胞及其细胞因子与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是引起人类发病和死亡的主要原因之一。大量的研究表明,在COPD患者的气道、肺实质和肺血管中均存在着慢性炎症,巨噬细胞、T细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸粒细胞参与炎症过程,但这些细胞在COPD发病中的确切作用仍不十分清楚。本文就T细胞及其细胞因子在COPD中的变化及作用以及吸烟对T细胞及其细胞因子的影响做一综述。     

T细胞及其细胞因子与慢性阻塞性疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是引起人类发病和死亡的主要原因之一。大量的研究表明,在COPD患者的气道、肺实质和肺血管中均存在着慢性炎症、T细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸粒细胞参与炎症过程,但这些细胞在COPD发病中的确切作用仍不十分清楚。本文就T细胞及其细胞因子在COPD中的变化作用以及吸烟对T细胞及其细胞因子的影响做一综述。     

趋化因子受体3在老年COPD中的作用

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)发病机制中趋化因子受体3(CXCR3)的作用。方法选择COPD急性加重期、稳定期患者和对照组各30例,分别作为A、B、C组,用流式细胞术进行检测。结果CD+4CXCR3+T细胞占总CD+4T细胞的百分比及CD+8CXCR3+T细胞占总CD+8T细胞的百分比的比较中,A组治疗前均明显低于B、C组(P均0.05)治疗后CD+4CXCR3+T细胞占总CD+4T细胞的百分比、CD+8CXCR3+T细胞占总CD+8T细胞的百分比、CD+4CXCR3+T与CD+8CXCR3+T细胞MFI相比治疗前均显著下降(P0.05)。结论 COPD稳定期T细胞上CXCR3+表达明显增多,在COPD慢性炎症反应中可能发挥着重要作用。     

调节性T细胞在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中作用的研究进展

调节性T细胞是近年发现的一种在维持外周免疫耐受和预防自身免疫性疾病中发挥重要作用的CD4+T细胞.慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种吸烟所诱发的由T细胞参与的炎症反应和自身免疫性所引起的疾病,我们综述了近年来调节性T细胞的特征及其在COPD中的作用,以便进一步研究此群细胞的功能,为COPD的防治提供新的思路.     

Th17与CD8+T细胞在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是由吸烟诱导的,影响肺实质及气道的慢性炎性疾病.Th17细胞能分泌多种细胞因子促进中性粒细胞聚集活化,并增加CD8+T细胞数量,在COPD发病机制中发挥重要作用.在不同炎性微环境中,Thl7细胞与CD8+T细胞共同参与COPD发病,连接COPD的先天免疫反应及后天免疫反应.     

淋巴细胞趋化因子在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者外周血中的表达及其对CD4+CD8+T细胞亚群的影响

目的 探讨淋巴细胞趋化因子(lymphotactin,XCL1)对COPD患者外周血CD4+ T、CD8+T细胞亚群及有关炎症因子的影响及机制.方法 随机选取1 3例COPD患者(急性加重期和稳定期)和13名健康人,分离外周血T淋巴细胞进行培养,经淋巴细胞趋化因子干预后,用流式细胞仪分别检测外周血中CD4+T、CD8+T细胞亚群变化及其表面Fas、FasL表达,并用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzymelinked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)分别检测血清及细胞培养上清液中的XCL1、IL-2表达水平.结果 AECOPD及稳定期患者外周血中的XCL1的表达均高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),AECOPD组又高于稳定期组患者(P＜0.05).COPD患者(包括急性发作期与稳定期)T细胞培养液中,XCL1干预组与未干预组相比,XCL1、CD4+-Fas、CD4+-FasL、CD8+-Fas、CD8+-FasL表达增高(P＜0.05),CD4+/CD8+降低(P＜0.05),而IL-2表达减少(P＜0.05).且XCL1的表达与CD4+-Fas、CD4+ FasL、CD8+-Fas、CD8+-FasL的表达呈正相关,与IL-2的表达及CD4+/CD8+呈负相关.结论 XCL1参与了COPD的炎症过程,其参与炎症反应的机制可能是通过促进Fas、FasL的表达,导致CD4+T、CD8+ T细胞的凋亡增加,CD4+ T/CD8+T比值下降,造成CD4+/℃D8 +比例失衡,XCL1还可引起IL-2水平降低,间接导致机体免疫功能紊乱或低下,可能是导致COPD炎症持续存在的重要机制.     

Study on mRNA expression of CXCR3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic obstrucitve pulmonary disease

目的 探讨CXC趋化因子受体3(CXCR3)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)发病机制中的作用及临床意义.方法 选择COPD急性加重期、稳定期患者和对照组各30例,采用流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞中T细胞亚群CD8+T细胞和CD4+T细胞数,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测CXCR3、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、IL-4和干扰素-γ诱导蛋白-10( CXCL10) mRNA的表达.结果 流式细胞术检测结果显示,COPD急性加重期患者PMBCs中CD8+T细胞数较COPD稳定期组及对照组明显增高(P＜0.05);且COPD稳定期组较对照组明显升高(P＜0.05).在mRNA水平,与COPD急性加重期组相比,COPD稳定期组和对照组PMBCs中CXCR3、CXCL10和IFN-γ的表达水平均明显降低(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,COPD稳定期组PMBCs中CXCR3、CXCL10和IFN-γmRNA的表达水平显著上调(P＜0.05).三组间IL-4 mRNA的表达比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CXCR3可通过募集CD8+T细胞及促进IFN-γ和CXCL10等细胞因子的释放而启动COPD急性加重期的炎症级联反应.因此,CXCR3可作为治疗COPD肺部炎症的新目标.     

Th17细胞及其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用

最近研究发现一类不同于Th1和Th2的CD4+T细胞亚群-Th17细胞亚群.白介素6(IL-6)及转化生长因子β(TGF-β)是促进Th17分化的关键细胞因子.转录调节因子孤核受体是特异性调节Th17分化及功能的转录调节因子.目前慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的发病机制未明,慢性气道炎症特别是中性粒细胞的募集和激活被认为在COPD的发病中占有重要作用.Th17细胞通过其主要效应因子IL-17刺激IL-6、IL-8、粒巨噬细胞集落刺激因子及巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2等前炎症细胞因子招募中性粒细胞,同时促使气道黏液高分泌,调节气道重构,最终作用到相应的靶器官.随着Th17细胞研究的深入,有助于进一步阐明COPD的发病机制.     

New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with abnormal inflammatory immune responses of the lung to noxious particles and gases. Cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells such as epithelial cells and macrophages by triggering pattern recognition receptors, either directly or indirectly via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from stressed or dying cells. Activated dendritic cells induce adaptive immune responses encompassing T helper (Th1 and Th17) CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxicity, and B-cell responses, which lead to the development of lymphoid follicles on chronic inflammation. Viral and bacterial infections not only cause acute exacerbations of COPD, but also amplify and perpetuate chronic inflammation in stable COPD via pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We discuss the role of autoimmunity (autoantibodies), remodelling, extracellular matrix-derived fragments, impaired innate lung defences, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and dysregulation of microRNAs in the persistence of the pulmonary inflammation despite smoking cessation.     

Induced sputum CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the inflammatory response to cigarette smoking differs between smokers who develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and those who do not and that the CD8+ T-lymphocytes have been identified as a key player in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate further the role of CD8+ cells and their subtypes in sputum cells. METHODS: Sputum induction was performed in 36 COPD patients, 25 smokers without COPD and 10 non-smoking healthy controls. After stimulation of sputum lymphocytes with phorbol-myristate-acetate, we used double immunocytochemical methods to identify CD4+, CD8+ cells and CD8+ INFgamma or IL4 cells (Tc1,Tc2). RESULTS: COPD patients had an increased number of CD8+ cells in sputum as compared with smokers without COPD (P = 0.0001) and control subjects (P = 0.001). CD8+-IL4 cells were reduced both in COPD and in smokers without COPD compared to controls (P = 0.0001), while CD8+-IFNgamma cells were significantly reduced only in COPD (P = 0.001) as compared with controls. A significant (P = 0.02) relationship between the CD8+-IL4/CD8+-IFNgamma ratio and FEV1 (% pred) was found only in COPD patients. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an imbalance both in T-lymphocyte subpopulation (CD4/CD8) and in CD8+ cell subsets (Tc1/Tc2) characterizes the inflammatory responses of smokers with established COPD.     

树突状细胞与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种慢性炎症性疾病,其病灶局部存在中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞（尤其是CD8^＋T细胞）浸润。吸烟是COPD发病的首要诱因,目前已证实T细胞对于吸烟所致COPD的发生发展具有重要作用;树突状细胞（DCs）是已知的功能最强的抗原提呈细胞,可激活初始T细胞,在诱导和调节免疫应答中发挥关键作用。近年来发现DCs也存在于COPD病灶中,且其功能和数量均发生了改变,提示其可能与吸烟所致COPD的发病机制有关。     

Blunted gamma delta T-lymphocyte response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an excessive inflammatory response to inhaled particles, mostly tobacco smoking. Although inflammation is present in all smokers, only a percentage of them develop COPD. T-lymphocytes are important effector and regulatory cells that participate actively in the inflammatory response of COPD. They comprise the T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha beta (CD4+ and CD8+) and TCR-gamma delta T-lymphocytes. The latter represent a small percentage of the total T-cell population, but play a key role in tissue repair and mucosal homeostasis. To investigate TCR-alpha beta (CD4+ and CD8+) and TCR-gamma delta T-lymphocytes in COPD, the present authors determined, by flow cytometry, the distribution of both subpopulations in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples obtained from patients with COPD, smokers with normal lung function and never-smokers. The present study found that: 1) the distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in blood and BAL was similar in all three groups; 2) compared with nonsmokers, gamma delta T-lymphocytes were significantly increased in smokers with preserved lung function; and 3) this response was blunted in patients with COPD. These results highlight a novel, potentially relevant, pathogenic mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

High ICAM-1 gene expression in pulmonary fibroblasts of COPD patients: a reflection of an enhanced immunological function.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) in parenchymal areas, whereas the bronchial walls can show fibrosis. In addition, an extensive inflammatory process is observed. CD8+ T-cells, located throughout the lung, and epithelial cells in centrally located airways, produce cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. These cytokines may influence the present fibroblasts, the key effectors in the defective ECM repair and maintenance in COPD. The current authors explored the effects of the cytokine microenvironment on cell-cell interaction gene expression in pulmonary fibroblasts of controls (n = 6), and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II (n = 7) and stage IV (n = 7) COPD patients. The current authors simulated the in vivo microenvironment using supernatants of CD3/CD28 stimulated CD8+ T-cells isolated from peripheral blood of COPD patients, supernatant of a bronchial-epithelial cell line, or a combination of both. The present data show that fibroblasts of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients display an altered response to the cytokine microenvironment, depending on both the disease stage and the central or peripheral location in the lung. Especially adhesion-related genes are upregulated in fibroblasts of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, which can indicate a more pronounced role of fibroblasts in the inflammatory process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, possibly resulting in reduced function as effectors of extracellular matrix repair.     

CD8+ve cells in the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Previous studies have shown an increased number of inflammatory cells and, in particular, CD8+ve cells in the airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study we investigated whether a similar inflammatory process is also present in the lungs, and particularly in lung parenchyma and pulmonary arteries. We examined surgical specimens from three groups of subjects undergoing lung resection for localized pulmonary lesions: nonsmokers (n = 8), asymptomatic smokers with normal lung function (n = 6), and smokers with COPD (n = 10). Alveolar walls and pulmonary arteries were examined with immunohistochemical methods to identify neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, and CD4+ve and CD8+ve cells. Smokers with COPD had an increased number of CD8+ve cells in both lung parenchyma (p < 0.05) and pulmonary arteries (p < 0.001) as compared with nonsmokers. CD8+ve cells were also increased in pulmonary arteries of smokers with COPD as compared with smokers with normal lung function (p < 0.01). Other inflammatory cells were no different among the three groups. The number of CD8+ve cells in both lung parenchyma and pulmonary arteries was significantly correlated with the degree of airflow limitation in smokers. These results show that an inflammatory process similar to that present in the conducting airways is also present in lung parenchyma and pulmonary arteries of smokers with COPD.     

调节性T细胞在COPD的免疫机制研究进展

关于COPD免疫机制的研究目前并不深入,近期发现调节性T细胞(Treg)能负调控COPD的炎症反应,是影响COPD发生发展的重要免疫机制.以下综述不仅总结了Treg细胞的作用机制,包括通过细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4 (CTLA-4)、免疫抑制因子、IL-2等经典途径,也包括自噬、Sema4a/Nrp1等最新研究热点;还探讨了在COPD中Treg如何通过CTLA-4、Foxp3、miR-199a-5p、CD1c+树突状细胞及T细胞耗竭来发挥作用.     

Apoptotic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of COPD

COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, characterized by a chronic abnormal inflammatory response to noxious agents. Apoptosis is a physiologic process, critical to cellular homeostasis, in which cell death follows a programmed sequence of events. Apoptosis has been recognized to play an important role in clinical and experimental models of lung diseases. Abnormal apoptotic events in smokers’ and in emphysematous lungs have been shown in epithelial and endothelial lung cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and myocytes. Many factors associated with COPD, including cigarette smoke, have the potential to cause apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, the main sites of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. The decreased expression of VEGF, a known survival factor for endothelial cells, and its receptor, results in lung septal endothelial cell death, leading perhaps to the emphysema observed in COPD. In smokers who develop COPD there is an activation of adaptive immunity, with an infiltration of CD4+ and, especially, CD8 + cells. CD8 + cells are cytotoxic to epithelial cells through the release of granzymes and perforin, which can further induce apoptosis of alveolar cells. Moreover, any reduction in neutrophil apoptosis or dysregulation of macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils could lead to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Increased rates of T-cell apoptosis may lead to a defective immune response to infective organisms, contributing to the high frequency of infections seen in COPD. Increased apoptosis of skeletal muscle could be responsible for the skeletal muscle atrophy, the main cause of unexplained weight loss in patients with COPD. This paper is a review of the current knowledge on the apoptotic pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis and their interaction with other known contributing factors.     

The immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from recent research

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progression is characterized by accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the lumens of small airways, and thickening of their walls, which become infiltrated by innate and adaptive inflammatory immune cells. Infiltration of the airways by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes and CD4 T cells increases with COPD stage, but the cumulative volume of the infiltrate does not change. By contrast, B cells and CD8 T cells increase in both the extent of their distribution and in accumulated volume, with organization into lymphoid follicles. This chronic lung inflammation is also associated with a tissue repair and remodeling process that determines the ultimate pathologic phenotype of COPD. Why these pathologic abnormalities progress in susceptible individuals, even after removal of the original noxious stimuli, remains mysterious. However, important clues are emerging from analysis of pathologic samples from patients with COPD and from recent discoveries in basic immunology. We consider the following relevant information: normal limitations on the innate immune system's ability to generate adaptive pulmonary immune responses and how they might be overcome by tobacco smoke exposure; the possible contribution of autoimmunity to COPD pathogenesis; and the potential roles of ongoing lymphocyte recruitment versus in situ proliferation, of persistently activated resident lung T cells, and of the newly described T helper 17 (Th17) phenotype. We propose that the severity and course of acute exacerbations of COPD reflects the success of the adaptive immune response in appropriately modulating the innate response to pathogen-related molecular patterns ("the Goldilocks hypothesis").