超声引导下闭孔神经阻滞在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的效果

目的通过对比不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况,探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的有效方式。方法选取需行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的膀胱侧壁肿瘤患者160例,男134例,女26例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为四组:全凭静脉麻醉组(G组),腰-硬联合麻醉组(C组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合静脉麻醉组(V组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞(obturator nerve block,ONB)组(O组),每组40例。记录不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况。结果O组闭孔神经反射发生率(7.5%)明显低于C组(32.5%,P=0.005)和V组(40.0%,P=0.001),与G组闭孔神经反射发生率(5.0%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.644)。结论腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞与全凭静脉麻醉均可有效预防闭孔神经反射的发生。     

经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞对预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射的作用

目的探讨经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞对预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射的作用。方法回顾性分析67例膀胱侧壁浅表性肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的患者资料,根据术中是否行闭孔神经阻滞分为闭孔神经阻滞组（35例）和对照组（32例）,其中闭孔神经阻滞组术中辅以经闭孔法闭孔神经阻滞,而对照组未行闭孔神经阻滞。比较两组术中闭孔神经反射发生率、膀胱穿孔率、手术时间、及出血量,并术后随访观察肿瘤的复发情况。结果两组术中电切时间、出血量、术后1年肿瘤复发率均无统计学差异,但闭孔神经阻滞组闭孔神经反射率及膀胱穿孔率较对照组明显降低。结论经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞能有效预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射,可降低膀胱穿孔率,其操作要点是选择准确的穿刺点、掌握好穿刺方向和深度。     

闭孔神经阻滞的研究进展

背景闭孔神经阻滞（obturator nerve block,ONB）可用于缓解大腿内收肌痉挛及髋关节疼痛、抑制经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中闭孔神经反射等。近年来,随着人们对神经阻滞麻醉的再度关注,ONB的应用与研究也随之增多。目的概述及评价ONB适应证及穿刺方法,为临床及研究工作提供参考。内容阐述ONB的适应证,荟萃分析ONB的不同穿刺入路及方法。趋向随着ONB临床应用的不断普及,更具优势的阻滞方法也会不断涌现。     

膀胱肿瘤电切术中行闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的效果分析

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采用闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的临床效果.方法 对214例膀胱癌患者行经尿道电切术,治疗组113例在腰-硬联合麻醉基础上进行闭孔神经阻滞,而对照组101例仅行单纯腰-硬联合麻醉.结果 治疗组闭孔神经反射发生率（9.7%）明显低于对照组（22.8%）（P〈0.05）,两组复发率差异无统计学意义（21.2% vs 25.7%,P＆gt;0.05）.结论 在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采取闭孔神经阻滞能明显减少闭孔神经反射的发生,提高手术的安全性和有效性,临床效果良好.     

膀胱肿瘤电切术中应用周围神经刺激器监测下行闭孔神经阻滞的体会

目的：观察周围神经阻滞器在闭孔神经阻滞麻醉下膀胱肿瘤电切术中使用的可行性和临床效果。方法：15例在骶丛麻醉下行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt），术中出现闭孔神经反射时，加用周围神经刺激器在监测下行闭孔神经阻滞麻醉。结果：14例闭孔神经反射消失，1例仍有轻微的内收肌痉挛。加用副闭孔神经阻滞麻醉后，肌肉痉挛消失，继续行TURBt，再无一例发生闭孔神经反射。结论：利用神经刺激器辅助定位行闭孔神经阻滞，可以提高闭孔神经阻滞的成功率和质量，有效地避免在TURBt中因闭孔神经反射导致的膀胱穿孔和神经血管损伤。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射致膀胱穿孔的不同方法介绍

目的总结经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中,应用各种闭孔神经反射预防方法避免膀胱穿孔的经验。方法回顾性分析总结我院自2007年1月至2009年12月在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中,应用闭孔神经反射预防方法的临床资料。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的患者186例,男性115例,女性71例,年龄27～87岁,平均54岁。膀胱左侧或右侧壁单发肿瘤134例,膀胱多发表浅性肿瘤52例,根据患者采用的麻醉方法被分成三组,其中第一组应用硬膜外麻醉和肌松药及面罩给氧56例,第二组应用全身麻醉104例,第三组应用硬膜外麻醉和闭孔神经阻滞麻醉26例。结果 186例患者中,第一组有6例出现轻微的闭孔神经反射,未造成膀胱穿孔,有5例出现严重的闭孔神经反射,造成轻微的膀胱穿孔4例,不需要膀胱修补,造成2例严重的膀胱穿孔,1例大出血,需要进行膀胱修补术。第二组出现2例轻微的闭孔神经反射,造成轻微的膀胱穿孔,不需要膀胱修补。第三组造成1例严重的膀胱穿孔,需要进行膀胱修补术。结论硬膜外麻醉是不能抑制闭孔神经反射的,肌松药的应用可以抑制膀胱肌肉的收缩,对大的表浅性膀胱肿瘤或多发的表浅性膀胱肿瘤,应用全身麻醉是非常适合的。闭孔神经阻滞麻醉和硬膜外麻醉的联合应用是经济的方法,但闭孔神经阻滞不全,效果不佳是出现闭孔神经反射的原因。     

Life-threatening haemorrhage following obturator artery injury during transurethral bladder surgery: a sequel of an unsuccessful obturator nerve block

In spite of prior blockade of the obturator nerve with 1% mepivacaine (8 ml) utilizing a nerve stimulator, violent leg jerking was evoked during transurethral electroresection of a bladder tumour approximately 1 h after the blockade in a 68-year-old man. The patient became severely hypotensive immediately following the jerking, and a large lower abdominal swelling concurrently developed. The urgent laparotomy indicated that the left obturator artery was severely injured by the resectoscope associated with the bladder perforation, causing acute massive haemorrhage. The patient recovered uneventfully after adequate surgery. Investigation of the literature suggested that both our nerve stimulation technique and anatomical approach were appropriate. It was therefore unlikely that our block resulted in failure because of an inappropriate site for deposition of the anaesthetic. However, consensus does not appear to have been obtained as to the concentration and volume of the anaesthetic necessary for prevention of the obturator nerve stimulation during the transurethral procedures. The concentration and volume of mepivacaine we used might have been too low and/or small, respectively, to profoundly block all the motor neuron fibres of the nerve. Alternatively, stimulation of the obturator nerve might occur because of the presence of some anatomical variant, such as the accessory obturator nerve or its abnormal branching. In conclusion, some uncertainty appears to exist in the effectiveness of the local anaesthetic blockade of the obturator nerve. In order to attain profound blockade of the motor neuron fibres of the obturator nerve and thereby prevent the thigh-adductor muscle contraction which can lead to life-threatening situations, we recommend, even with a nerve stimulator, to use a larger volume of a higher concentration of local anaesthetic with a longer duration in the obturator nerve block for the transurethral procedures.     

A comparison of two approaches to sciatic nerve block

This study compared the posterior and popliteal fossa approaches for sciatic nerve block. Patients scheduled to undergo foot surgery were allocated randomly into one of two groups: group A (n = 20) received sciatic nerve block via the posterior approach and group B (n = 20) received a block using the popliteal fossa approach. All blocks were performed with the aid of a peripheral nerve stimulator and alkalinised 0.5% bupivacaine with 1 in 200,000 adrenaline was injected in a dose of 2 mg.kg-1. Nineteen of 20 blocks in group A were successful compared with nine of 20 in group B (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of time to onset or duration of block. Patients in group B reported less discomfort during performance of the sciatic nerve block but required supplementary nerve blocks more frequently. We recommend the use of the posterior approach for sciatic nerve block.     

喙突入路锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞——改良法与经典法的比较

目的 探讨改良(或修正)喙突入路和经典喙突入路定位对锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞的影响.方法 对80例择期行臂丛神经阻滞手术的患者,随机分为2组,采用神经刺激器定位臂丛神经:A组以喙突内下2 cm为穿刺点(经典组);B组穿刺点参考喙突内下2 cm,并用臂丛神经体表的 投影对该穿刺点进行修正(改良组).记录两组患者操作时间、穿刺次数、阻滞成功率、并发症及患者的满意度.结果 改良组的操作时间明显少于经典组(P＜0.01),且改良组无需调整阻滞针即可定位到臂丛神经的比例明显高于经典组(P＜0.05).结论 改良喙突入路可以明显提高单次穿刺定位到神经的概率,且可减少操作时间,提高了穿刺点体表定位的准确性.     

肩胛上神经阻滞与肌间沟神经阻滞用于肩关节镜手术的Meta分析

目的系统评价肩胛上神经阻滞(suprascapular nerve block, SNB)与肌间沟神经阻滞(interscalene nerve block, ISB)在肩关节镜手术中应用的安全性与有效性。方法检索PubMed、Embase、CENTRAL(2018年第3期)、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM),查找有关SNB与ISB应用于肩关节镜手术的随机对照试验,检索时限定义为建库至2018年4月。根据术后镇痛方法的不同将纳入分析的患者分为两组:SNB组和ISB组。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终可纳入本系统评价的文献11篇,共978例患者。Meta分析结果显示,静止状态下ISB组PACU疼痛评分明显低于SNB组(SMD=0.89,95%CI 0.50～1.29,P0.01)。术后24 h静止状态下两组疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(SMD=-0.12,95%CI-0.25～0.01,P=0.07)。术后24 h活动状态下两组疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(SMD=-0.03,95%CI-0.56～0.50,P=0.92)。术后24 h内两组阿片类药物用量差异无统计学意义(SMD=0.06,95%CI-0.18～0.29,P=0.62)。SNB组PONV发生率明显低于ISB组(RR=0.56,95%CI 0.34～0.93,P=0.02)。SNB组Horner综合征发生率明显低于ISB组(RR=0.05,95%CI 0.01～0.23,P0.01)。SNB组声音嘶哑发生率明显低于ISB组(RR=0.39,95%CI 0.19～0.81,P=0.01)。SNB组呼吸困难发生率明显低于ISB组(RR=0.25,95%CI 0.11～0.57,P0.01)。结论与肌间沟神经阻滞比较,肩胛上神经阻滞能够为肩关节镜手术患者提供类似的术后镇痛效果且安全性更高,但在麻醉复苏期间镇痛效果欠佳。     

Effect of ilioinguinal nerve block on the catecholamine plasma levels in orchidopexy: comparison with caudal epidural block

BACKGROUND: Both caudal epidural and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks have been used to provide effective intra- and postoperative analgesia. Stress response hormone levels can be used as an objective method to assess the analgesic efficacy of the anaesthetic techniques used in infraumbilical surgery in children. In this study, we compared catecholamine blood levels in children undergoing these two different supplementary analgesic/anaesthetic techniques. METHODS: Thirty male paediatric patients undergoing orchidopexy, ASA I, received inhalation general anaesthesia, and were randomly allocated to one of two groups: a caudal group (n = 15) and an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block group (n = 15). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were measured at the induction time, at the end of surgery, and in the postanaesthesia care unit. Postoperative pain score was also assessed in the postanaesthesia care unit. Results: In both groups, there was a substantial decrease in the catecholamine blood levels; however, there were significantly higher levels of epinephrine in the ilioinguinal group at the end of surgery (P = 0.008) and in the recovery room (P = 0.02) and a significant higher level of norpinephrine in the recovery room (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study revealed that caudal epidural block was more effective than ilioinguinal block in suppressing the stress response as reflected in epinephrine and norepinephrine blood levels in orchidopexy patients.     

Lateral approach to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa: a comparison between 1.5% mepivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ropivacaine and mepivacaine are commonly used local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blockade. The purpose of the present study was to compare onset time, quality of anesthesia, and duration of analgesia with ropivacaine 0.75% and mepivacaine 1.5% for lateral popliteal nerve block. METHODS: Fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients scheduled for foot and ankle surgery with calf tourniquet under lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block were randomly assigned to receive 30 mL of either ropivacaine 0.75% or mepivacaine 1.5%. Time required for onset of sensory and motor block, resolution of motor blockade, onset of postsurgical pain, and time of first analgesic medication were recorded. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar with regard to demographic variables and duration of surgery. Onset of sensory and motor block was significantly shorter in the mepivacaine group (9.9 +/- 3.3 min and 14.7 +/- 3.6 min, respectively) than in the ropivacaine group (18.1 +/- 6.1 min and 23.6 +/- 5.5 min, respectively) (P < 0.001). Resolution of motor block occurred later in the ropivacaine group than in the mepivacaine group (P < 0.001), and duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in the ropivacaine group (19 +/- 3.4 h) compared with the mepivacaine group (5.9 +/- 1.1 h) (P < 0.001). Analgesic requirements were higher in mepivacaine group than in the ropivacaine group (P < 0.001). There were 2 failed blocks, one in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Both ropivacaine and mepivacaine provided effective sciatic nerve blockade. Mepivacaine 1.5% displayed a significantly shorter onset time than ropivacaine 0.75%. Postoperatively, ropivacaine 0.75% resulted in longer-lasting analgesia and less need for oral pain medication.     

A comparison of bilateral infraorbital nerve block with intravenous fentanyl for analgesia following cleft lip repair in children

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of analgesia with bilateral infraorbital nerve block and intravenous (i.v.) fentanyl were compared for cleft lip surgery in children. METHODS: Eighty-two children aged 3 months to 10 years undergoing cleft lip repair were prospectively randomized to one of two groups: bilateral infraorbital nerve block (Group B), or i.v. fentanyl (Group F). Group B (n = 41) received bilateral infraorbital injection of 1 ml 0.25% bupivacaine and 2 ml i.v. saline as control. Group F (n = 41) received 2 microg x kg(-1) i.v. fentanyl, and bilateral infraorbital injection of 1 ml saline as control. Pain was evaluated by the incidence of tachycardia, hypertension, and/or modified pain score > or =4. The time to awakening, time to first cry and time to feeding were noted. RESULTS: Thirty four children (82.9%) in Group B had adequate analgesia compared with 15 (36.6%) in Group F (P < 0.0001, RR of failure 0.27 for Group B). Group B had a mean time to awakening of 5.65 +/- 2.52 min (Group F: 9.37 +/- 4.50 min; P < 0.0001), time to first cry 32.14 +/- 18.22 min (Group F: 28.00 +/- 16.27 min; P = 0.3), time to feed 62.05 +/- 20.06 min (Group F: 72.44 +/- 17.72; P = 0.015), and pain score 2.81 +/- 1.38 (Group F: 4.71 +/- 1.89; P < 0.0001). There were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral infraorbital block is superior to fentanyl in terms of analgesia, and time to awakening and feeding.     

Ultrasound-guided umbilical nerve block in children: a brief description of a new approach

BACKGROUND: The most popular peripheral nerve blocks used in umbilical hernia repair are rectus sheath block and paraumbilical block. However, multiple anatomic variations have been described and some complications may occur. Ultrasonographic guidance of peripheral nerve blocks has reduced the number of complications and improved the quality of blocks. This case series describes a new ultrasound-guided puncture technique of the 10th intercostal nerve in pediatric umbilical surgery. METHODS: Ten children (age range: 2-5 years) scheduled for umbilical hernia repair were included. Following the induction of general anesthesia, the ultrasonographic anatomy of the umbilical region was studied with a 10-MHz linear probe. An ultrasound-guided peripheral block of the 10th intercostal nerve in the lateral edge of both rectus abdominis muscles (RMs) was performed (total of 20 punctures). Surgical conditions, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, and postoperative analgesia by means of the modified CHEOPS scale were evaluated. RESULTS: Umbilical anatomy was clearly identified by ultrasound in all cases. The epigastric vessels were identified--above the umbilicus--within the depth of the muscular mass of the RM. The spread of local anesthetic was ultrasound-controlled in all cases. However, the intercostal nerve could not be visualized. All blocks were effective during the surgery. Postoperative analgesia was only required in two children in the second postoperative hour. There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound guidance enables performance of an effective umbilical block in the lateral edge of RM. Further studies should be carried on to visualize the intercostal nerve and to compare this technique with the classical ones.     

星状神经节阻滞对缺血性视神经病疗效的评价

目的 比较星状神经节阻滞(SGB)及肾上腺皮质激素治疗缺血性视神经病(ION)的疗效。方法 诊断明确的ION病人70例82眼,随机分为激素组和SGB组。其中激素组34例38眼(地塞米松15mg静脉滴注,每日1次;5～10d后改用强的松20mg顿服,每日1次);SGB治疗组36例44眼(2％利多卡因2～3ml,患眼同侧行SGB,每日1次,10～15d为1疗程);以视力提高、眼底改变、视野变化以及视觉诱发电位(VEP)的改变作为疗效的指标。结果 激素组治疗后显效10眼,有效12眼,好转3眼,无效13眼,总有效率为65.8％。治疗前、后视力为0.26±0.21、0.35±0.26,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。SGB组治疗后显效15眼,有效14眼,好转5眼,无效10眼,总有效率为77.3％。治疗前、后视力为0.26±0.21、0.44±0.23,差异有显著性(P<0.01);与激素组治疗后视力比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。两组病人治疗后VEP P_(100)波的潜时明显缩短,振幅明显升高,与治疗前比较,P<0.05;SGB组治疗后振幅升高较激素组明显(P<0.05)。治疗后两组大部分病人眼底视盘水肿逐渐消退,视网膜颜色、血管逐渐恢复常态,视野基本恢复正常,受损的视神经功能得到恢复。结论 星状神经节阻滞是治疗缺血性视神经病变较安全、有效的方法。     

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block revisited: single shot versus double shot technique for hernia repair in children

BACKGROUND: We attempted to determine the efficacy of a one plane ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block with a single shot and double shot techniques. METHODS: In a randomized single blind study, 90 children, aged 2-12 years, received a single shot (SS) or a double shot (DS) technique for ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric (IG-IH) nerve block for inguinal hernia repair. In the SS group, 0.25 ml x kg(-1) of 0.25% bupivacaine was given one fingerbreadth medial to the anterior superior iliac spine under the external oblique aponeurosis. In the DS group, one-third of the total dose of bupivacaine was given as for the SS group. The remaining two-thirds was deposited 0.5 cm above and lateral to the mid-inguinal point deep to the external oblique aponeurosis. RESULTS: The success rates of both techniques were similar, at 72%, although the presence of local anaesthetic in the inguinal canal was significantly higher with the DS technique. The incidence of femoral nerve block was 4.5% with the SS and 9% with the DS technique (P > 0.05). Parental satisfaction with postoperative pain relief was high, at 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The DS technique, while technically more difficult, does not improve the success rate of the IG-IH nerve block compared with the SS technique.     

不同浓度罗比卡因腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞用于膝关节镜手术的比较

目的观察一定剂量的罗比卡因配成不同浓度溶液用于腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在膝关节镜手术的麻醉效果比较.方法40例拟行单侧膝关节镜手术患者随机分为A、B两组,每组20例,均在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,在腰丛神经和坐骨神经处均分别注入罗比卡因150 mg.A组将150 mg罗比卡因稀释到20 ml使用,即浓度为0.75%;B组稀释到30 ml,即浓度为0.5%.观察患者感觉和运动阻滞起效时间及维持时间,以及麻醉满意程度.结果两组患者感觉阻滞维持时间差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,感觉及运动阻滞起效时间A组比B组明显缩短（P＜0.05）,而运动阻滞维持时间A组明显延长（P＜0.05）,麻醉满意度B组明显优于A组（P＜0.05）.结论A组麻醉比B组起效快,但只运动阻滞时间明显延长,且麻醉满意度较差.所以在相同剂量的情况下,用0.5%的罗比卡因比用0.75%的罗比卡因行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞更适合于膝关节镜手术.     

DSA引导下腰交感神经阻滞治疗妇科肿瘤术后下肢淋巴水肿

目的观察DSA引导下腰交感神经阻滞治疗妇科肿瘤术后下肢淋巴水肿的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析20例妇科肿瘤术后下肢淋巴水肿患者,均接受DSA引导下腰交感神经阻滞治疗(均治疗2次)。分别于阻滞前、首次阻滞后第1天及第2次阻滞后第1、7天测量患侧腿围,记录患侧腿围缩小值。采用Inbody720多频生物电阻人体成分分析仪检测阻滞前及第2次阻滞后1周时的组织水肿程度;观察症状改善及功能恢复情况。结果 20例均顺利完成阻滞。1例术后出现短暂下肢无力,余无不良反应。首次阻滞后第1天及第2次阻滞后第1、7天患侧下肢各测量点腿围均不同程度缩小,且各测量点第2次阻滞术后第1、7天腿围缩小值均高于第1次术后第1天(P均0.01)。第2次阻滞后1周组织水肿程度较术前降低(P0.01),髋关节活动度较术前增加(P0.01),患侧下肢肿胀感、紧绷感、疼痛感、麻木感均消失。结论 DSA引导下腰交感神经阻滞治疗妇科肿瘤术后下肢淋巴水肿有效且安全。