Zur Epidemiologie und Ätiologie des Oesophaguscarcinoms in China

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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The epidemiology and etiology of esophageal cancer in China

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Stipendiaten der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung aus der Volksrepublik China

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The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest Editorials on actual and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author.Die Zeitschrift Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology bringt in zwangsloser Folge Editorials zu aktuellen und/oder kontroversen Problemen der experimentellen und klinischen Onkologie. Diese Beiträge geben ausschließlich die persönliche Meinung des Autors wieder.     

Local and regional immunotherapy of cancer with interleukin 2

Conclusion The results obtained in preclinical systems as well as the first clinical trials suggest that local IL-2 immunotherapy may represent a novel approach to the treatment of some neoplasms. However, the experimental results should be confirmed and substantially extended before definitive conclusions can be drawn. We hope that the data and considerations discussed in this article will facilitate thoughts concerned with future clinical IL-2 trials and be instrumental in the optimization of IL-2 cancer immunotherapy.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author     

Use of cultured human tissues and cells in carcinogenesis research

Summary A variety of approaches are used to study carcinogenesis. Recent advances in techniques for culture of human tissues and cells have provided additional experimental systems of study the process of carcinogenesis and the genetics of cancer.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest Editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author.     

Hormonal factors in human carcinogenesis

Summary A synopsis is presented of hormone-cancer relationships as seen by an epidemiologist. Emphasis has been placed on reproductive risk factors and cancers of the endometrium, ovary and breast. Although there are definite parallelisms in this regard the aetiological mechanisms for these three sites may be different.Evidence is accumulating that the protective effect of an early first birth and of subesequent pregnancies on breast cancer risk can be understood biologically in terms of interference with the occurrence of preneoplastic lesions.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest Editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author.Presented at the EACR mecting, Copenhagen, 21 September 1983     

Epidemiology and the prevention of cancer: some recent developments

The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest Editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author. The Editors     

Extrarenal nephroblastomas

Summary The cases of extrarenal nephroblastoma published in the world literature have been tabulated and reviewed, and are discussed from a historical point of view.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author     

Prognostic relevance of histological findings on bone marrow biopsy in myelodysplastic syndromes

Summary Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) has aroused growing interest as a possible aid in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Previous reports have pointed out that MDS patients with blastic aggregates or severe bone marrow (BM) fibrosis are characterized by a worse clinical outcome. BMBs of 106 MDS patients were retrospectively reviewed, and relationships among the different histological parameters as well as clinicopathological correlations were looked for. Three patterns of BM blastic infiltration (diffuse, cluster, and large) were recognized. Overt leukemic transformation and overall survival were selected as prognostic end points. BM infiltration was diffuse in 18, cluster in 48, and large in 40 cases. RAEB-t patients accounted for about half of the large cases, and none had a diffuse pattern (p<0.01). Nineteen patients showed extensive BM fibrosis; most of them were characterized by cluster blastic infiltration and megakaryocyte hyperplasia. Leukemic transformation occurred in 67% of large cases (p<0.001) and in none of the cluster cases with severe BM fibrosis (p<0.01); however, survival was equally poor in these two groups because of early leukemic transformation (large cases) and BM failure (cluster cases). The FAB classification did not significantly correlate with prognosis. Patients with cluster BM infiltration and severe fibrosis can be regarded as a true separate MDS subset characterized by unique clinicopathological and prognostic features. Because of the subacute clinical behavior of most cases, and the poor performance status of many elderly patients, there is still controversy as to the best therapeutic approach in MDS. Histological analysis allowed two groups of MDS patients to be identified, both characterized by poor life expectancy, who could benefit from early aggressive chemotherapy.     

Follow-up of “non-diabetic” relatives of diabetics by retesting oral glucose tolerance after 5 years

Summary Of 743 first degree relatives of diabetics in whom oral glucose tolerance tests had been performed in 1967 488 were re-tested in 1972. Among the original normals (n = 353) 17.6% had developed a subclinical and 1.3% an overt diabetes within 5 years. The original subclinical diabetics (n = 118) showed a remission to normal in 35.6% and a progression to overt diabetes in 13.6%. 3 out of the 17 formerly overt diabetics were found to be normal after 5 years and 3 were subclinical diabetics. Thus the performance of an oral glucose tolerance test is of limited prognostic value in the individual case. In both studies a higher prevalence of abnormal test results occurred in the older age groups and in overweight subjects. Remission or deterioration did not depend, however, on age or on weight changes. The frequency of abnormal tests was higher in males than in females, but the tendency towards the development of diabetes was more pronounced in females, in accordance with a previous observation of a higher age dependance of glucose tolerance in females.     

Contributions of nuclear medicine to the therapy of malignant tumors

Radionuclides are applied in oncology for diagnosis and therapy. The former demands gamma — emitting radionuclides for labeling specific substrates for localizing malignant tissue and for analyzing tumor metabolism in vivo. Here, positron emission tomography (PET) may register in vivo the metabolism, for example, of glucose, amino acids, and receptors and of potentially useful cytotoxic agents. The advantage of the positron emitting radionuclides of carbon, nitrogen and fluorine is the labeling of substrates without changing substrate specificity within the metabolic reaction chain; also, substrate concentration in situ may be quantified. With regard to therapy radionuclides that emit -and -particles or decay by electron capture with the Auger effect, are administered in ionic form or with tumor seeking substrates. Examples are radioiodine for treating thyroid malignancy and radiophosphorus for myelopoliferative diseases. Organically bound radionuclides are given as labeled ligands for specific receptors, such as meta-iodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) for treating the catecholamine producing tumors phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma and labeled monoclonal antibodies for tumors specific receptors. Highly localized energy depositions come from Auger emitters such as¹²⁵I and by the neutron capture therapy, where boron-10 in the tumor cell is exposed to thermal neutrons for initiating the B¹⁰ (n; ) Li⁷ reaction, especially for treating neuro- and glioblastoma and melanoma. Endogenous radiotherapy with radionuclides rely on the success of delivering a proper amount of energy into individual tumor cells with optimal protection of normal tissue. The inevitable heterogeneity of energy deposition events from such approaches demands careful dosimetric assessment for which the classical methods of dosimetry for percutaneous radiotherapy are not applicable.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author The Editors     

HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: new developments in epidemiology and molecular pathology

Summary New epidemiological data give evidence for an unknown etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Experimental support is provided by research on cultivated KS cells. These results contradict a direct involvement of HIV-1 in the pathogenesis of KS. Research on cultivated KS cells confirmed the hypothesis that KS spindle cells originate from endothelial cells and gave new insight into the pathogenesis of tumor cell growth. KS spindle cells secrete an autocrine acting growth promoting activity. Nevertheless, they seem to depend on several growth factors like PDGF and IL-6 provided by surrounding endothelial cells and macrophages, respectively. The results support the hypothesis of a tumor relying on paracrine acting factors more than on autocrine acting factors.Abbreviations KS Kaposi's sarcoma - AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome - HIV human immunodeficiency virus - PDGF platelet-derived growth factor - CMV cytomegalovirus - FGF fibroblast growth factor The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author The Editors.     

The ability of heat stress and metabolic preconditioning to protect primary rat cardiac myocytes

Primary rat cardiocytes were subjected to either thermal preconditioning for 30 min at 43°C or 20 min metabolic preconditioning (10 mM deoxyglucose, 20 mM lactate, pH 6.5). Eighteen hours later cells were analysed either for hsp 70i expression or subjected to a subsequent lethal heat stress or simulated ischaemia (10 mM deoxyglucose, 20 mM lactate, 0.75 mM sodium dithionite, 12 mM potassium chloride, pH 6.5) for 2 hours and assessed for survival by trypan blue exclusion.Hsp 70i was induced over 100 fold by thermal preconditioning and 30 fold by metabolic preconditioning (p<0.001, p<0.05), hsp 90 was induced 2.71 fold and 2.24 fold (p<0.001, p<0.001) by thermal and metabolic preconditioning respectively, while hsp 60 was not induced by either treatment. Preconditioned cultures had improved survival against subsequent lethal heat stress or simulated ischaemia: Thermal preconditioning reduced death from 69.22% to 52.46% upon subsequent lethal heat stress and from 49.13% to 36.66% upon subsequent lethal simulated ischaemia. Metabolic preconditioning reduced cell death from 51.29% to 33.8% against subsequent lethal heat stress, and from 69.09% to 55.61% upon subsequent lethal simulated ischaemia. A second marker of cell death, the release of lactate dehydrogenase activity into the culture media, was reduced to 65% and 60% of control values for thermally preconditioned cells subjected to lethal heat or lethal simulated ischaemia respectively. Metabolically preconditioned cells demonstrated lactate dehydrogenase activity of 59% and 51% that of control values, when subjected to lethal heat or lethal simulated ischaemia respectively.Abbreviations hsp heat stress protein - hsp 70i inducible 70 kDa heat stress protein - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - PBS phosphate buffered saline     

Radioimmunotherapy: no news from the newcomer

The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the authors     

Partial responses to antineoplastic drug therapy: What do they mean?

The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author     

The effect of Piroxicam and Auranofin on cell migration

Summary Previous work at our laboratory has shown that Piroxicam is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil cell migration in vitro. We have now extended these observations by comparing the effect of Piroxicam in vivo on neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity as well as comparing the findings with those obtained with Auranofin, a novel oral gold salt preparation. The data presented support the notion that Piroxicam appears to be an inhibitor of neutrophil cell function while Auranofin predominantly affects monocyte cell migration.     

The role of colony-stimulating factors in acute leukemia

Summary This article summarises the effects of colony-stimulating factors and related molecules on leukemia blasts by focussing on autocrine and paracrine growth control. This information may lead to a better understanding of the pathobiology of this highly malignant disorder, and may have therapeutic implications.Abbreviations used GM-, G-, M-CSF granulocyte-macrophage, granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors - IL interleukin - AML-CFU acute myelogenous leukemia colony-forming unit - HGF hematopoietic growth factor The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author.     

Histomorphologische und cytologische Befunde bei einem Fall von Gewebsmastzell-Retikulose mit akutem leukämieartigem Verlauf

Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen Krankheitsfall berichtet, welcher nach der bisherigen Nomenklatur als Gewebsmastzellen-Leukämie oder als maligne Mastocytose mit leukämieartigen Manifestationen (Efrati et al., 1957) bezeichnet worden ist; er muß als akute subleukämische Gewebsmastzellen-Reticulose klassifiziert werden.

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Summary The author reports a case which, according to the past nomenclature, was designated as tissue-mast-cell leukemia or as malignant mastocytosis with leukemia-like manifestations (Efrati et al., 1957). This case must be classified as an acute subleucemic tissue-mast-cell reticulosis.

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Vortrag auf dem 12. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie, Berlin 1966.     

Interpretation of blood cultures yielding staphylococcus aureus

Summary Forty-eight patients with blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus were classified according to clinical criteria in three groups: definite, possible, and doubtful septicemia. Using traditional blood culture sets with two bottles (thioglycollate and tryptic soy broths), we found that patients with definite septicemia always showed more than one positive bottle per day if more than one set was drawn, that the mean detection time was 1.7 days, and that 95% of the first positive bottles and 92% of all positive bottles grew within two days of incubation. Patients with doubtful septicemia were more often (88%) positive in one bottle only, the mean detection time for all bottles was 3.7 days, and only 35% of the first positive bottles and 33% of all positive bottles yielded growth within two days. Possible cases took a position between these two extremes but tended more towards the doubtful cases. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of blood cultures with S. aureus are discussed.

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Interpretation von Blutkulturen mit Staphylococcus aureus

Zusammenfassung 48 Patienten, aus deren Blutkulturen Staphylococcus aureus gezüchtet worden war, wurden nach klinischen Kriterien in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: unzweifelhafte, mögliche und zweifelhafte Septikämie. Bei Verwendung eines traditionellen Blutkultursystems mit zwei Flaschen pro Kultur (Thioglykolat- und Tryptic Soy-Bouillons) ergab sich, daß Patienten mit unzweifelhafter Septikämie stets mehr als eine positive Flasche pro Tag aufwiesen — sofern mehr als eine Kultur pro Tag entnommen worden war —, daß die mittlere Bebrütungsdauer bis zur Positivität 1,7 Tage betrug, und daß 95% der ersten positiven Flaschen und 92% aller positiven Flaschen innerhalb von zwei Tagen Wachstum von S. aureus zeigten. Patienten mit zweifelhafter Septikämie zeigten häufiger (in 88%) Wachstum in nur einer Flasche, die mittlere Bebrütungsdauer betrug 3,7 Tage, und nur 35% der ersten positiven Flaschen und 33% aller positiven Flaschen ergaben Wachstum innerhalb von zwei Tagen. Mögliche Septikämien nahmen eine Zwischenstellung ein, tendierten jedoch mehr nach der zweifelhaften Kategoric. Folgerungen für die Interpretation von Blutkulturen mit S. aureus werden diskutiert.

     

Human exposure to genotoxic carcinogens: methods and their limitations

The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author The Editors.     

Phase 1 trials of intensive antineoplastic therapy: a need for a critical reassessment of who should be treated

The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author     

Occupational cancer prevention

Summary Studies of occupational cancer are particularly significant for primary prevention of cancer. Firstly, most cancers, once identified, can be prevented by reasonably simple means, without impinging on personal freedom. Secondly, the prevention of occupational cancers represents a saving of lives and the elimination of illness during the most active period of the lifespan. A third reason for investigating occupational cancers is that, in some cases, workers represent a particularly heavily exposed subgroup, and the occupational setting thus serves as a laboratory for the general environment. The protection of human health in the workplace should not depend solely on the epidemiological demonstration of existing risks; it is essential that results of predictive toxicology from long-and short-term laboratory studies also be used in the identification of possible carcinogenic risk factors.The Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology publishes in loose succession Editorials and Guest editorials on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author