Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗冠状沟及阴茎体中间型尿道下裂

目的总结Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗冠状沟及阴茎体中间型尿道下裂的经验。方法回顾性分析2006--2010年采用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗的483例冠状沟及阴茎体中间型尿道下裂患儿的临床资料,总结手术方法、术后并发症及处理。结果患儿手术年龄8个月至14岁,平均4岁8个月,手术时间45～100min,平均68min。术后并发症的总发生率为5．2％,其中术后尿道瘘3．5％,尿道口狭窄2．3％,伤口感染及裂开1．0％,阴茎扭转2．1％,尿道憩室0．4％。冠状沟型与阴茎体中间型尿道下裂术后并发症的发生率比较,无统计学意义。尿道瘘及尿道憩室经再次手术成形尿道治愈,尿道口狭窄经扩张尿道口改善。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术手术时间短,并发症少,并发症较容易处理,是治疗冠状沟及阴萃体中间型尿道下裂的合适手术方式。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术在失败的尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）在失败的尿道下裂病例治疗中的应用。方法 2001～2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗失败的尿道下裂病例84例。年龄2～16岁，平均3．7岁。并与在同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤充裕的失败尿道下裂76例作比较。结果 应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％）；尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Duplay手术76例，成功61例（80．3％），尿道瘘11例，尿道狭窄5例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术用于阴茎腹侧皮肤少的失败尿道下裂病例修复，可取得满意效果。     

应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂

目的探讨Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂的体会。方法2001-2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗146例尿道下裂。年龄1～16岁，平均3岁。其中治疗首诊病例62例；治疗已经过手术修复失败的病例84例。在同期，修复远端尿道下裂应用最多的是加盖岛状皮瓣法（onlay island flap法），共266例。结果首诊Snodgrass手术62例，成功57例（91．9％），2例尿道狭窄，3例尿道瘘。对失败的尿道下裂病例应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％），尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Onlay手术266例，成功256例（96．2％），尿道瘘10例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术适合尿道板发育好的无阴茎下弯的远端尿道下裂病例，以及部分失败的尿道下裂修复、长段尿道瘘病例。尿道板发育差的病例适合Onlay手术。     

Snodgrass尿道成形术在小儿尿道下裂中的应用

目的 总结Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂的适应证及方法、并评价其疗效。方法总结行Snodgrass尿道成形术的78例尿道下裂患儿的病例资料,其中冠状沟型18例,阴茎体型54例,阴茎阴囊型6例。14例为尿道成型失败者,52例合并阴茎下弯畸形行阴茎背侧12点处白膜折叠短缩,留置导尿管12～14d。拔管后常规前尿道扩张。结果术后随访4个月～2年,一次手术成功71例（91．0％）,阴茎外观正常。无下弯畸形,尿道口位于阴茎头正位,成纵行裂隙状,排尿通畅,无尿道狭窄。7例（9．0％）发生尿道瘘,经尿道扩张后自愈2例,4例已行尿瘘修补术,1例再行Snodgrass尿道成形术,均成功。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术适用于近、远端型,无或有轻中度阴茎下弯,尿道板发育良好的患儿,手术保留了尿道板,操作简单,并发症较少,手术成形效果好,易于掌握及推广。对尿道成形失败而阴茎所剩皮肤极少者也是一个非常有效的手术方法。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂22例

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证、手术技巧、并发症。方法 2005年9月～2006年11月本院应用Snodgrass手术治疗尿道下裂22例。年龄2～18岁。首次手术16例，采用尿道板正中切开卷管。再次手术6例，采用残余尿道板或阴茎皮肤正中切开卷管。卷管长度1～10cm。新尿道采用F6或飚号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管，术后10～14d拔除。结果 22例中18例一次手术成功，阴茎伸直良好，外形美观，排尿正常，成功率81．8％（18／22）。尿瘘3例，均已行尿瘘修补术痊愈。尿瘘并尿道狭窄1例，尿道扩张后狭窄改善，尿瘘待手术。结论 Snodgrass手术操作相对简单，手术者容易掌握，术后外形美观，并发症少。     

改良Snodrass手术一期修复小儿尿道下裂25例

目的总结改良Snodgrass术式在小儿尿道下裂治疗中的经验。方法对25例尿道下裂患儿（含阴茎体型15例，冠状沟型10例）采用改良Snodgrass术式行一期修复手术，评价疗效，并分析其手术方法。结果术后随访2个月至4年。21例一期手术治愈；3例出现尿瘘（12％），经尿瘘修补手术后治愈；2例卅现尿道狭窄，经尿道扩张治疗后痊愈（8％）。结论改良Snodgrass手术操作简单，适用于阴茎体型和冠状沟型尿道下裂。     

Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂276例

目的总结Snodgrass手术治疗小儿尿道下裂的经验。方法对276例采用SnodgTass手术进行尿道成形的尿道下裂患儿进行回顾性分析。术中对阴茎下曲者行阴茎背侧折叠术,游离阴茎背侧皮下筋膜覆盖成形尿道。结果术后随访6～18个月,260例获得满意疗效。16例并发尿瘘,发生率为5．8％;35例并发尿道外15狭窄,经尿道扩张及留置导尿管获改善。结论Snodgrass手术能I期矫正冠状沟型、阴茎体型及部分阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂,对轻一中度阴茎下曲通过阴茎背侧白膜折叠能获得矫正。     

保留尿道板尿道成形术91例报告

目的评价保留尿道下裂尿道板尿道成形术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年6月～2006年6月我院91例尿道下裂患儿行保留尿道板尿道成形术的诊治经过。平均年龄5.3岁(2～12岁),冠状沟型12例,阴茎体型53例,阴茎阴囊型20例,阴囊型6例。结果手术治愈80例,治愈率为87.0%。10例发生尿瘘,尿瘘发生率为10.9%。1例出现尿道狭窄。1例阴茎头裂开。所有尿瘘患儿均于术后半年行尿瘘修补术,并获痊愈。结论保留尿道板尿道成形术,操作简单,手术时间短,成功率高,手术效果好。     

尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘的处理

目的探讨尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘的处理。方法总结1994-2003年464例尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘治疗的临床经验。年龄1～18岁，平均6．5岁。2/3患儿来自外院。大尿瘘163例使用Thierseh、Snodgrass、Duckett、Duplay、Mathieu、Onlay、Denis—Browne和阴囊中隔修补术。小尿瘘301例用简单切开缝合法和Y-V皮瓣覆盖尿瘘修补法。结果术后随访6个月～10年，一次修补成功率93．3％，其巾大瘘85．9％，小瘘97．3％。结论尿道下裂Ⅰ期手术方法的正确选择对提高尿瘘修补手术成功率至关重要。应该按照尿瘘的大小、位置、数量和局部条件选择不同修瘘手术方法。     

前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的探讨前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法总结分析2002年1月～2004年6月对12例尿道下裂患儿实行的前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形术的治疗经验。结果全部12例患儿阴茎外观满意。尿道口位置正常，仅有1例出现尿瘘，未发现尿道狭窄病例。结论对于远端尿道板薄弱同时合并明显阴茎下曲的尿道下裂患儿如行常规游离包皮内板尿道成形则原系带处保留的皮桥过薄，容易发生尿瘘且有部分患儿出现术后尿道口回缩，前尿道板加游离包皮内板尿道成形是一种较好的手术治疗方法，阴茎伸直充分且可保证尿道开口于正常位置。尤其适用于阴茎及阴茎头发育良好的患儿。     

尿道下裂手术方法选择再认识

目的 探讨不同类型尿道下裂手术方法的选择。方法 总结2000-2003年治疗490例尿道下裂的临床经验。无阴茎下弯或轻度阴茎下弯通过阴茎背侧白膜折叠矫正后的尿道下裂手术方法，包括：尿道口位于舟状窝患儿选用尿道口前移、阴茎头成型(MAGPI)；尿道口位于阴茎体、阴茎根患儿用加盖岛状包皮瓣法(Onlay)；Snodgrass法用于尿道板发育好的远端前型尿道下裂以及部分再次手术病例；合并阴茎下弯的尿道下裂应用带蒂岛状包皮瓣尿道成型术(Duckett)及Duckett Duplay术式。结果 各种手术方法的成功率：MAGPI为95．5％(21／22例)；Snodgrass 93．3％(14／15例)，Snodgrass用于再次手术的患儿效果72.4％(21／29例)；Onlay 95．5％(213／223例)；Duckett 90．8％(157／173例)；Duckett Duplay 81．6％(31／38例)。结论 应根据尿道下裂有无合并阴茎下弯及尿道开口位置和阴茎发育的状况选择手术方法。     

Snodgrass手术在治疗失败尿道下裂中的应用

目的探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass法)对治疗失败尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析广州军区总医院泌尿外科2002年3月-2011年4月接受Snodgrass法治疗的81例阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂患者的临床资料,并与36例同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤相对充裕的治疗失败尿道下裂患者进行比较。2种治疗方法均留置尿道U形支架管,U形支架管两端分别从会阴部尿道及尿道外口引出,均采用肉膜瓣覆盖成形尿道。结果随访6个月～2 a,应用Snodgrass手术治疗81例,成功65例(80.2%),术后并尿道瘘11例,尿道狭窄5例。Duplay尿道成形术治疗36例,成功29例(80.6%),术后并尿道瘘5例,尿道狭窄2例。2组手术成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Snodgrass手术用于儿童阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂的修复,可取得满意效果。     

尿道下裂个体化手术治疗探讨

目的探讨对尿道下裂患者实施个体化手术治疗的疗效与意义。方法回顾性分析本院收治的98例采取个体化手术治疗的尿道下裂患儿临床资料,其中采取尿道口前移、阴茎头成型术(MAGPI术)14例,尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass术)36例,横裁包皮带蒂岛状皮瓣尿道成形术(Duckett术)24例,分期阴茎皮条埋藏法(Duplay术)20例,Duplay+Dukett手术4例。结果 98例患儿总手术成功率82.6%(81/98),MAGPI、Snodgrass、Duckett、Duplay、Duplay+Dukett手术成功率分别为92.8%(12/13)、91.6%(33/36)、79.1%(19/24)、70.0%(14/20)、50.0%(2/4)。术后总并发症发生率:尿道狭窄6.1%(6/98),尿道瘘5.1%(5/98);阴茎外观欠满意6.1%(6/98)。结论在充分理解尿道下裂术式优劣的基础上,根据患儿实际情况,如阴茎下弯程度、尿道外口位置、阴茎、包皮及阴茎头发育情况,选择个体化手术方案是尿道下裂患儿切实有效可行的临床治疗模式。     

Hypospadias repair and outcome in Abuja,Nigeria: A 5-year single-centre experience

Background:

To determine the outcome of hypospadias repair in children.

Patients and Methods:

This was a retrospective study of all patients with hypospadias managed at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria from January 2009 to December 2013.

Results:

Twenty-four cases of hypospadias had corrective surgery during the 5-year period under review. Seventy-five percent of the patients (n = 18) were seen after the 1^st year of life. There were two peaks of ages at corrective repair; 45.8% between age 1 and 3 years and 29.1% between age 5 and 10 years. The average age at time of surgery was 44.9 months. Distal hypospadias were more common (58.4%), followed by glanular (20.8%) and proximal (20.8%) hypospadias. Associated anomalies included chordee, maldescended testicles and inguinal hernia in 20.8%, 4.1% and 8.3% cases, respectively. Operative techniques were single-stage procedures in 79.1% of patients consisting of simple circumcision in two cases (10.5%), Mathieu''s peri-meatal based flap in four cases (21%), meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated in three cases (16%) and Snodgrass tubularised incised urethral plate tubularised incised plate in 10 cases (52.5%). The remaining 20.9% (n = 5) had multi-staged procedures. The most common post-operative complications were urethrocutenous fistula in nine patients (33.3%) and metal stenosis in 3 patients (12.5%).

Conclusions:

Our results show that hypospadia repair is froth with attendant high complications in our setting.     

MAGPI procedure in meatal regression after hypospadias repair.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of MAGPI's procedure in children who had a meatal regression after hypospadias repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one children affected by post-hypospadias repair meatal regression underwent a modified MAGPI repair between January 1992 and January 1999: the patients, aged between 3 and 12 years (mean 5.9), had previously undergone hypospadias repair according to the techniques of Duplay (11 patients), Mathieu (2 patients), Snodgrass (5 patients) or the onlay buccal mucosa graft (3 patients). The outcome of the procedure was evaluated in terms of urinary stream and cosmetic appearance. RESULTS: The results were good in 18 patients, fair in 2, unchanged in 1. CONCLUSIONS: MAGPI's repair has proven to be very effective as a secondary procedure in meatal regression after hypospadias correction, with minimal morbidity and a highly successful outcome in terms of satisfactory functionality and cosmetic appearance, and the recovery of gaps as large as 9 mm.     

Snodgrass hypospadias repair with onlay overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap without urethrocutaneous fistula: Experience of 156 cases

ObjectiveTo evaluate the neourethra covering created by a vascularized overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap for preventing urethrocutaneous fistula in the Snodgrass hypospadias repair (tubularized incised plate).Patients and methodsBetween March 2003 and January 2008, 156 boys (mean age, 4.5 years) were enrolled for hypospadias repair. Preoperative position of the urethral meatus was subcoronal in 37, at the distal shaft in 61 and mid-shaft in 58 boys. All patients underwent the Snodgrass hypospadias repair. The neourethra was then covered with an overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap before glans and skin closure.ResultsAll 156 patients underwent successful reconstruction. With a mean follow up of 23 months (range 6–42), all boys had a satisfactory subjective cosmetic and functional result with a vertically oriented, slit-like meatus at the tip of the glans. No urethrocutaneous fistula or urethral stenosis occurred.ConclusionAs the neouretha covering is an integral part of the Snodgrass hypospadias repair, a dorsal well vascularized double-layered dartos flap is a good choice for preventing urethrocutaneous fistula formation.     

前型尿道下裂患儿尿道口前移龟头成形术后尿道功能的评估

目的探讨尿道口前移龟头成形术（MAGPI）对前型尿道下裂患儿尿道功能的影响。方法2008年8月到2011年8月作者收治16例男性前型尿道下裂患儿,年龄2—10岁,平均4岁9个月,其中龟头型2例（12．5％）,冠状沟型14例（87．5％）;8例（50．0％）伴轻度阴茎下弯。依据Duckett报道的手术方法对16例患儿行MAGPI手术治疗。术前术后行尿流率检查。结果患儿均一次手术获成功。术后2～3个月尿流率检查提示最大尿流率、平均尿流率术前术后比较,均有统计学意义,最大尿流率由术前的（9．5±2．7）mL／s增加到术后（11．6±2．0）mL／s（P=0．022）;平均尿流率（6．2±1．6）mL／s增加到术后（7．7±1．4）mL／s（P=0．009）。结论MAGPI手术方法简单,成功率高,术后无尿道狭窄发生,患儿尿道功能较术前改善,对于合适的前型尿道下裂患儿是一种很好的手术方法。