Robotic gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: comparison of surgical performance and short-term outcomes

Purpose

This study was designed to compare robot-assisted gastrectomy with laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy in surgical performance and short-term clinical outcomes for gastric cancer and evaluate the safety and feasibility of robotic surgery.

Methods

A retrospective database of patients who underwent robotic or laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer between March 2010 and May 2013 was examined. After screening, 514 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled in this study: 120 robotic and 394 laparoscopic surgery. Patient demographics, surgical performance, and short-term clinical outcomes were examined.

Results

All operations were performed successfully. The clinicopathologic characteristics were similar between the two groups. Compared with the laparoscopic group, the robotic group had less intraoperative blood loss (118.3 ± 55.8 vs. 137.6 ± 61.6 ml, P < 0.001), more lymph nodes dissection (34.6 ± 10.9 vs. 32.7 ± 11.2, P = 0.013), and longer operation time (234.8 ± 42.4 vs. 221.3 ± 44.8 min, P = 0.003). The survival rates were 90.2 % at 1 year, 78.1 % at 2 years, and 67.8 % at 3 years in the RAG group compared with 87.3 % at 1 year, 77.1 % at 2 years, and 69.9 % at 3 years in the LAG group. The difference in overall survival rate between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.812). In view of lymph node involvement, the 3-year survival rates for patients with negative nodal metastasis were 84.4 % in the RAG group versus 82.6 % in the LAG group (P = 0.972) and 57.5 % in the RAG group versus 60.3 % in the LADG group (P = 0.653) for those with positive nodal metastasis.

Conclusions

Comparing well with laparoscopic gastrectomy, robot-assisted gastrectomy is a feasible and safe surgical procedure with clear operation field, precise dissection, minimal trauma, and fast recovery. Longer follow-up time and randomized, clinical trials are needed to evaluate the clinical benefits and long-term oncological outcomes of this new technology.     

机器人胃癌根治术相关问题

近10年来,机器人外科手术系统的临床应用取得了长足发展,其有望解决腹腔镜技术本身的缺陷.经验丰富的外科医生团队在腹腔镜胃癌根治术的基础上,应用机器人进行手术和开展临床研究已经积累了许多成功经验.临床机器人系统为微创手术提供了一个技术上优越的手术环境,是传统腹腔镜胃癌根治术有效、可行的替代方法.该文就机器人胃癌根治术的可...     

机器人根治性远端胃次全切除术

术中在横结肠上缘切开胃结肠韧带,将横结肠系膜前叶分离,向右分离,显露胃网膜右动脉由胰十二指肠动脉分支根部并离断,清除周围淋巴结。将胃翻向上方,在胰腺上缘肝总动脉之起始部找到胃左动脉。分别显露胃左动脉和静脉。先切断静脉,再切断胃左动脉,剥离胰腺背膜,并切除周围脂肪,清除肝总动脉及胰腺上缘之淋巴结,向右继续清除幽门上淋巴结群。在胃十二指肠动脉分出胃右动脉处切断胃右动脉,清除肝固有动脉周围之淋巴结,离断十二指肠。向右继续清除脾动脉周围之淋巴结及脂肪组织,将胃向上翻起,清除贲门淋巴结及脂肪组织。余步骤辅助小切口完成胃肠Roux-en-Y重建。     

Robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: comparison with conventional laparoscopic procedure

Background

Robotic systems recently have been introduced to overcome technical limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery, especially for complex procedures. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node (LN) dissection (LTGD2) is one of the most complicated procedures. We hypothesized that robotic LN dissection would be more thorough and accurate. We compared robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection (RTGD2) with LTGD2 to investigate the impact of robotics.

Methods

Clinicopathologic characteristics and short-term and long-term outcomes of RTGD2 (n = 51) versus LTGD2 (n = 58) in gastric adenocarcinoma patients were extracted from a prospectively designed database and analyzed retrospectively.

Results

There was no difference of patients’ characteristics between groups. Mean operation time of RTGD2 was longer than LTGD2 (p < 0.001), and no differences in tumor histology, size, location, and TNM stage were seen. Total retrieved LNs from RTGD2 was similar to LTGD2 (mean 47.2 vs. 42.8, respectively), as were retrieved LNs at splenic hilum (1.3 vs. 0.8). However, mean numbers of retrieved LNs along the splenic artery from RTGD2 was higher than LTGD2 (2.3 vs. 1.0, respectively; p = 0.013), as was also the case at the splenic hilum and artery (3.6 vs. 1.9, p = 0.014). Postoperative complication (16 vs. 22 %, p = 0.374) and overall and disease-free survival between the two groups were not significantly different (p = 0.767 and p = 0.666, respectively).

Conclusions

Robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection is feasible. Operation time and retrieved total LNs and splenic hilar LNs in the robotic procedure are acceptable.     

腹腔镜与开放手术行胃癌根治术临床疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下行胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性.方法 回顾性分析我科2011年1月至2012年12月同期收治的胃癌需手术治疗患者107例临床资料,分为腹腔镜组（50例）和开腹组（57例）,对比分析两组手术患者手术及术后情况.结果 两组患者均没有死亡病例,手术时间腹腔镜组为（293.24±54.49） min,开腹组为（217.34-38.65） min（P ＜0.01）,与开腹组比较,腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、下床活动时间及住院时间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,两组患者术后淋巴结清除个数分别为21.73枚和23.15枚,术后早期并发症在两组无明显区别.结论 腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术是安全可行的,与开腹手术相近根治效果,且具有术后恢复迅速、创伤小等优点.     

Predictive factors for surgical complications of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Background  Some studies have found high incidences of intraoperative and postoperative complications for patients with gastric cancer. To determine the predictive factors for the surgical complications of laparoscopic gastric surgery, surgical outcomes were evaluated. Methods  Between April 2002 and December 2007, 152 patients with preoperatively diagnosed early gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) were enrolled. Visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat areas (SFA) were assessed by Fat Scan software. The predictive factors for surgical complications of LADG were evaluated by univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results  Of 152 patients, conversion to open surgery due to uncontrollable bleeding was observed in nine male patients, and postoperative complications were detected in seven male and one female patient (four anastomotic leakage, two intraabdominal abscess, one pancreatic fistula, and one lymphorrhea). High body mass index (BMI) and high VFA independently predicted conversion to open surgery and postoperative complications. VFA was significantly higher, operation time was longer, blood loss was greater, and SFA was lower in male than in female patients, whereas no significant difference was observed in BMI between male and female patients. Conclusions  High BMI and high VFA can predict technical difficulties during laparoscopic gastric surgery and postoperative complications. Particularly, LADG should be performed cautiously to prevent surgical complications for male patients with high VFA. Predictive impact of VFA should be further determined in a larger set of patients.     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜对进展期胃癌手术治疗的安全性、可行性及疗效。方法回顾性分析大连医科大学附属二院普外科2011年5月-2014年1月120例进展期胃癌患者的临床资料,其中59例患者行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术治疗,61例患者行传统开腹胃癌根治术。结果腹腔镜组均成功完成胃癌根治术,无中转开腹。与开腹组相比,术中出血量更少,术后胃肠道功能恢复更快。结论腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术安全、可行,与开腹组治疗效果相同,且腹腔镜组因创伤小术后恢复快,值得推广。     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的可行性、安全性。方法：回顾性分析12例腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床资料。结果：12例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。平均手术时间240min,术中平均出血100ml,无手术并发症发生,术后病理检查淋巴结平均23.5枚,两切端无癌细胞残留。结论：腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全、可行,近期效果满意。     

Intracorporeal stapled anastomosis following laparoscopic segmental gastrectomy for gastric cancer: technical report and surgical outcomes

Background  

Limited gastrectomy for early gastric body cancers can offer a better functional outcome by preserving more remnant stomach. Intracorporeal stapled techniques result in cosmesis and avoid awkward anastomosis through a minilaparotomy.     

Survival after surgical treatment of early gastric cancer: surgical techniques and long-term survival

Background and aims Recent results from long-term follow-up of a large number of patients who have undergone gastric resection for early gastric cancer (EGC) have not yet been fully evaluated.Patients and methods A total of 848 patients who had undergone gastric resection for EGC (262 female, 586 male; mean age 58.0 years; range 20–86 years) were studied with respect to surgical technique, long-term survival and prognostic factors on the basis of current TNM classification.Results Death related to recurrence occurred in only eight patients (0.9%). Hematogenous metastasis to the liver or bone represented the most common pattern of recurrence, developing in six of the eight recurrences (75%). The 5-year and 10-year cancer-related survival rates were 98.6% and 94.8%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 95.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Lymph node metastasis represented an independent prognostic factor when analyzed on the basis of cancer-related survival.Conclusion The present findings indicate that long-term survival of patients who undergo gastric resection for EGC is extremely good and that lymph node metastasis represents an independent prognostic factor when analyzed according to cancer-related survival. Future developments for the treatment of EGC are expected to improve quality of life for patients after gastric resection.     

保留幽门及迷走神经的胃部分切除术治疗早期胃癌

Objective To discuss the effect of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer(EGC). Methods Between August 1995 and December 2005, 52 cases of EGC underwent pyloruspreserving gastrectomy(PPG) and 159 cases of EGC underwent distal gastrectomy(DG), Clinicopathlogic data and follow-up results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively, and gastric emptying and gallbladder function of 15 cases PPG and 17 cases DG were compared at the same time.Results Compared with DG group, patients in PPG group maintain the body weight, gastric emptying and gallbladder function. There was no significant difference between PPG group (92. 3% ) and DG group (93.1% ) in overall 5-year survival rate ( P = 0. 881 ). The 5-year survival rate of the the PPG group with lymph node dissection was D1 100%, D1+α 92. 3%, D1+β 88.9%, D2 87. 5% respectively.Conclusions For early gastric cancer, the pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is effective for maintaining the postoperative function with similar long term survival as that of distal gastrectomy.     

Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer has been proposed to remove lymph nodes along the upper border of the pancreas without performing a distal pancreatic resection. However, the original technique includes the ligation of the splenic artery at its origin and thus carries the risk of pancreatic necrosis. HYPOTHESIS: A technique of pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy that includes ligation of the splenic artery approximately 5 cm distally from the root may reduce the risk of postoperative pancreatic necrosis. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Both primary and referral hospital care. PATIENTS: Hospital records of 228 consecutive patients who, according to a personal technique, underwent D3 pancreas-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer from 1981 to 1997 were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgical complications, postoperative deaths, and survival. RESULTS: Hospital morbidity and mortality were 33.3% and 3.9%, respectively. No patients experienced pancreatic necrosis. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection was 53.6%: 96.9% for stage IA, 76.3% for stage IB, 63.0% for stage II, 35.6% for stage IIIA, 27.0% for stage IIIB, and 20.3% for stage IV (N3-positive patients) disease. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study show the efficacy of this method of radical resection for gastric cancer as demonstrated by the low incidence of postoperative complications and high survival rates.     

保留幽门及迷走神经的胃部分切除术治疗早期胃癌

Objective To discuss the effect of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer(EGC). Methods Between August 1995 and December 2005, 52 cases of EGC underwent pyloruspreserving gastrectomy(PPG) and 159 cases of EGC underwent distal gastrectomy(DG), Clinicopathlogic data and follow-up results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively, and gastric emptying and gallbladder function of 15 cases PPG and 17 cases DG were compared at the same time.Results Compared with DG group, patients in PPG group maintain the body weight, gastric emptying and gallbladder function. There was no significant difference between PPG group (92. 3% ) and DG group (93.1% ) in overall 5-year survival rate ( P = 0. 881 ). The 5-year survival rate of the the PPG group with lymph node dissection was D1 100%, D1+α 92. 3%, D1+β 88.9%, D2 87. 5% respectively.Conclusions For early gastric cancer, the pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is effective for maintaining the postoperative function with similar long term survival as that of distal gastrectomy.     

腹腔镜胃癌全胃切除术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胃癌全胃切除术的可行性、方法和效果.方法 回顾性分析行腹腔镜下全胃切除术的63例胃癌患者的f临床资料,探讨手术方法,观察术后疗效.结果 腹腔镜下根治性全胃切除52例,姑息性全胃切除5例.前期45例在小切H直视下行食管空肠吻合,后期12例在腹腔镜下行食管空肠吻合.中转开腹6例.手术用时(312±35)min,术中出血量(190±50)ml,清扫淋巴结(32±7)枚,术后患者胃肠功能恢复时间(4.0 ±1.2)d,进食时间(4.5±1.5)d,下床活动时间(4.0±1.5)d.5例出现手术相关并发症,术后近期效果良好.结论 腹腔镜胃癌全胃切除术安全可行,创伤小,术后恢复快,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治范围.     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术（LADG）是微创外科的技术之一,是现代外科的重要发展方向之一。按照日本胃癌治疗指南．LADG的适应证应严格限定在早期胃癌中,进展期胃癌应属于探索性临床研究。LADG在早期胃癌病例中应用的短期优势已得到较普遍地认可,但全腹腔镜技术尚需进一步研究探索;而LADG在进展期胃癌中的应用仍然是目前学术争议的热点之一。虽然当前有研究显示,LADG加D2淋巴结清扫对于进展期胃癌其效果与开腹手术相当,但仍需等待中国、日本和韩国目前正在进行的大样本多中心随机对照试验的结果确认。     

Robotic surgery for gastric cancer: a technical review

Minimally invasive gastric cancer surgery is gaining acceptance, especially in the treatment of patients with early gastric cancer. While offering patients the benefits of minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic surgery is limited by several disadvantages such as altered operating view and lack of versatility in surgical instrumentation. Robotic surgery offers the surgeon the benefit of superior 3D visualization, the freedom of the EndoWrist function, and the tremble-filtered control of the four robotic arms. Due to the technical advantages of the robotic surgical system, robotic surgery may facilitate the expansion of minimally invasive surgery over laparoscopy. The application of robotic surgery for gastric cancer is increasing in experienced centers. Most reports of the robotic operating methods are only slightly modified from the laparoscopic technique. Robotic gastric cancer surgery including radical subtotal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection is technically feasible and safe and results in similar short-term postoperative outcomes when compared to laparoscopic surgery. The role of robotic surgery in gastric cancer is promising but awaits further comparative studies of long-term results and cost-effectiveness.     

腹腔镜全胃切除术

尽管技术手段不断改良更新,腹腔镜全胃切除术中的腔内食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合仍然在技术上充满挑战,成为制约其发展的瓶颈之一.据此,我们团队利用“一体化捆绑技术”使用经口抵钉座置入系统改进了这一过程.本文视频展示了1例胃多原发腺癌病例：贲门]（T1）和胃窦（T2）各见一病灶,仅小弯侧幽门周围见1枚可疑淋巴结肿大,未见转移征象.一般地,我中心对于近端胃局部进展期癌常规行No.10组淋巴结清扫,但本例贲门 处为早期病变,故行腹腔镜全胃切除、D2-No.10淋巴结清扫术.     

保留幽门及迷走神经的胃部分切除术治疗早期胃癌

目的 探讨早期胃癌的保留幽门及迷走神经的胃部分切除手术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析了1995年8月至2005年12月行保留幽门及迷走神经的胃部分切除术(pylorus-preserving gastrectomy,PPG)的早期胃癌52例和行远端胃切除(distal gastrectomy,DG)的早期胃癌159例的临床病理资料及长期随访结果,同时比较了PPG组(15例)和DG组(17例)患者的胃排空和胆囊收缩功能.结果 术后PPG组比DG组患者能更好地维持体重,食物的胃排空状态近乎正常,胆囊的收缩功能及长期生存状态良好.PPG组患者累积5年生存率为92.3%,与DG组患者的93.1%之间相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.881),其中D1为100%,D1+α为92.3%,D1+β为88.9%,D2为87.5%.结论 PPG手术可以维持早期胃癌患者的正常生理功能,且具有与DG相同的长期生存效果.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the effect of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer(EGC). Methods Between August 1995 and December 2005, 52 cases of EGC underwent pyloruspreserving gastrectomy(PPG) and 159 cases of EGC underwent distal gastrectomy(DG), Clinicopathlogic data and follow-up results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively, and gastric emptying and gallbladder function of 15 cases PPG and 17 cases DG were compared at the same time.Results Compared with DG group, patients in PPG group maintain the body weight, gastric emptying and gallbladder function. There was no significant difference between PPG group (92. 3% ) and DG group (93.1% ) in overall 5-year survival rate ( P = 0. 881 ). The 5-year survival rate of the the PPG group with lymph node dissection was D1 100%, D1+α 92. 3%, D1+β 88.9%, D2 87. 5% respectively.Conclusions For early gastric cancer, the pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is effective for maintaining the postoperative function with similar long term survival as that of distal gastrectomy.