Robotic gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: comparison of surgical performance and short-term outcomes

Purpose

This study was designed to compare robot-assisted gastrectomy with laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy in surgical performance and short-term clinical outcomes for gastric cancer and evaluate the safety and feasibility of robotic surgery.

Methods

A retrospective database of patients who underwent robotic or laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer between March 2010 and May 2013 was examined. After screening, 514 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled in this study: 120 robotic and 394 laparoscopic surgery. Patient demographics, surgical performance, and short-term clinical outcomes were examined.

Results

All operations were performed successfully. The clinicopathologic characteristics were similar between the two groups. Compared with the laparoscopic group, the robotic group had less intraoperative blood loss (118.3 ± 55.8 vs. 137.6 ± 61.6 ml, P < 0.001), more lymph nodes dissection (34.6 ± 10.9 vs. 32.7 ± 11.2, P = 0.013), and longer operation time (234.8 ± 42.4 vs. 221.3 ± 44.8 min, P = 0.003). The survival rates were 90.2 % at 1 year, 78.1 % at 2 years, and 67.8 % at 3 years in the RAG group compared with 87.3 % at 1 year, 77.1 % at 2 years, and 69.9 % at 3 years in the LAG group. The difference in overall survival rate between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.812). In view of lymph node involvement, the 3-year survival rates for patients with negative nodal metastasis were 84.4 % in the RAG group versus 82.6 % in the LAG group (P = 0.972) and 57.5 % in the RAG group versus 60.3 % in the LADG group (P = 0.653) for those with positive nodal metastasis.

Conclusions

Comparing well with laparoscopic gastrectomy, robot-assisted gastrectomy is a feasible and safe surgical procedure with clear operation field, precise dissection, minimal trauma, and fast recovery. Longer follow-up time and randomized, clinical trials are needed to evaluate the clinical benefits and long-term oncological outcomes of this new technology.     

机器人胃癌根治术相关问题

近10年来,机器人外科手术系统的临床应用取得了长足发展,其有望解决腹腔镜技术本身的缺陷.经验丰富的外科医生团队在腹腔镜胃癌根治术的基础上,应用机器人进行手术和开展临床研究已经积累了许多成功经验.临床机器人系统为微创手术提供了一个技术上优越的手术环境,是传统腹腔镜胃癌根治术有效、可行的替代方法.该文就机器人胃癌根治术的可...     

机器人辅助胃癌根治术

患者在静吸复合麻醉下机器人胃癌根治术(全胃D2淋巴结清扫,Roux－en－Y吻合),淋巴结清扫与消化道重建均在镜下完成,手术时间：205 min,术中出血量：65 ml。术后病理：胃体小弯中－低分化腺癌,侵润至胃壁全层,见神经侵犯,上下切缘及大网膜未见癌组织累及,胃小弯淋巴结(8/26)见癌组织累及,胃大弯侧淋巴结(4/11)见癌组织转移。患者术后第4天出院,围手术期处理在加速康复外科理念指导下进行。     

机器人根治性远端胃次全切除术

术中在横结肠上缘切开胃结肠韧带,将横结肠系膜前叶分离,向右分离,显露胃网膜右动脉由胰十二指肠动脉分支根部并离断,清除周围淋巴结。将胃翻向上方,在胰腺上缘肝总动脉之起始部找到胃左动脉。分别显露胃左动脉和静脉。先切断静脉,再切断胃左动脉,剥离胰腺背膜,并切除周围脂肪,清除肝总动脉及胰腺上缘之淋巴结,向右继续清除幽门上淋巴结群。在胃十二指肠动脉分出胃右动脉处切断胃右动脉,清除肝固有动脉周围之淋巴结,离断十二指肠。向右继续清除脾动脉周围之淋巴结及脂肪组织,将胃向上翻起,清除贲门淋巴结及脂肪组织。余步骤辅助小切口完成胃肠Roux-en-Y重建。     

Robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: comparison with conventional laparoscopic procedure

Background

Robotic systems recently have been introduced to overcome technical limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery, especially for complex procedures. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node (LN) dissection (LTGD2) is one of the most complicated procedures. We hypothesized that robotic LN dissection would be more thorough and accurate. We compared robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection (RTGD2) with LTGD2 to investigate the impact of robotics.

Methods

Clinicopathologic characteristics and short-term and long-term outcomes of RTGD2 (n = 51) versus LTGD2 (n = 58) in gastric adenocarcinoma patients were extracted from a prospectively designed database and analyzed retrospectively.

Results

There was no difference of patients’ characteristics between groups. Mean operation time of RTGD2 was longer than LTGD2 (p < 0.001), and no differences in tumor histology, size, location, and TNM stage were seen. Total retrieved LNs from RTGD2 was similar to LTGD2 (mean 47.2 vs. 42.8, respectively), as were retrieved LNs at splenic hilum (1.3 vs. 0.8). However, mean numbers of retrieved LNs along the splenic artery from RTGD2 was higher than LTGD2 (2.3 vs. 1.0, respectively; p = 0.013), as was also the case at the splenic hilum and artery (3.6 vs. 1.9, p = 0.014). Postoperative complication (16 vs. 22 %, p = 0.374) and overall and disease-free survival between the two groups were not significantly different (p = 0.767 and p = 0.666, respectively).

Conclusions

Robotic spleen-preserving total gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection is feasible. Operation time and retrieved total LNs and splenic hilar LNs in the robotic procedure are acceptable.     

机器人与腹腔镜手术治疗胃癌的近期疗效对比Meta分析

目的:系统评价机器人胃切除术(RG)治疗胃癌的安全性、有效性和近期疗效。方法:检索国内外数据库,收集2005年1月—2015年1月间发表的对比RG和腹腔镜胃切除术(LG)治疗胃癌近期疗效的中文和英文文献,使用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入15篇文献,共计5 286例胃癌患者,其中RG组1 618例,LG组3 668例。Meta分析结果显示,与LG组比较,RG组术中出血量明显减少(WMD=-38.79,95%CI=-53.73~-23.84),淋巴结清扫数目多(WMD=2.13,95%CI=1.45~2.80),胃肠功能恢复时间、进食时间和术后住院时间缩短(WMD=-0.27,95%CI=-0.37~-0.16;WMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.37~-0.14;WMD=-0.82,95%CI=-1.32~-0.32),但手术时间明显延长(WMD=37.39,95%CI=26.79~47.98)(均P<0.05)。两组近端切缘距离、远端切缘距离和术后并发症发生率方面的差异无统计学意义(WMD=0.05,95%CI=-0.11~0.20;WMD=0.30,95%CI=-0.28~0.88;OR=0.97,95%CI=0.79~1.19)(均P>0.05)。结论:RG治疗胃癌安全可行,可取得与LG相当或更佳的近期疗效和肿瘤根治效果。     

腹腔镜与开放手术行胃癌根治术临床疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助下行胃癌根治术的安全性及可行性.方法 回顾性分析我科2011年1月至2012年12月同期收治的胃癌需手术治疗患者107例临床资料,分为腹腔镜组（50例）和开腹组（57例）,对比分析两组手术患者手术及术后情况.结果 两组患者均没有死亡病例,手术时间腹腔镜组为（293.24±54.49） min,开腹组为（217.34-38.65） min（P ＜0.01）,与开腹组比较,腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、下床活动时间及住院时间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,两组患者术后淋巴结清除个数分别为21.73枚和23.15枚,术后早期并发症在两组无明显区别.结论 腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术是安全可行的,与开腹手术相近根治效果,且具有术后恢复迅速、创伤小等优点.     

Predictive factors for surgical complications of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Background  Some studies have found high incidences of intraoperative and postoperative complications for patients with gastric cancer. To determine the predictive factors for the surgical complications of laparoscopic gastric surgery, surgical outcomes were evaluated. Methods  Between April 2002 and December 2007, 152 patients with preoperatively diagnosed early gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) were enrolled. Visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat areas (SFA) were assessed by Fat Scan software. The predictive factors for surgical complications of LADG were evaluated by univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results  Of 152 patients, conversion to open surgery due to uncontrollable bleeding was observed in nine male patients, and postoperative complications were detected in seven male and one female patient (four anastomotic leakage, two intraabdominal abscess, one pancreatic fistula, and one lymphorrhea). High body mass index (BMI) and high VFA independently predicted conversion to open surgery and postoperative complications. VFA was significantly higher, operation time was longer, blood loss was greater, and SFA was lower in male than in female patients, whereas no significant difference was observed in BMI between male and female patients. Conclusions  High BMI and high VFA can predict technical difficulties during laparoscopic gastric surgery and postoperative complications. Particularly, LADG should be performed cautiously to prevent surgical complications for male patients with high VFA. Predictive impact of VFA should be further determined in a larger set of patients.     

腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜对进展期胃癌手术治疗的安全性、可行性及疗效。方法回顾性分析大连医科大学附属二院普外科2011年5月-2014年1月120例进展期胃癌患者的临床资料,其中59例患者行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术治疗,61例患者行传统开腹胃癌根治术。结果腹腔镜组均成功完成胃癌根治术,无中转开腹。与开腹组相比,术中出血量更少,术后胃肠道功能恢复更快。结论腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术安全、可行,与开腹组治疗效果相同,且腹腔镜组因创伤小术后恢复快,值得推广。     

Near-total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Fifty-nine consecutive patients (95 percent) with gastric cancer of the distal portion of the stomach were operated on with 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy between 1975 and 1980. The operations were for cure in all cases. Twenty-five patients were alive after 5 years, for a crude 5 year survival rate of 42 percent. The operative mortality rate was 5 percent (three patients). Twenty-four patients (41 percent) had complications, which consisted of postoperative respiratory infection in 11 patients (19 percent), postoperative ileus in 4 patients (7 percent), and subphrenic abscess in 2 patients (3.4 percent). In addition, there was one wound dehiscence and one liver rupture (with fatal outcome), one deep venous thrombosis, one urinary infection, and one wound infection. Only one patient (1.7 percent) had an anastomotic leak at the gastrojejunostomy site. Seven relaparotomies (12 percent) had to be performed for complications. We have concluded that, in patients with distal gastric cancer, 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy can result in a 5 year survival rate that is comparable to that reported in the literature for total gastrectomy, and it has the advantage of a very low rate of anastomotic leakage between the minute gastric remnant and the jejunum. Therefore, 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy is recommended over total gastrectomy in the treatment of distal gastric cancer.     

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目的 探讨理想的全胃切除术后消化道重建方式。方法 对1995－1999年经病理证实行全胃切除术胃癌235例进行回顾性分析。其中，功能性间置空肠代胃术（FJI）78例（33．2％），“P”型Roux-en-Y空肠代胃术（PR）157例（66．8％），随访2年，比较其术后的并发症、Visick指数、体重变化。结果 89％的FJI术后病人的Visick系数为Ⅰ-Ⅱ;PR的Roux-en-Y滞留综合征（RSS）发生率为42．7％。倾倒综合征、返流性食管炎分别为16．7％、26．5％。结论 FJI保持了重建消化道神经－肌肉功能的连续性，恢复食物经过十二指肠通道，对于减少全胃术的并发症、提高生存质量有重要意义，是全胃切除术后理想的消化道重建术式。     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的可行性、安全性。方法：回顾性分析12例腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床资料。结果：12例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。平均手术时间240min,术中平均出血100ml,无手术并发症发生,术后病理检查淋巴结平均23.5枚,两切端无癌细胞残留。结论：腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术安全、可行,近期效果满意。     

Survival after surgical treatment of early gastric cancer: surgical techniques and long-term survival

Background and aims Recent results from long-term follow-up of a large number of patients who have undergone gastric resection for early gastric cancer (EGC) have not yet been fully evaluated.Patients and methods A total of 848 patients who had undergone gastric resection for EGC (262 female, 586 male; mean age 58.0 years; range 20–86 years) were studied with respect to surgical technique, long-term survival and prognostic factors on the basis of current TNM classification.Results Death related to recurrence occurred in only eight patients (0.9%). Hematogenous metastasis to the liver or bone represented the most common pattern of recurrence, developing in six of the eight recurrences (75%). The 5-year and 10-year cancer-related survival rates were 98.6% and 94.8%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 95.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Lymph node metastasis represented an independent prognostic factor when analyzed on the basis of cancer-related survival.Conclusion The present findings indicate that long-term survival of patients who undergo gastric resection for EGC is extremely good and that lymph node metastasis represents an independent prognostic factor when analyzed according to cancer-related survival. Future developments for the treatment of EGC are expected to improve quality of life for patients after gastric resection.     

Intracorporeal stapled anastomosis following laparoscopic segmental gastrectomy for gastric cancer: technical report and surgical outcomes

Background  

Limited gastrectomy for early gastric body cancers can offer a better functional outcome by preserving more remnant stomach. Intracorporeal stapled techniques result in cosmesis and avoid awkward anastomosis through a minilaparotomy.     

腹腔镜全胃切除术

尽管技术手段不断改良更新,腹腔镜全胃切除术中的腔内食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合仍然在技术上充满挑战,成为制约其发展的瓶颈之一.据此,我们团队利用“一体化捆绑技术”使用经口抵钉座置入系统改进了这一过程.本文视频展示了1例胃多原发腺癌病例：贲门]（T1）和胃窦（T2）各见一病灶,仅小弯侧幽门周围见1枚可疑淋巴结肿大,未见转移征象.一般地,我中心对于近端胃局部进展期癌常规行No.10组淋巴结清扫,但本例贲门 处为早期病变,故行腹腔镜全胃切除、D2-No.10淋巴结清扫术.