舞蹈训练的运动生理学和训练学探讨

文章运用运动生理学和运动训练学的理论与方法,对舞蹈训练的生理学变化规律及应遵循的训练学原则进行了初步的探讨。研究结果认为,从事舞蹈训练的教练员和演员应深入了解和学习一些必须的生理学常识和运动训练学知识,并能够根据人体生理变化的规律和运动训练学的原则科学的安排训练,这将有助于舞蹈教练员和舞蹈演员更好的进行舞蹈的创编,促进舞蹈训练向着科学的方向发展。     

Imaging techniques for muscle injury in sports medicine and clinical relevance

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound are the imaging modalities of choice to assess muscle injuries in athletes. Most authors consider MRI as the reference standard for evaluation of muscle injuries, since it superiorly depicts the extent of injuries independently of its temporal evolution, and due to the fact that MRI seems to be more sensitive for the detection of minimal injuries. Furthermore, MRI may potentially allow sports medicine physicians to more accurately estimate recovery times of athletes sustaining muscle injuries in the lower limbs, as well as the risk of re-injury. However, based on data available, the specific utility of imaging (including MRI) regarding its prognostic value remains limited and controversial. Although high-quality imaging is systematically performed in professional athletes and data extracted from it may potentially help to plan and guide management of muscle injuries, clinical (and functional) assessment is still the most valuable tool to guide return to competition decisions.     

Exercise physiology and cardiovascular fitness

Endurance exercise training produces numerous metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Metabolic adaptations include an increase in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle (greater number and size of mitochondria); an increase in skeletal muscle myoglobin concentration; a greater ability to oxidize fatty acids for energy; and an increase in stored glycogen. Cardiovascular effects of training include a decrease in resting heart rate and heart rate response to submaximal exercise; an increase in resting and exercise stroke volume; an increase in maximal cardiac output; an increase in VO2max; and an increase in arteriovenous oxygen difference. Aerobic exercise training contributes to cardiovascular fitness, because it beneficially alters the coronary artery disease risk profile. An inverse relationship exists between physical fitness and resting heart rate, body weight, percent body fat, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure. In addition, exercise training increases the high-density lipoprotein fraction of total cholesterol. Endurance exercise is any activity that uses large muscle groups, can be performed continuously, and is rhythmic and aerobic in nature. To develop and maintain cardiovascular fitness, this exercise should be performed at a frequency of 3 to 5 days per week, an intensity of 60% to 90% HRmax or 50% to 85% HRmax reserve, and a duration of 20 to 60 minutes.     

Evidence-based medicine and its role in ethical decision-making

The recent emergence of evidence-based medicine (EBM) presents medical ethics with the challenge of analyzing what is the current best medical evidence in ethical decision making. This article concludes that the use of the best available, most recently published research findings is a primary moral obligation. However, this does not automatically mean that the use of these research findings will lead to better ethical decision making. Research data can be distorted by methodological failings in the design and reporting of experiments, or by technical and commercial bias. Moreover, the introduction of norms, values, principles and ethical theories can lead to other choices than those proposed by empirical research findings. Ethical decision making must be informed and legitimated by the best available medical research. Nevertheless, ethical decision making is still primarily a choice based on values and norms.     

激光器在临床上的应用及其进展

背景自1961年世界上第一台红宝石激光器研制成功以来,由于其具有功率/能量高,方向性好以及与生物组织相互作用的独特性能因而在临床上得到了广泛的应用.并随着不同种类的激光器的研制成功,激光器在临床上的应用也更加广泛.目的通过对不同种类的医用激光器在临床上应用的比较,明确未来激光医疗发展的方向.研究选择选择关于激光器临床应用的文献,不排除其是否为随机、盲法等论证推荐的文章.数据来源对1994-01/2004-01年之间关于激光临床应用、激光康复方面的资料进行全面的检索,检索手段包括电子检索、手工检索等.数据提取对检索到的激光临床应用、激光康复方面的研究文章中相关信息进行综述.主要观察指标对临床上不同种类的激光器在体积,光电转换效率、波长、治疗费用等方面进行比较.结果通过临床反馈和比较分析,半导体激光器在针灸理疗、牙病治疗、激光美容、激光手术等方面治疗效果明显优于其他类型的激光器.结论越来越多的临床病例表明用半导体激光器进行治疗,可以取得比其他类型激光器更好的疗效.由于半导体激光器的输出波长非常丰富,而且正朝着短波长方向扩展,并随着半导体激光器功率的进一步提高有可能在激光医疗方面取代气体和固体激光器.     

Hand injuries in sports medicine

Many athletic injuries of the hand commonly present to, and can be managed by, primary care physicians. Knowing when to refer is also obviously important. This article is not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible hand injuries. Rather, it is meant to serve as a useful guide to the primary care physician.For the busy primary care physician, a thorough assessment of the hand or wrist complaint includes a focused history and physical and the judicious use of supportive diagnostic testing. Know your anatomy and sport. This will set the foundation clinically for the best possible outcome. Ultimately,the goals of assessment and management are to restore, maximize, and preserve function.     

Role of MR imaging in sports medicine research. Basic science and clinical research studies

The advent and advancement of MR imaging have provided an entire new dimension for medical imaging. MR imaging has been especially useful because of its capacity to image nonmineralized tissues with a very high degree of resolution. Although modalities such as ultrasound and scintigraphy have proven useful for specific purposes, it is MR imaging that has the most utility and capabilities, especially in the area of sports-induced injuries. The technology associated with MR imaging has expanded greatly, and it continues to evolve at a rapid pace. The result has been an ever-increasing diagnostic capability that has become more economic with time. As described previously, MR imaging is gaining importance in the area of comparative medicine for animal athletes as well. It is also interesting to note that MR imaging now has a greater potential for monitoring physiological and biochemical changes as well as anatomic ones. Some newer MR units actually include physiologic data acquisition components. Consequently, new bioassays and nondestructive tissue tests can be performed to further understand the molecular biology and ongoing cellular processes in any given condition. Coupled with MR spectroscopy, the enhanced MR techniques should continue to contribute to the overall information that will be integrated into the training and rehabilitation of patients with sports-induced inflammation and injuries. The authors support and encourage ongoing efforts in the area of MR imaging research, both basic science and clinical studies.     

Exercise and sports for children who have disabilities

This article focuses on the exercise needs of children who have disabilities, how these needs differ from able-bodied children, and what medical concerns are relevant for a given disability. The information presented also discusses some preventative options related to individual sports and a discussion of various organized recreational and competitive opportunities available both nationally and internationally. In addition, a listing of major disabled sports organizations is provided for reference.