Translation in Arabic, adaptation and validation of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Tunisia

ObjectiveTo translate into Arabic and validate the SF-36 quality of life index in a Tunisian Arabic population.BackgroundNo validated Arabic quality of life index is published.DesignArabic translation of the SF-36 scale was obtained by the “forward/backward translation” method. Adaptations were made after a pilot study involving 22 subjects from general population. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by use of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman method. Construct validity was assessed by Spearman rank correlation coefficient (convergent and divergent validity), and factor analysis with Varimax rotation. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient.ResultsWe note that 130 Tunisian subjects were included in the validation study. No items were excluded. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.98). Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.94 conferring to translated index a good internal consistency. Expected divergent and convergent validity results suggested good construct validity. Two main factors were extracted by factor analysis and explained 62.3% of the cumulative variance: the first factor represented mental component, the second physical component. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.88 and 0.91 respectively for factor 1 and factor 2.ConclusionWe translated into Arabic language and adapted the SF-36 scale for use in Tunisian population. The Arabic version is reliable and valid. Although the scale was validated in a Tunisian population, we expect that it is suitable for other Arab populations, especially North Africans. Further studies are needed to confirm such a hypothesis.     

Quality of life after pulmonary embolism: validation of the PEmb‐QoL Questionnaire

Summary. Background: Even though quality of life (QoL) has become a key component of medical care, there is no instrument available that specifically measures QoL after pulmonary embolism (PE). Recently, the Pulmonary Embolism Quality of Life (PEmb‐QoL) Questionnaire has been developed to address this gap. Objective: To evaluate the validity of the PEmb‐QoL questionnaire. Methods: We distributed the PEmb‐QoL questionnaire and the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) questionnaire twice among consecutive subjects with a history of objectively confirmed acute PE. Internal consistency reliability, test‐retest reliability, convergent validity and criterion validity, and correlations between the PEmb‐QoL and clinical patient characteristics were assessed using standard‐scale construction techniques. Results: Ninety participants completed the questionnaires twice. Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach’s α 0.62–0.94), as well as test‐retest reliability (intra‐class correlation coefficients: 0.78–0.94). Furthermore, correlation between the PEmb‐QoL questionnaire and the SF‐36 questionnaire supported convergent validity. Age, obesity, cardiopulmonary comorbidity, centrally located PE and a family history of venous thromboembolism were shown to be independent determinants of disease‐specific QoL. Conclusion: The PEmb‐QoL questionnaire is a reliable instrument to specifically assess QoL following PE, which is helpful in the identification of patients with decreased QoL following acute PE.     

Validation and psychometric properties of Chinese version of SF‐36 in patients with hypertension,coronary heart diseases,chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer

Background: The SF‐36 is widely used as a significant health outcome or quality of life indicator and validated in many languages versions including Chinese. But the Chinese version of the SF‐36 (CSF‐36) is rarely used for those patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer in China. Therefore, the CSF‐36 needs to be validated in patients with chronic diseases. Objectives: This paper is aimed to validate the CSF‐36 using an in‐patient sample of four chronic diseases from mainland China, with focusing on psychometric properties. Methods: The CSF‐36 was used in a longitudinal study consisting of 534 patients in these four chronic disease groups. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated by indicators such as validity and reliability coefficients Cronbach α, Pearson r, standardized response mean employing correlational analyses, multi‐trait scaling analysis, t‐tests, factor analyses and structural equation models. Results: Test–retest reliability coefficients for all domains were higher than 0.80 with a range of 0.83 to 0.96; the internal consistency (α) for most domains was higher than 0.70. Five of the eight domains as well as the Physical and Mental Health subscale summaries all had statistically significant changes after treatment with the SRM ranging from 0.18 to 0.28. Conclusion: The CSF‐36 showed good validity and reliability but small responsiveness when used in patients. It is a good and useful instrument for patients with chronic disease at some situations.     

Measuring self‐efficacy to deal with infertility: Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the portuguese version of the infertility self‐efficacy scale

This study explores the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Portuguese version of the Infertility Self‐Efficacy Scale (ISE‐P), using translation and back‐translation of the original version; principal component analysis; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); and internal consistency, and test–retest reliability analyses. A total of 287 participants (156 women and 131 men) seeking medical treatment were recruited from public and private fertility centers. CFA revealed that the single‐component model fit the data well. The instrument showed excellent internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and correlations with other mental health measures suggesting good convergent and discriminant validity. In conclusion, The ISE‐P is a valid and reliable Portuguese‐language measure of perceived self‐efficacy to cope with infertility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36:65–74, 2013     

Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the selection,optimization, compensation questionnaire

Scand J Caring Sci; 2013; 27; 460–467 Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the selection, optimization, compensation questionnaire Background: The model of selection, optimization and compensation has been proposed as a model of adaptive management strategies throughout the lifespan. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of a translated Swedish version of the 12‐item selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) questionnaire. Method: The 12‐item SOC questionnaire is composed of four subscales: elective selection (ES), loss‐based selection, optimization and compensation. A convenience sample of 122 Swedish‐speaking people, aged 19–85, participated in a study of the validity and reliability of the SOC questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, corrected item–total correlation and Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted were used for reliability testing. Two other scales, the ways of coping questionnaire and Rosenberg’s self‐esteem scale, were used to test convergent validity, and the geriatric depression scale was used to test discriminant validity. Stability over time was evaluated using a test–retest model with a 2‐week interval. Results: The 12‐item SOC questionnaire showed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.50, and the subscales ranged from α = 0.16 to α = 0.64. Two items in the ES subscale had negative values on the corrected item–total correlation and showed substantial improvement (>0.05) in Cronbach’s alpha when item deleted. When these two items that influenced internal consistency were deleted, Cronbach’s alpha rose to 0.68. Conclusion: The Swedish version of the 12‐item SOC questionnaire showed deficiencies in a test of internal consistency because of two items in the ES subscale, and these two items were deleted. A consequence of the reduction is a weakening of the ES subscale and thereby to some extent the SOC questionnaire in total. Further testing is advisable. However, the 10‐item SOC questionnaire was acceptable in a test of validity and reliability.     

Curcumin ameliorates health-related quality of life in patients with liver cirrhosis: A randomized,double-blind placebo-controlled trial

ObjectivesCurrent study aimed to find the effects of curcumin on quality of life (QoL) in liver cirrhotic patients.DesignIn this randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial, 70 cases with liver cirrhosis aged 20–70 years were randomly divided into two groups to receive 1000 mg/day curcumin (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) for 12 weeks. The health-related QoL (HRQoL) was assessed by CLDQ, LDSI 2.0, and SF-36.ResultsFifty-eight patients (28 in curcumin and 30 in placebo groups) finished the research. Compared with baseline, overall scores as well as most of CLDQ domains (e.g. Fatigue, Emotional Function, Worry, Abdominal Symptoms, and Systemic Symptoms) and the Physical and Mental health (Total) scores and most of SF-36 domains (e.g. Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain, Vitality, Social Functioning, and Mental Health) increased considerably (P < 0.05) after curcumin administration. Furthermore, curcumin reduced most of LDSI 2.0 domains (e.g. Itch, Joint pain, Pain in the right upper abdomen, Sleeping during the day, Decreased appetite, Depression, Fear of complication, Jaundice, Hindrance in Financial Affairs, Change in use of time, Decreased sexual interest, and Decreased sexual activity) significantly (P < 0.05). Significant differences were noticed between two groups in CLDQ domains and overall scores, LDSI 2.0 domains and overall scores, SF-36 Physical and Mental health (total) scores and all its domains scores (P < 0.05), adjusting for baseline values and disease duration.ConclusionsCurcumin improved QoL in liver cirrhotic patients according to CLDQ, LDSI 2.0, and SF-36 domains. Additional studies are warranted to consider curcumin as a safe, accessible, and low-cost complementary therapeutic option in cirrhosis.     

Introduction and Validation of DoloTest®: A New Health‐Related Quality of Life Tool Used in Pain Patients

Purpose: The aim of the publication is to introduce DoloTest^® and to document the validation of DoloTest^®. DoloTest^® is a health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) tool for pain patients with low‐time burden involving the patient in interpretation of the test result by creating a graphic presentation of the test result in a DoloTest^® Profile and therefore, suitable use in clinical setting. Methods: Validation against SF‐36, 246 participants in four pain clinics. Main Outcome Measures: Face validity (domains) cognitive interviewing (time and patient's perception), factor analysis (factors and eigenvalues), construct validity (correlation coefficients), Reliability: Intern consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test–retest stability (correlation coefficients). Results: Face validation: the eight domains most important for assessment of the patients with persistent pain were selected. The factor analysis shows equal relevance and weighting of all domains. Construct validation against SF‐36? shows positive correlation within each domain; correlation coefficients were between 0.47 and 0.69. Reliability was tested with Cronbach's alpha and test–retest. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.615 to 0.715. Correlation coefficients for linear regressions of test and retest for the DoloTest^® and SF‐36 were all positive. Introduction and Validation of DoloTest^®: A new HRQoL tool used in pain patients.     

起搏器患者生存质量量表的编制及信效度分析

目的编制与考评起搏器患者生存质量量表的信度和效度。方法采用选题小组和专题小组的程序化决策方式编制起搏器患者生存质量测定量表并通过随机抽取200例起搏器患者的生存质量测定资料对量表进行信度和效度的考评。结果躯体、心理、社会、一般认识4大领域和量表总分的重测相关系数分别为0.875,0.856,0.816,0.910和0.815,分半信度为0.873,4大领域的克朗巴赫系数(Cronbachαcoefficients)分别为0.866,0.893,0.879和0.823。量表的结构与设计时的概念相吻合,以SF-36量表为效标进行评估,其效标为0.812。结论起博器患者生存质量的量表具有较好的信度和效度,可作为我国起搏器患者生存质量的测评工具。     

Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Thai Version

[Purpose] The present study aimed to cross-culturally translate and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Thai version of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). [Subjects] One hundred and thirty-nine persons with SCI who lived in the community were recruited for this study. [Methods] The IPA was translated following the guideline for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. The reliability and validity was examined in 139 persons with SCI. For the test-retest reliability, 30 participants completed the Thai version of the IPA twice with a 2-week interval. [Results] The translated questionnaire and its items had moderate to good reliability, with the ICC_(3,1) ranging from 0.76 to 0.93. The internal consistency for all domains was high, with Cronbach''s alpha ranging from 0.86 to 0.90. The convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity were supported. [Conclusion] The Thai version of the IPA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the level of community participation in Thai persons with spinal cord injury.Key words: Assessment, Community participation, Spinal cord injury     

Problems in using health survey questionnaires in older patients with physical disabilities. The reliability and validity of the SF-36 and the effect of cognitive impairment

Reliability and validity of the SF‐36 Health Survey Questionnaire was assessed in older rehabilitation patients, comparing cognitively impaired with cognitively normal subjects. The SF‐36 was administered by face‐to‐face interview to 314 patients (58–93 years) in the day hospital and rehabilitation wards of a department of medicine for the elderly. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha (for internal consistency) on the main sample and intraclass correlation coefficients on a test–retest sample; correlations with functional independence measure (FIM) were examined to assess validity. In 203 cognitively normal patients (Mini‐Mental State Examination ≥24), Cronbach’s alpha scores on the eight dimensions of the SF‐36 ranged from 0.545 (social function) to 0.933 (bodily pain). The range for the 111 cognitively impaired patients was 0.413–0.861. Cronbach’s alpha values were significantly higher (i.e. reliability was better) in the cognitively normal group for bodily pain (P = 0.003), mental health (P = 0.03) and role emotional (P = 0.04). In test–retest studies on a further 67 patients, an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.7 was attained for five out of eight dimensions in cognitively normal patients, and four out of eight dimensions in the cognitively impaired. Only the physical function dimension in the cognitively normal group attained the criterion level (r > 0.4) for construct validity when correlated with the FIM. In this group of older physically disabled patients, levels of reliability and validity previously reported for the SF‐36 in younger subjects were not attained, even on face‐to‐face testing. Patients with coexistent cognitive impairment performed worse than those who were cognitively normal.     

Is the SF‐12 version 2 Health Survey a valid and equivalent substitute for the SF‐36 version 2 Health Survey for the Chinese?

Rationale and objectives The scoring algorithm of the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) was revised in the second version (SF‐12v2), but information on its psychometric properties is lacking. This study determined whether the SF‐12v2 was a valid and equivalent substitute for the SF‐36v2 Health Survey (version 2) for the Chinese. Methods A total of 2410 Chinese adults in Hong Kong completed the SF‐36 Health Survey by telephone. The SF‐12v2 data were extracted from the SF‐36 data. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha, and test–retest reliabilities were evaluated by intraclass correlation. Criterion validity and equivalence were assessed using the SF‐36v2 scores as a gold standard. Construct validity and sensitivity were assessed by known‐group comparison. Results Internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities were good (range 0.67–0.82) for all except three scales. The SF‐12v2 summary scores explained >80% of the total variances of the SF‐36v2 summary scores. Construct validity and sensitivity were confirmed by significantly lower SF‐12v2 scores in people with chronic diseases than those without. Effect size differences were less than 0.3 and relative validities were greater than 0.7 between SF‐12v2 and SF‐36v2 scores for different groups. Conclusion The SF‐12v2 was valid, reliable and sensitive for the Chinese. It is an equivalent substitute for the SF‐36v2 for the summary scales.     

Psychometric validation of the Taiwan Chinese version of the 25‐Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire

Objectives To evaluate the reliability and construct validity of a Taiwan Chinese version of the 25‐Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI‐VFQ 25) in patients with visual impairment. Methods The NEI‐VFQ 25 was translated and adapted into the Taiwan Chinese version. In total, 222 patients responded to the questionnaire. To examine reliability, Cronbach's alpha for each subscale was used as an index of internal consistency. Test–retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients. Regarding construct validity, both convergent and discriminant validities were calculated by means of multi‐trait analysis. Clinical validity was examined by correlation of clinical measurements and subscale scores and known‐groups comparison. Finally, correlation between different subscales was examined to evaluate hypothetical relationship between subscales. Results Five patient groups were studied, each including participants with a single cause of visual impairment. Group 1 consisted of 53 cataract patients; group 2 included 51 subjects with glaucoma; group 3 included 36 subjects with age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD); and group 4 included 48 subjects with diabetic retinopathy. Thirty‐four individuals with uncorrected refractive error comprised the control group. NEI‐VFQ scores (mean ± SD) for the cataract, glaucoma, ARMD, diabetic retinopathy and control groups were: 73.5 ± 17.1, 69.2 ± 20.4, 62.3 ± 23.7, 63.7 ± 20.8 and 80.7 ± 12.0, respectively. Item analysis revealed moderate data skewing. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of subscales ranged from 0.956 (mental health) to 0.964 (near activities). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.41 (driving) to 0.846 (distance activities). All items passed the convergent and discriminant validity tests. Moderate correlations were detected between visual acuity and the ‘general vision’, ‘distance activities’ and ‘near activities’ subscales. Significant correlations were detected between visual field deficits and the vision associated subscales. Conclusion This study revealed that the Taiwan Chinese version of the NEI‐VFQ 25 is a valid and reliable instrument to measure vision‐related quality of life in patients with visual impairment.     

Psychometric testing of the Chinese Mandarin version of the Mental Health Inventory among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease in Mainland China

This study aimed to develop a Chinese Mandarin version of the Mental Health Inventory (CM:MHI). The English version MHI was translated into Chinese (simple Chinese character) using the forward‐backward translation method while establishing the semantic equivalence and content validity. A convenience sample of 204 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients was recruited to evaluate the internal consistency, concurrent validity and construct validity of the CM:MHI. Forty patients completed the CM:MHI to evaluate the test–retest reliability after 2 weeks. The CM:MHI demonstrated good semantic equivalent rate (92%) and satisfactory content validity index (0.91). The internal consistency was acceptable for total and all subscales with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70, with the exception of the subscale of Emotional Ties (Cronbach's alpha = 0.64). The test–retest reliability was also satisfactory with intraclass correlation coefficients higher than 0.75. The concurrent validity was acceptable with significantly strong correlations between the CM:MHI and the Chinese Mandarin versions of Short Form 36 Health survey and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis further supported the five‐factor structure of the CM:MHI. The CM:MHI demonstrated to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing psychological distress and well‐being in Chinese‐speaking CHD patients.     

Cross-cultural adaptation,validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale

Purpose: The aim was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) into Arabic language and to examine its measurement properties in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the lower extremity. Methods: Standard forward and backward translation followed by expert committee review, then preliminary testing was carried out to produce the final Arabic version of LEFS (LEFS-Ar). The test–retest reliability, measurement error, internal consistency and construct validity of the LEFS-Ar were examined in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the lower extremity (N?=?116). Results: The LEFS-Ar had excellent test–retest reliability (ICC_2,1?=?0.96). LEFS-Ar standard error of measurement was 3.5 points while the minimal detectable change MDC₉₅ was 9.8 points. LEFS-Ar showed excellent internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95. Parallel analysis and factor analysis showed that LEFS-Ar measures one underlying factor with all items loading heavily on this single factor. LEFS-Ar showed significant positive correlation with patient’s global assessment of function (r?=?0.59) and that patients recovering from surgery reported lower LEFS-Ar score compared to patients with no surgery further supporting the construct validity of the LEFS-Ar. Conclusion: LEFS-Ar has excellent internal consistency, test–retest reliability with relatively small measurement error and is a valid measure of activity limitation due to lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders. All these measurement properties of the LEFS-Ar suggest the clinical usefulness of this measure.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The Arabic Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS-Ar) is a reliable and valid measure of activity limitation due to lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders with relatively small measurement error.

• LEFS-Ar can be used in daily clinical practice and for research purposes to quantify activity limitation in Arabic-speaking individuals with lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders.

     

Turkish version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale

Hakverdio?lu Yönt G. & Khorshid L. (2012) Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale. International Nursing Review 59 , 274–280 Aim: To test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS‐QOL). Background: Stroke is a leading cause of activity limitation and participation restriction that negatively affect health‐related quality of life. The assessment of SS‐QOL in stroke patients has not been validated in Turkey. Methods: Cross‐sectional and methodological research design was used. Five hundred stroke survivors who had been diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously were included in this cross‐sectional study. The reliability of the SS‐QOL was based on internal consistency, item correlation. Construct validity was evaluated by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for the total score of the SS‐QOL to establish the internal consistency of the instrument. Construct validity was assessed by comparing patients' scores on the SS‐QOL with those obtained by other test methods: SF‐36 Health Survey and Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living. Findings: In the process of adaptation to the Turkish population, the scale was converted to 48 items. The correlation coefficient for the test‐retest scores of the SS‐QOL was calculated as 0.81. Internal consistency for the scale showed Cronbach's alpha = 0.97. As a result of applying factor analysis to the scale, eight factors were obtained, which accounted for 77.47% of the scale's total variance. Conclusion: SS‐QOL is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring self‐reported health‐related quality of life at group level among people with stroke who are diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months previously in the Turkish population.     

The Brighton musculoskeletal Patient‐Reported Outcome Measure (BmPROM): An assessment of validity,reliability, and responsiveness

Background

In response for the need of a freely available, stand‐alone, validated outcome measure for use within musculoskeletal (MSK) physiotherapy practice, sensitive enough to measure clinical effectiveness, we developed an MSK patient reported outcome measure.

Objectives

This study examined the validity and reliability of the newly developed Brighton musculoskeletal Patient‐Reported Outcome Measure (BmPROM) within physiotherapy outpatient settings.

Methods

Two hundred twenty‐four patients attending physiotherapy outpatient departments in South East England with an MSK condition participated in this study. The BmPROM was assessed for user friendliness (rated feedback, N = 224), reliability (internal consistency and test–retest reliability, n = 42), validity (internal and external construct validity, N = 224), and responsiveness (internal, n = 25).

Results

Exploratory factor analysis indicated that a two‐factor model provides a good fit to the data. Factors were representative of “Functionality” and “Wellbeing”. Correlations observed between the BmPROM and SF‐36 domains provided evidence of convergent validity. Reliability results indicated that both subscales were internally consistent with alphas above the acceptable limits for both “Functionality” (α = .85, 95% CI [.81, .88]) and ‘Wellbeing’ (α = .80, 95% CI [.75, .84]). Test–retest analyses (n = 42) demonstrated a high degree of reliability between “Functionality” (ICC = .84; 95% CI [.72, .91]) and “Wellbeing” scores (ICC = .84; 95% CI [.72, .91]). Further examination of test–retest reliability through the Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated that the difference between “Functionality” and “Wellbeing” test scores did not vary as a function of absolute test score. Large treatment effect sizes were found for both subscales (Functionality d = 1.10; Wellbeing 1.03).

Conclusion

The BmPROM is a reliable and valid outcome measure for use in evaluating physiotherapy treatment of MSK conditions.     

Translation and Linguistic Validation of the Self‐Completed Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S‐LANSS) Scale for Use in a Libyan Population

Background: The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale is used to identify pain of neuropathic origin and has been validated as a self‐completed tool (S‐LANSS). We translated the S‐LANSS into Arabic and evaluated its reliability and linguistic validity for use by Libyan people. Methods: Thirteen of 45 Libyan nationals living in the UK were identified as having chronic pain and completed an English and Arabic S‐LANSS 1 week apart. In addition, 23 of 104 respondents to a telephone interview in Derna City, Libya, were identified as having chronic pain and completed the Arabic S‐LANSS. Seven of these 23 completed the S‐LANSS again 1 week later. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was 0.72 (P < 0.001) for the Arabic S‐LANSS and 0.71 (P < 0.001) for the English S‐LANSS. There was good measurement of agreement of individual items in Arabic and English S‐LANSS tools with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 1.00. Twelve of the 23 (52.2%) individuals with chronic pain scored 12 or more on the Arabic S‐LANSS and were classified as possibly having neuropathic pain. There was good measurement of agreement of individual items in Arabic S‐LANSS tools with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.462 to 1.00. There were strong intraclass correlations in both versions for test‐retest reliability of total score. Conclusion: The Arabic S‐LANSS is reliable and linguistically valid to use in Libya. Perspective: Our translation of the S‐LANSS into Arabic was shown to be linguistically valid and reliable for use in a Libyan population.     

Validity and reliability study on traditional Chinese FACT-C in Chinese patients with colorectal neoplasm

Objective To establish the validity and reliability of traditional Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Colorectal (FACT‐C). Methods A total of 536 subjects self‐administered (n = 331) or interviewer‐administered (n = 205) FACT‐C (version 4), EORTC QLQ‐C30/CR38 and SF‐12v2 instruments for health‐related quality of life assessment. Construct validity was examined by item–scale correlation, scaling success and concurrent validity. Reliability was evaluated by test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Sensitivity was assessed by known‐groups comparisons. Results The completion rates for FACT‐C were almost perfect (>98%). The FACT‐C demonstrated item‐internal consistency and item discriminant validity through item–scale correlation. Scaling success and concurrent validity were satisfactory to support the construct validity. The five subscales of the FACT‐C showed good internal consistency with Cronbach alpha coefficient and substantial reproducibility, demonstrating good reliability. Sensitivity was supported when there were significant differences in scores related to physical condition between patients who were receiving treatment and those who were not. Conclusion Traditional Chinese version of the FACT‐C was demonstrated to have satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of applicability, reliability, validity and sensitivity in Chinese patients with colorectal neoplasm. The FACT‐C was valid colorectal‐specific health‐related quality of life tool for the Chinese population.