肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制研究

目的了解肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药机制和转座子整合酶的流行情况。方法188株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌，用E试验和K—B纸片扩散法检测其对11种抗菌药物的敏感性；用双纸片法（红霉素和克林霉素）确定其耐药表型；用PCR扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB、mefa、mefE、tetM及转座子整合酶基因intTn。结果188株红霉素耐药株中耐药基因ermB总检出率为91．5％（172／188），mefE总检出率为38．3％，未检出mefA基因。97．9Yoo的红霉素耐药株中存在转座子整合酶intTn。耐药基因组合ermB（＋）mefE（-）和ermB（＋）mef（＋），占91．5％，两者均呈cMLSB耐药表型。ermB（-）mefE（＋）占8．5％，耐药表型为M型。结论我院分离的肺炎链球菌大环内酯耐药以errnB介导的cMLS。耐药表型为主。转座子可能在本地区肺炎链球菌耐药基因的水平转移和克隆播散中起重要作用。     

肺炎链球菌大环内酯类耐药表型与相关基因的关系

目的了解肺炎链球菌临床分离株红霉素耐药基因的流行情况和耐药表型的关系。方法对42株肺炎链球菌用E-试验和K-B纸片扩散法检测其对10种抗生素的敏感性;用红霉素和克林霉素双纸片协同试验确定其耐药表型;用PCR扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB、mefA和mefE。结果 42株肺炎链球菌中耐药基因ermB总检出率为95.2%(40/42),mefE总检出率为26.1%(11/42),未检出mefA基因。耐药基因组合ermB(+)mefE(-)和ermB(+)mefE(+)占95.2%,两者均呈cMLSB耐药表型。ermB(-)mefE(+)占4.8%(2/42),耐药表型为M型。结论耐药基因ermB导致的cMLSB耐药是大环内酯类耐药的主要原因。大环内酯类抗生素已不是治疗肺炎链球菌的有效药物。     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药情况及耐药基因研究

目的调查上海地区肺炎链球菌对红霉素的敏感度，研究肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制。方法对中山医院57株临床分离肺炎链球菌进行红霉素药敏试验；应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对上海4所医院中分离的53株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌检测耐药基因（ermB，mefA，merE）。结果57株肺炎链球菌中12株（21．0％）敏感，3株（5．3％）中介，42株（73．7％）耐药。53株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌中，ermB基因、mere基因、mefA基因分别在51株（96．2％）、22株（41．5％）和1株（1．9％）中检测到。其中21株（39．6％）同时检测到ermB基因和mefE基因，1株（1．9％）同时检测到ermB基因和mefA基因，1株（1．9％）未检测到ermB基因、mefE基因或mefA基因。结论上海地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药率较高。ErmB介导的靶位改变是最常见的耐药机制，mef（特别是mefE）介导外排机制引起者也较常见。     

肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性调查及对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制研究

目的：调查成都地区肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性，研究成都地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药机制。方法：收集2001年9月-2002年9月成都地区临床分离的肺炎链球菌，测定其对13种抗菌药物的耐药性及对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药表型；用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增耐药基因ermB和mefA，并对ermB和mefA进行基因序列分析。结果：82株肺炎链球菌中13株对青霉素低度耐药(占15．9％),肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素和克林霉素表现出较高的耐药率，对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为80．5％(66／82)和68．3％(56／82)。耐大环内酯类肺炎链球菌中,96．4％菌株表现为内在型耐药。标准菌株ATCC49619及16株红霉素敏感菌株均未检测到ermB基因及mefA基因；ermB基因和；mefA基因分别在62和11株耐红霉素肺炎链球菌中检测到，其中7株菌同时检测到ermB基因和mefA基因。所测ermB和mefA基因序列与基因库收录序列高度一致。结论：成都地区临床分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率较低，但对大环内酯类抗生素和克林霉素耐药却非常普遍。ermB基因介导的靶位改变是成都地区肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的主要耐药机制。     

肺炎链球菌红霉素相关耐药基因与耐药表型的关系

目的:了解肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneum oniae,SP)临床分离株红霉素耐药基因的流行状况及和耐药表型的关系。方法:对住院儿童分离到的43株肺炎链球菌进行红霉素药敏试验,并用PCR法检测与红霉素耐药相关的红霉素核糖体甲基化酶基因(ermB)、主动外排转运基因(mefA)。结果:43株肺炎链球菌红霉素药敏试验40株耐药(占93%),3株敏感。红霉素ermB基因总检出率为76.7%(33/43),mefA基因总检出率为23.3%(10/43)。3株红霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌均未检出ermB基因和mefA基因;40株红霉素耐药肺炎链球菌ermB基因和mefA基因的PCR检出率分别为82.5%(33/40)和25%(10/40)。共有35株肺炎链球菌检出ermB基因或/和mefA基因,其中单独携带ermB基因的耐药表型为25株(占71.4%);单独携带mefA基因的耐药表型2株(占5.7%);同时携带ermB基因和mefA基因的耐药表型8株(占22.9)%。结论:ermB基因和mefA基因同时表达或单独表达均可导致红霉素耐药,ermB基因表达是儿童肺炎链球菌对红霉素耐药的主要原因,mefA基因表达是造成对红霉素耐药的次要原因。红霉素已不是治疗肺炎链球菌的有效药物。     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素的耐药监测及耐药机制研究

目的研究肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素类抗菌素的耐药机制。方法K-B纸片法测定肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药性。对全部红霉素耐药菌株和部分红霉素敏感菌株用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测ermB和mefA基因。结果97株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药率分别为60.8%、58.8%、0和0。59株红霉素耐药菌株均检出ermB和/或mefA基因,其中34株(57.6%)ermB阳性,18株(30.5%)ermB和mefA同时阳性,7株(11.8%)mefA阳性。5株敏感菌株ermB和mefA基因均为阴性。结论本研究显示肺炎链球菌对泰利霉素和喹奴普汀/达福普汀高度敏感,而对红霉素和林可霉素则表现出较高的耐药性。肺炎链球菌对大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素的耐药机制以ermB基因介导的靶位改变为主。     

乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性及大环内酯类耐药表型和耐药基因型

目的：了解乐清地区儿童患者分离的肺炎链球菌耐药性及大环内酯类耐药表型和耐药基因型分布情况。方法对2014年乐清地区儿童患者分离的124株肺炎链球菌采用细菌鉴定分析仪进行9种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）检测,同时对大环内酯类耐药肺炎链球菌用红霉素和克林霉素双纸片协同试验确定其耐药表型,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增这些菌株的耐药基因ermB和mefE。结果124株肺炎链球菌中,红霉素、克林霉素、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率依次为96.77％、93.55％、84.68％和81.45％;青霉素、氯霉素和左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为20.16％、5.65％和0.81％,未发现对阿莫西林/克拉维酸和万古霉素耐药的菌株。120株大环内酯类耐药肺炎链球菌中,大环内酯类耐药表型cMLS占96.67％、iMLS占0.83％、M型占2.50％;耐药基因ermB检出率为97.50％,mefE的检出率为6.67％。结论乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药性严重,ermB基因介导的cMLS型耐药是大环内酯类耐药的主要原因,大环内酯类抗生素已不是治疗乐清地区儿童肺炎链球菌感染的有效药物。     

β溶血链球菌中诱导型克林霉素耐药的检测和分析

目的 了解β溶血链球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性,探讨红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的表型和基因型.方法 按CLSI推荐的K-B法测定并判读β溶血链球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性,用D试验检测红霉素诱导β溶血链球菌对克林霉素耐药的表型,并且用PCR方法确定所检测的菌株是否携带的ermB基因和mefA基因.结果 49株红霉素耐药的β溶血链球菌结果显示有35株β溶血链球菌只扩增到ermB基因,有9株只扩增到mefA基因,有3株同时扩增到ermB和mefA基因,有2株没有扩增到ermB和或mefA基因;17株红霉素耐药克林霉素敏感菌株中D试验阳性8株细菌都只扩增到ermB,D试验阴性9株细菌中都只扩增到mefA;红霉素敏感的β溶血链球菌没有扩增到ermB或mefA基因.结论 β溶血链球菌的耐药表型与基因型高度一致,临床上可用PCR方法和D试验检测,D试验检测更为简单方便,临床应该用D试验检测β溶血链球菌的iMLS型耐药.     

β溶血链球菌中诱导型克林霉素耐药的检测和分析

目的 了解β溶血链球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性，探讨红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药的表型和基因型。方法 按CLSI推荐的K—B法测定并判读β溶血链球菌对红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性，用D试验检测红霉素诱导β溶血链球菌对克林霉素耐药的表型．并且用PCR方法确定所检测的菌株是否携带的ermB基因和mefA基因。结果49株红霉素耐药的β溶血链球菌结果显示有35株β溶血链球菌只扩增到ermB基因，有9株只扩增到mefA基因，有3株同时扩增到ermB和mefA基因，有2株没有扩增到ermB和或mefA基因；17株红霉素耐药克林霉素敏感菌株中D试验阳性8株细菌都只扩增到ermB，D试验阴性9株细菌中都只扩增到mefA；红霉素敏感的β溶血链球菌没有扩增到ermB或mefA基因。结论 β溶血链球菌的耐药表型与基因型高度一致，临床上可用PCR方法和D试验检测，D试验检测更为简单方便．临床应该用D试验检测β溶血链球菌的iMLS型耐药。     

广州地区ermB和mef E基因介导对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌及其耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌中ermB及mefE基因分布，比较ermB基因与mefE基因对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌的耐药性。方法用克林霉素纸片法检测199株对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌，并用浓度梯度法检测其耐药性。结果199株对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌中，ermB、mefE基因介导的耐药率分别为70．9％(141／199)和29．1％(58／199)。141株ermB基因介导对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌，对青霉素(MIC500．19μg／ml、MIC901．5μg／ml)、阿莫西林／克拉维酸(MIC500．19μg／ml、MIC901．0μg／ml)、头孢曲松(MIC500．19μg／ml、MIC900．75μg／ml)、头孢呋辛(MIC500．38μg／ml、MIC902．0μg／ml)、头孢克洛(MIC502．0Vg／ml、MIC9032．0μg／ml)的不敏感率分别为58．2％、0．7％、21．3％、46．1％和51．1％。58株mefE基因介导对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌，对青霉素(MIC500．5μg／ml、MIC901．5Vg／ml)、阿莫西林／克拉维酸(MIC500．38μg／ml、MIC901．0μg／ml)、头孢曲松(MIC500．38μg／ml、MIC900．75μg／ml)、头孢呋辛(MIC501．0μg／ml、MIC903．0μg／ml)、头孢克洛(MIC506．0μg／ml、MIC9048．0μg／ml)的不敏感率分别为67．2％、0、19．0％、58．6％和62．1％。结论广州地区对红霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌，其耐药机制以ermB基因介导为主；ermB基因介导的红霉素耐药水平高于mefE基因介导的耐药性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.