介入治疗右锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的技术与疗效评价

目的 评价右锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞介入治疗技术与疗效.方法 8例右锁骨下动脉狭窄和9例闭塞患者,原发病14例动脉硬化、3例大动脉炎,男13例、女4例,平均年龄(56±11)岁,接受介入开通治疗.经股或联合经右肱动脉途径入路行动脉闭塞段的开通、球囊扩张及支架置入.其中6例应用颈动脉脑保护装置.结果 1例双向均未开通闭塞段,16例获得成功治疗.手术成功的患者中,狭窄和闭塞患者各8例,5例行单纯球囊扩张、11例球囊扩张后行支架置入,术后即刻血流通畅.完成治疗后6例脑保护装置均安全回收,无脑梗死事件发生.手术后随访1～ 66个月,平均(24±18)个月.术后10个月1例(置入支架者)再狭窄,球囊扩张后狭窄开通;1例大动脉炎患者术后18个月死于脑梗死;其余患者均无缺血症状再发,超声及CTA检查(9例患者)SA血流均通畅.结论 球囊扩张及支架置入可安全、有效解决右锁骨下动脉狭窄和闭塞病变.     

血管内β照射治疗后边缘现象及近期疗效的研究

目的：研究血管内β照射治疗冠状运用动脉支架内再狭窄后边缘现象的发生机制。方法：46例支架内再狭窄患者随机分为放射治疗组（26例，28个支架内再狭窄）和单纯球囊组（20例，20个支架内再狭窄）。放射治疗球囊导管长度为40mm，在普通球囊扩张满意后（残余狭窄＜20％）沿标准导引导丝送到病变远端。放射治疗组均未再植入新的支架。随访记录术后6个月内临床及冠状动脉造影结果。结果：两组患者均以前降支内的病变最多见，而右冠状动脉及左回旋支内的病变较少；放射治疗组弥漫性及局限性支架内再狭窄（分别为43％和35％）远远多于增生性狭窄（22％，P＜0．01），手术成功率为100％，术中及随访期内无死亡及急性心肌梗死发生，病变部位血运重建率为19．2％。其中2例患者接受外科冠状动脉搭桥手术，3例患者行再次单纯球囊扩张。6个月内冠状动脉造影随访率为89％。病变部位再狭窄发生率为13％，显著低于单纯球囊治疗组（60％）。延迟血栓栓塞见于2例患者。放射治疗血管段远端正向重构显著。放射治疗段边缘现象发生率为20％，结论：血管内放射治疗支架内再狭窄安全有效，正确定位导管及放射源是减少边缘现象发生的主要方法。     

应用血管内支架治疗肾移植后肾动脉狭窄

目的：探讨肾移植后肾动脉狭窄应用血管内支架治疗的方法和疗效。方法：5例肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄的病人，经股动脉或腋动脉入路行狭窄肾动脉的球囊扩张加支架置入。结果：5例行球囊扩张并同时置入血管内支架的病人治疗后血压恢复正常，肾功能正常。经近5年的随访，1例病人术后9个月出现移植肾动脉再狭窄，给予球囊扩张，血流基本恢复，血压正常。结论：球囊扩张并血管内支架置入术仍然是移植肾动脉狭窄的安全有效的治疗方法之一,术后再狭窄的预防需要进一步探讨。     

血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的：总结血管内支架治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床体会，探讨该技术的适应证、并发症防治及初步疗效。方法：2000年10月至2001年9月共收治颈动脉狭窄52例，44例表现为反复的短暂脑缺血性发作或脑梗死。7F长鞘置入颈总动脉，预扩张球囊通过狭窄部位行预扩张（19例），自膨胀支架在导丝支撑下通过狭窄部位，回撤外鞘将支架释放，对29例患者应用不可脱卸球囊进行支架内再扩张。结果：支架定位准确，34例患者狭窄完全消失，16例狭窄程度减少90％以上，2例减少70％，1例术中发生脑梗死，无其他手术并发症发生。临床随访3-13个月（平均7.3个月），均未再有短暂性脑缺血发作或脑梗死。颈动脉超声随访45例，DSA随访19例患者颈动脉均无再狭窄发生（6-12个月）。结论：血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全而有效的方法，长期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄

目的：总结血管内支架治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的临床体会，探讨该技术的适应证、并发症防治及初步疗效。材料和方法：55例颈动脉狭窄患者(2000年10月至2001年12月，40例有反复的短暂性脑缺血发作或脑梗死，1例小脑出血，14例无明显症状)在球囊扩张后安装自膨胀血管内支架，其中33例还应用不可脱卸球囊进行支架内再扩张。结果：53例支架定位准确，2例释放支架时支架向近端移位。31例患者狭窄完全消失，20例狭窄程度减少90％以上，4例减少70％，术中1例发生短暂脑缺血性发作，1例发生脑梗死。临床随访1－15个月(平均6．1个月)，仅1例术后2个月发作TIA　1次。颈动脉超声随访42例，DSA随访15例患者颈动脉均无再狭窄发生(6－12月)。结论：血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的安全而有效方法，长期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

颈动脉复杂性狭窄的血管内支架治疗

目的　报道５ 例颈动脉复杂性狭窄的血管内支架治疗结果,旨在评价血管内支架治疗颈动脉复杂性狭窄的可行性及临床疗效。方法　５ 例具有症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行血管内支架置入术治疗。颈动脉狭窄的病因包括动脉粥样硬化（ｎ ＝ ３） 和放射治疗后纤维化狭窄（ｎ ＝ ２） 。Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ 超声波检查提示颈动脉狭窄,并经血管造影证实。本组病例使用自展式Ｗａｌｌｓｔｅｎｔ 型支架。术后随访４ ～２２ 个月。结果　颈动脉造影显示全部患者颈动脉狭窄程度均大于７５ ％ ;狭窄位于颈总动脉（ＣＣＡ）３ 例,颈内动脉（ＩＣＡ）２ 例;病变长度２０ ～６０ｍｍ 。全部患者颈动脉内支架置入成功。１ 例术中出现短暂性脑缺血（ＴＩＡ） ,无其它并发症发生。随访期间无神经病学后遗症和支架内血栓形成。Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ 超声波检查未发现血管内支架早期及迟发性再狭窄。结论　应用血管内支架治疗颈动脉复杂性狭窄具有技术可行性和安全性,具有满意的中期开通率。     

消化道良恶性狭窄的介入治疗(附31例报告)

目的：评价食管球囊扩张和／或食管内支架置入术临床效果。方法：本组３１例，男２３例，女８例，年龄６～６９岁，良性狭窄１８例，恶性狭窄１３例。球囊扩张２５例，球囊扩张并支架置入６例。对狭窄部位先球囊扩张后用支架输送释放系统放置食管内支架。结果：１５例贲门失驰缓症随访１年以上，１２例能进普食，３例进食有时稍缓慢。６例置入食管内支架，随访４个月，６例均能进普食，其中２例１个月后出现左主支气管瘘；１０例单纯狭窄球囊扩张随访５～９个月能进普食。结论：球囊扩张和内支架置入术是一种简单易行、安全可靠的治疗方法。     

经皮血管内球囊扩张及支架置入术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄

目的：探讨症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的血管内治疗适应证、技术可行性及疗效。方法：回顾性分析自1997年3月至2001年10月收治的经血管内方法治疗的症状性大脑中动脉狭窄14例患者的技术成功率、并发症以及临床疗效，14例患者中9你是2001年以前的病例，单纯采用血管内球囊扩张术，而2001年5例患者全部采取血管内支架成形术。结果：采用球囊扩张的9例患者成功扩张5例，从术前平均狭窄67％扩张到术后的18％，2例由于球囊到位困难而放弃，2例患者出现与技术有关的严重并发症。该5例手术成功的患者，经过平均21个月随访，症状消失2例，所有患者随访期间病情平稳，无卒中发生。5例近期使用冠状动脉支架置入患者，4例成功，术后即刻造影显示狭窄程度从术前的平均85％下降到术后的平均10％，大脑中动脉血流明显增加。1例在支架到位后出现血管破裂。短期随访无卒中再发作（3-5个月）。结论：经皮球囊血管成形术以及支架置入术对于症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的治疗有效，技术可行。支架血管内成形术虽然刚刚起步，更有发展潜力，需要进一步的实践和临床随访。     

应用支架成形术处理颈动脉系血管狭窄

应用血管内支架成形技术治疗颈动脉系血管狭窄14例，狭窄位于颈动脉分叉部6例，颈内动脉颅内段3例，大脑中动脉水平段3例，颈总动脉起始部2例。均经股动脉入路，依据动脉狭窄的程度和长度，13例分别选用不同型号的Smart自膨式支架和Biodivysio管状支架进行血管内成形，1例行球囊扩张成形。14例均获成功，神经功能有不同程度的改善，术后卒中量表（NIHSS）测定无卒中发生；随访3－14个月，无TIA等缺血性神经损害发生。本组初步结果表明，应用支架成形技术经血管内治疗颈动脉系血管狭窄操作较安全简便，效果良好。     

血管内支架治疗颈动脉及椎动脉狭窄的20例临床分析

目的探讨血管内支架治疗颈动脉及椎动脉狭窄的安全性及有效性。资料与方法对20例颈、椎动脉狭窄行颈动脉球囊扩张及支架成形术(CAS)治疗的患者作回顾性分析,对临床表现、治疗方法及治疗前后的影像资料改变进行分析。结果 20例患者行CAS治疗,共成功放置支架22枚,11例采用颈动脉保护装置。术前干预血管平均狭窄度(76.2±11.4)%,术后支架膨胀不满意采用球囊后扩者3例。术后造影显示15例残余狭窄度<10%,4例<20%,仅1例<38%,术后平均狭窄度(12.4±8.2)%。治疗前后狭窄度比较有显著统计学意义(P<0.001)。随访平均(12.3±5.6)个月,7例支架术后6个月发现支架有不同程度再狭窄,但再狭窄率均未超过30%,均无神经系统症状。结论血管内支架治疗颈动脉及椎动脉狭窄是安全和有效的,近期随访无严重再狭窄(>50%)及颅内严重并发症发生。     

Drug-eluting stent insertion in the treatment of in-stent renal artery restenosis in three renal transplant recipients

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stent insertion is the treatment of choice in transplant renal artery stenosis. However, in-stent restenosis occurs in as many as 13% of patients after PTA and stent insertion. This article describes three patients with recurrent transplant renal artery in-stent stenosis who were treated with paclitaxel-eluting stents. In two patients, the transplant renal artery remained patent after insertion of the drug-eluting stent (DES), and one patient required balloon angioplasty 7 months after the DES was inserted.     

血管内超声在1例颈内动脉闭塞患者介入治疗中的应用

目的 探讨血管内超声(IVUS)技术在颈内动脉闭塞经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)中的应用价值.方法 1例患者CTA明确颈内动脉闭塞,脑灌注成像见低灌注区与缺血相关症状符合,在IVUS导引下接受PTA治疗.采用微导丝及微导管同轴技术通过闭塞段,IVUS确认位于真腔内,微导管造影确认闭塞远端血管通畅,调整后放置栓塞保护器;IVUS测评斑块及管腔情况,球囊预扩张后再次测评;血管内恢复正向血流后通过IVUS虚拟组织学序列分析斑块稳定性,斑块纤维帽稳定且管腔狭窄率＜40％仅作单纯球囊扩张治疗.结果 单纯球囊扩张治疗后闭塞血管再通,恢复正向血流.IVUS全程检测狭窄段斑块纤维帽稳定,管腔狭窄率＜40％,脑灌注成像显示低灌注状态明显改善.结论 IVUS技术在PTA治疗颈内动脉闭塞中起重要导引作用,可增加再通手术成功率,降低并发症发生率.     

肝移植术后血管胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入治疗对肝移植后胆道、血管并发症的价值。材料和方法:18例肝移植患者接受了介入治疗。其中肝动脉狭窄8例,行肝动脉造影及溶栓治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例,行内支架置入术;胆瘘及胆道狭窄8例,行PTCD治疗。结果:胆道并发症8例,PTCD治疗后症状消失;肝动脉狭窄8例,溶栓后肝动脉完全开放6例,1例血流部分开放,1例肝动脉血流未恢复再次肝移植治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例内支架置入术后下腔静脉梗阻及肝肿大症状消失。结论:介入治疗是治疗肝移植后胆道血管并发症的有效方法。     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for subclavian and brachiocephalic artery stenosis in aortitis syndrome

A 43-year-old man with progressive right common carotid, subclavian artery, and brachiocephalic artery stenoses due to aortitis syndrome is presented. The patient's right common carotid artery had been treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) four times previously, but it was finally occluded. The right subclavian artery was treated by PTA once, which resulted in restenosis. The stenosis extended to the brachiocephalic artery. For this patient, PTA followed by stent placement was performed for the right subclavian and brachiocephalic artery stenosis. Because arterial stenosis is progressive in cases of aortitis syndrome, simple PTA alone does not appear to be sufficient for treatment. We suggest that PTA followed by stent placement may be an alternative treatment for recurrent stenosis in aortitis syndrome.     

Residual stenosis after conventional balloon angioplasty for hemodialysis shunt failure: treatment with metallic stent placement and post-balloon dilatation

PURPOSE: The usefulness of metallic stent placement and post-balloon dilatation was investigated for patients with residual stenosis after conventional percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (balloon PTA) of dialysis shunt vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 92 patients who had received balloon PTA for dialysis shunt vessels, seven patients who showed a residual waist on the balloon even under maximum inflation were enrolled in this study. In these patients with residual stenosis after balloon PTA, we inserted a stent in the residual stenosis, and post-balloon dilatation was immediately applied using the same balloon catheter. RESULTS: After balloon PTA, the average percent diameter stenosis declined to 45.5 +/- 7.30%, and the stenosis was further improved to an average of 19.3 +/- 7.09% after the placement of a stent and the additional balloon PTA. The average percent diameter dilatation of the balloon before the placement of a stent was 65.8 +/- 12.7%, while the average dilatation increased to 84.1 +/- 8.96% after the placement of a stent. Dialysis became possible immediately after the procedure in all cases. CONCLUSION: Metallic stent placement and post-balloon dilatation was effective for patients with residual stenosis after conventional balloon PTA of dialysis shunt vessels.     

Repeated intervention for in-stent restenosis of the renal arteries

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term technical success of repeated endovascular intervention in stenosed renal artery stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with stenoses >or=50% in a renal stent placed because of an ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis were included in this study. In the presence of increased blood pressure or decreased renal function, the in-stent restenosis was treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the stent or placement of a second stent if the stenosis was located too distally in the stent. The results of these repeat interventions were evaluated by angiography. RESULTS: The 15 patients had a total of 20 stenosed stents. Eighteen of these in-stent stenoses were treated with PTA and two were treated with placement of a second stent. Angiographic follow-up was available in 16 arteries, showing in-stent restenosis in four (25%; mean follow-up, 11 mo). The cumulative patency rates after repeat endoluminal intervention were 93% (95% CI: 80%-106%) and 76% (95% CI: 52%-101%) after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Renal function remained stable or improved in most patients (80%) after repeated intervention in the stent, and hypertension was classified as improved or cured in 47% of patients after 1 year. CONCLUSION: Patients with stenosed renal artery stents can be treated successfully with PTA in a majority of cases, with a long-term success rate of 75% and stable renal function 1 year after repeated intervention.     

Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for intracranial atherosclerotic disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The literature contains relatively few reports of distal embolism associated with intervention for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Our purpose was to evaluate the frequency of thromboembolic events after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or stent placement in this setting by using diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging. METHODS: Between October 1999 and January 2004, 16 consecutive patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis greater than 60% were treated with PTA or stent placement without a protection system. Whole-brain DW imaging was performed before and after intervention. DW imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three groups according to new hyperintensities: type A was none; type B, a single lesion; and type C, multiple lesions. RESULTS: Nine type A, five type B, and three type C lesions were detected after the interventions. All hyperintense lesions were less than 5 mm in diameter. All type C lesions occurred in the context of internal carotid artery stenosis treated with stent placement. DW imaging abnormalities occurred most frequently when PTA followed by stent placement was performed for long internal carotid artery stenoses. No new neurologic deficits occurred in any patient. CONCLUSION: In this series, PTA or stent placement or both for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions was safe. New DW imaging abnormalities were less frequent in patients who underwent PTA alone or primary stent placement than in those receiving PTA followed by stent placement.     

Stent Placement for Treatment of Long Segment (≥80 mm) Carotid Artery Stenosis in Patients with Takayasu Disease

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of carotid artery stent (CAS) placement for treatment of long segment stenosis in patients with Takayasu arteritis.Materials and MethodsBetween January 2002 and February 2012, all patients with Takayasu arteritis found to have long segment (≥80 mm) carotid artery stenoses at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Five patients treated by CAS placement with either long or multiple self-expandable stents were included. All patients had focal neurologic symptoms, including three strokes and two transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Six self-expanding stents were used in five patients. The mean follow-up period was 19.2 months (range, 6–30 mo); all patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory examination, and vascular imaging follow-up.ResultsImprovement in clinical symptoms was shown after successful angioplasty. There were no perioperative or in-hospital deaths. Four patients exhibited persistent relief, and repeated angiography or computed tomography (CT) angiography showed normal flow. One patient stopped taking her medications after CAS placement and became symptomatic 8 months later as a result of a severe in-stent stenosis.ConclusionsCAS placement was shown to be a feasible option for treating long segment (≥80 mm) stenosis of carotid arteries in patients with Takayasu arteritis with encouraging results.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the proximal vertebral artery for symptomatic stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for significant stenosis involving the origin of the vertebral artery is now a well established treatment for selected patients when posterior cerebral arterial circulation is compromised. Arterial spasm, dissection, and restenosis may occur in some instances, with subsequent hemodynamic compromise. To prevent these potential complications, we combined PTA of the vertebral artery with primary stenting, using coronary stents, in seven patients. We herein present our short- and intermediate-term results. METHODS: A total of seven lesions affecting the origin of the vertebral artery were treated by primary trans-stenotic coronary stent placement. All patients were symptomatic, fulfilling the general criteria for vertebral artery angioplasty. Patients were followed for up to 36 months after treatment. RESULTS: All seven lesions were successfully dilated. Residual stenosis was never greater than 20% in diameter. No perioperative complications occurred. Clinical follow-up showed immediate resolution or improvement of symptoms in all patients. One patient's condition deteriorated 15 months after stent placement because of atheromatous stenosis of the prevertebral segment in the ipsilateral subclavian artery. CONCLUSION: Stent placement to treat significant stenosis involving the origin of the vertebral artery is safe and effective for alleviating symptoms and improving blood flow to the posterior cerebral circulation. Coronary stent design seems to be particularly well suited to cover atherosclerotic lesions of the origin of the vertebral artery. The stent mesh probably prevents elastic recoil and early restenosis after PTA, as it does in coronary arteries.