Outcome of parent-physician communication skills training for pediatric residents

Objective

Communication skills represent an essential component of clinical competence. In the field of pediatrics, communication between physicians and patients’ parents is characterized by particular difficulties. To investigate the effects of a parent-physician communication skills training program on OSCE performance and self-efficacy in a group control design.

Methods

Parallel to their daily work in the outpatient department, intervention-group experienced clinicians in practice (n = 14) participated in a communication training with standardized parents. Control-group physicians (n = 14) did not receive any training beyond their daily work. Performance was assessed by independent video ratings of an OSCE. Both groups rated their self-efficacy prior to and following training.

Results

Regarding OSCE performance, the intervention group demonstrated superior skills in building relationships with parents (p < .024) and tended to perform better in exploring parents’ problems (p < .081). The communication training program led to significant improvement in self-efficacy with respect to the specific training objectives in the intervention group (p < .046).

Conclusion

Even in physicians with considerable experience, structured communication training with standardized parents leads to significant improvement in OSCE performance and self-efficacy.

Practise implications

Briefness and tight structure make the presented communication training program applicable even for experienced physicians in daily clinical practice.     

Development and reach of a web-based cognitive behavioural therapy programme to reduce symptoms of depression and diabetes-specific distress

Objectives

There is an urgent need for more effective and efficient depression treatments in diabetes. We developed a diabetes-specific version of the Dutch web-based ‘Coping with Depression’ (CWD) course. Here, we report on the development, reach, patients’ reasons for choosing our intervention and their characteristics.

Methods

The CWD programme was amended for use in diabetes patients with co-morbid depression. Data were collected using a telephone interview, self-report questionnaires, and medical records.

Results

Adding diabetes-specific topics to an effective web-based depression programme resulted in an 8-lesson intervention (“www.diabetergestemd.nl”), with minimal guidance by coaches. In the framework of a randomised trial, the intervention attracted serious interest of 540 patients. After screening, 255 depressed diabetes patients were enrolled. Less than half had a history of depression treatment; 80% reported the diabetes-specific approach to be an important reason for signing up.

Conclusion

We successfully developed a diabetes-specific version of the web-based CWD course, which attracted a large group of patients. Our results affirm the importance of addressing diabetes-specific issues in the context of depression treatment.

Practice implications

Our intervention could be implemented on a large scale at low costs, and may serve as a model on how to develop other illness-specific online self-help interventions.     

Development of an ICF-based patient education program

Objective

To describe the development of an ICF-based patient education program, to present the results of its pilot test and to present the adaptations and final version of the program.

Methods

The education program was developed in five steps: (1) definition of relevant areas of functioning, (2) development of strategies to enhance self-efficacy in these areas, (3) development of material and instructions, (4) definition of modules and setting and (5) performance of a pilot test targeting acceptability and feasibility of the program.

Results

Eleven stroke patients were enrolled in the pilot test. The intervention was well accepted on the part of participants. The developed patient education program is structured in three modules. Module 1 targets to increase patients’ understanding of their current level of functioning. Module 2 targets to identify concrete problems and corresponding solutions regarding limited areas. Module 3 is a refresher session.

Conclusion

Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention were verified and a final version of the patient education program was developed. The effectiveness of the program will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.

Practice implications

Due to the universality of the ICF and availability of ICF tools, it is possible to adapt the intervention to different chronic conditions.     

"I am not only a disease, I am so much more". Patients with rheumatic diseases' experiences of an emotion-focused group intervention

Objective

To obtain understanding of how patients with rheumatic diseases experienced participation in an emotion-focused group intervention in terms of influences on their emotional well-being and coping behavior and the processes whereby these influences arose.

Methods

The intervention, Vitality Training (VTP), was conducted in 10 group sessions over 4 months. Qualitative data were collected from 10 focus group interviews (n = 69) two weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis approach.

Results

Five categories were identified from the analyses: (1) recognizing oneself as both ill and healthy, (2) recognizing own emotions, (3) awareness of own needs, (4) being part of a community and (5) being recognized as a credible patient.

Conclusion

The VTP addressed participants’ awareness of emotional and bodily reactions in a process-oriented and supportive group. The program had enhanced participants’ recognition of their disease-related emotions and helped them to more actively relate to their own needs.

Practical implications

This study has highlighted how a process-oriented group intervention that combines topics related to life, rather than disease, and learning methods that enhance emotional awareness and adaptive emotional expression can enhance emotional well-being and coping behavior in patients with rheumatic diseases.     

Methodological reflections on body-mind intervention studies with cancer patients

Objective

Methodological reflection on the content, results and limitations of three body-mind intervention studies with cancer patients (CPs) in order to improve the quality of studies on body-mind interventions and to raise the potential value for CPs.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a study on haptotherapy and two studies applying relaxing face massage, using a variety of well-being effect measures. Six methodological themes are discussed: (1) drop-out; (2) characteristics of participating patients, (3) participation of patients in other complementary interventions; (4) satisfaction of participants; (5) effects of the three interventions, and (6) role of response shift.

Results

The three interventions showed limited effects after controlling for relevant confounding factors. They are mainly the small sample sizes, the low intensity of the intervention, the possible inadequate measure moments and the use of other CAM that may be responsible for the absence of effects.

Conclusions

Body-mind interventions require more methodological reflections to develop attractive and effective interventions for CPs. Attention needs to be paid to measuring short term effects, practically fitting research designs, and response shift.

Practice implications

Interventions should be intensive, repeated and not too short. The implementation of interventions requires attention to several organizational factors in the health care.     

Using freelisting to understand shared decision making in ADHD: Parents’ and pediatricians’ perspectives

Objective

To compare and contrast notions of ADHD among pediatricians and parents of affected children to understand the perspectives they bring to shared decision making (SDM).

Methods

In this freelisting study, 60 parents of children with ADHD and 30 primary care pediatricians listed words reflecting their understanding of (1) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), (2) getting/offering help for ADHD, (3) talking to doctors/families about ADHD, and (4) “mental health.” Smith's salience score established terms that were salient and cultural consensus analysis identified variation within subgroups of participants.

Results

Parents’ terms reflected ADHD's effects on the child and family, while clinicians often mentioned school. Lists suggested differing needs and goals for clinicians and subgroups of parents in SDM: “time” for clinicians, “learning” and “understanding” for non-college educated parents, and “comfort” and “relief” for college educated parents. Neither parents nor clinicians framed ADHD in the same way as “mental health.”

Conclusion

Parents and clinicians, who conceptualize ADHD differently, should negotiate a shared understanding of ADHD as a basis for SDM. Treatment discussions should be tailored to encompass families’ varied emotional and educational needs.

Practice implications

Fostering SDM in primary care is consonant with notions of ADHD as distinct from mental health.     

Efficacy of ongoing group based diabetes self-management education for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomised controlled trial

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of ongoing group based diabetes self-management education (DSME) for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

146 patients were randomised to either group education or waiting list control. Primary outcomes were A1C and patient activation measured with patient activation measure (PAM).

Results

There were no differences in the primary outcomes between the groups at 12 months, but the control group had an increase in A1C of 0.3% points during follow-up. Diabetes knowledge and some self-management skills improved significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group. A sub group analysis was conducted for the quartile with the highest A1C at baseline (>7.7, n = 18 in both groups). There were significant improvements within the intervention group at 12 month follow-up for both A1C and PAM and a trend for better outcome in the intervention group compared to the control.

Conclusions

The locally developed ongoing diabetes self-management education programs prevented an increase in A1C and can have an effect on A1C in patients with higher A1C level.

Practice implications

Locally developed programs may be less effective than programs developed for studies.     

Impact of patient level factors on the improvement of the ABCs of diabetes

Objective

To determine which patient factors contribute to improvements in the ABCs of diabetes following a multi-faceted diabetes care intervention.

Methods

A multi-level, cluster design, randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of a Chronic Care Model (CCM) intervention in an underserved community (n = 119).

Results

Improvements in glycemic control were experienced among older subjects (p = 0.02), those with higher scores on the WHO-10 Quality of Well-Being Subscale 1 (p = 0.05), and those in the CCM group (p = 0.04). Insulin use was associated with greater improvements in SBP and DBP. Those taking insulin (p = 0.07), and those more satisfied with their diabetes care and ready to make a behavior change (p = 0.08) experienced larger improvements in Non-HDLc. Medication treatment intensification (TI) did not significantly impact the ABCs.

Conclusion

Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors explained more of the variation in the ABCs than TI, and are important contributors to clinical improvement.

Practice Implications

Providers may be able to identify and intervene on patients who are at risk for developing diabetes complications and improve the consistency, quality, and effectiveness of patient care.     

Children of the new reproductive technologies: social and genetic parenthood

Objective

To review empirical studies on families created by new reproductive technologies (NRT) in which only one parent has a genetic link to the child.

Methodology

Literature search was conducted among computerized databases. Inclusion criteria were that studies should focus on childrearing or parenting, as well as on the psychological adjustment of children in: heterosexual families formed through artificial insemination with donated semen (AID), single-mother AID families, oocyte-donation families, planned lesbian-mother families, planned gay-father families, and partial surrogacy families.

Results

Compared to natural-conception parents, parents in these NRT families have better relationships with their children, and their children are functioning well.

Conclusion

Although several studies show that parents in NRT families are more emotionally involved in their parenting than are parents in naturally conceived families, no empirical evidence was found that the psychological adjustment of children in NRT families differs from that of their counterparts in natural-conception families.

Practical implication

The results inform counselors and infertile couples that concerns regarding the use of NRT in relation to negative consequences for the parent-child relationship or the psychological adjustment of the child are till now unfounded.     

Implementation of a patient education program on multiple sclerosis relapse management

Objective

To study the implementation of a patient education program on relapses and relapse therapy into routine care.

Methods

31 health care professionals took part in a one day train-the-trainer program (TTTP) and subsequently 261 persons with MS (pwMS) took part in the education program. Evaluation was carried out in trainers and pwMS.

Results

Participants (health professionals) in the TTTP understood the program's main goals and reported that the TTTP enabled them to successfully perform the program. The majority of participants in the program (pwMS) understood the core messages. Also, they showed increased risk knowledge and increased decision autonomy preferences. Treatment decisions were reported as autonomous or as “informed choice” in 49%, and as “shared decisions” by 45%. Overall, effects were less marked compared to the results of the underlying randomized-controlled trial.

Conclusion

PwMS! appreciate evidence-based information about relapse management and view the unbiased presentation of scientific uncertainty as a chance for decision autonomy.

Practice implications

The implementation study confirms the program's transferability into clinical practice.     

A community-based intervention to promote informed decision making for prostate cancer screening among Hispanic American men changed knowledge and role preferences: a cluster RCT

Objective

We assessed the short-term effects of a community-based intervention for Hispanic men to encourage informed decision making (IDM) about prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA).

Methods

All senior social and housing centers in El Paso, TX were randomized to intervention, a group-based Spanish language educational program facilitated by promotores (12 centers; 161 men) [I's], or to control, promotores-facilitated diabetes video and discussion (13 centers; 160 men) [C's].

Results

Participants had low levels of schooling and baseline knowledge; 44% reported previous PSA testing. At post-test, the I's made large knowledge gains, increased their understanding that experts disagree about testing, shifted toward more active decision making roles, were more likely to believe that it is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of screening and to anticipate potential screening outcomes in making a decision, and were less likely to consider the screening decision easy. The I's did not change in their screening intention or the belief that choosing not to be screened could be a responsible choice.

Conclusions

A community-based intervention to support IDM for prostate cancer screening can increase knowledge and may promote more active involvement in decision making about prostate cancer screening. Such an approach can increase knowledge and may promote more active involvement in decision making about prostate cancer screening.

Practice implications

It is feasible to develop and implement a community-based intervention program to promote IDM for prostate cancer screening.     

A computerized education module improves patient knowledge and attitudes about appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infections

Background

Over-use of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) increases antimicrobial resistance, treatment costs, and side effects. Patient desire for antibiotics contributes to over-use.

Objective

To explore whether a point-of-care interactive computerized education module increases patient knowledge and decreases desire for antibiotics.

Methods

Bilingual (English/Spanish) interactive kiosks were available in 8 emergency departments as part of a multidimensional intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for ARIs. The symptom-tailored module included assessment of symptoms, knowledge about ARIs (3 items), and desire for antibiotics on a 10-point visual analog scale. Multivariable analysis assessed predictors of change in desire for antibiotics.

Results

Of 686 adults with ARI symptoms, 63% initially thought antibiotics might help. The proportion of patients with low (1-3 on the scale) desire for antibiotics increased from 22% pre-module to 49% post-module (p < .001). Self-report of “learning something new” was associated with decreased desire for antibiotics, after adjusting for baseline characteristics (p = .001).

Conclusion

An interactive educational kiosk improved knowledge about antibiotics and ARIs. Learning correlated with changes in personal desire for antibiotics.

Practice implications

By reducing desire for antibiotics, point-of-care interactive educational computer technology may help decrease inappropriate use for antibiotics for ARIs.     

General practice counseling for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to quit smoking: Impact after 1 year of two complex interventions

Objective

To evaluate two counseling programs in general practice to help smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to quit smoking.

Methods

Cluster randomized controlled trial including 68 general practices (667 patients) using a randomly assigned intervention program with counseling and advice about nicotine replacement therapy (and additional bupropion-SR in one of the programs) or usual care. Usual care consisted of periodic regular check-ups and COPD information. The main outcome measure was biochemically verified point prevalence at 12 months.

Results

The two intervention groups were treated as one in the analysis because they were equally effective. The intervention resulted in a significantly self-reported higher success rate (14.5%) compared to usual care (7.4%); odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-4.1. Biochemically verified quit rates were 7.5% (intervention) and 3.4% (usual care); odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 0.9-6.0.

Conclusion

The program doubled the cessation rates (statistically nonsignificant). Too few participants used the additional bupropion-SR to prove its effectiveness.

Practice implications

The protocols can be used for COPD patients in general practice, but expectations should be modest. If quitting is unsuccessful, a stepped care approach should be considered.     

Understanding information and education gaps among people with type 1 diabetes: A qualitative investigation

Objective

Many patients with type 1 diabetes struggle to self-manage this chronic disease, often because they have a poor knowledge and understanding of the condition. However, little attention has been paid to examining the reasons for this poor knowledge/understanding. To inform future educational interventions, we explored patients’ accounts of the education and information they had received since diagnosis, and the reasons behind gaps in their diabetes knowledge.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 type 1 diabetes patients enrolled on a structured education programme in the UK. Data were analysed using an inductive, thematic approach.

Results

Patients’ accounts illustrated a number of knowledge deficits which were influenced by various lifecourse events. Reasons for deficits included: diagnosis at a young age and assumption of decision-making responsibility by parents; lack of engagement with information when feeling well; transitions in care; inconsistency in information provision; and, lack of awareness that knowledge was poor or incomplete.

Conclusion

Patients’ knowledge deficits can arise for different reasons, at different points in the lifecourse, and may change over time.

Practice implications

The delivery of individualised education should take account of the origins of patients’ knowledge gaps and be provided on a regular and on-going basis.     

Development of the Hepatitis C Self-Management Program

Objective

Chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV) is a major health problem that disproportionately affects people with limited resources. Many people with HCV are ineligible or refuse antiviral treatment, but less curative treatment options exist. These options include adhering to follow-up health visits, lifestyle changes, and avoiding hepatotoxins like alcohol. Herein, we describe a recently developed self-management program designed to assist HCV-infected patients with adherence and improve their health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

The development of the Hepatitis C Self-Management Program (HCV-SMP) was informed by scientific literature, qualitative interviews with HCV-infected patients, self-management training, and feedback from HCV clinical experts.

Results

The Hepatitis C Self-Management Program (HCV-SMP) is a multi-faceted program that employs cognitive-behavioral principles and is designed to provide HCV-infected people with knowledge and skills for improving their HRQOL. The program consists of six 2-h workshop sessions which are held weekly. The sessions consist of a variety of group activities, including disease-specific information dissemination, action planning, and problem-solving.

Conclusion

The intervention teaches skills for adhering to challenging treatment recommendations using a validated theoretical model. A randomized trial will test the efficacy of this novel HCV self-management program for improving HRQOL in a difficult to reach population.     

Evaluating the implementation of peer counseling in a church-based dietary intervention for African Americans

Objective

Body & Soul, an evidence-based nutrition program for African Americans churches, is currently being disseminated nationally and free of charge by the National Cancer Institute. For dissemination feasibility, the peer counseling training is done via DVD rather than by live trainers. We describe implementation and process evaluation of the peer counseling component under real world conditions.

Methods

The study sample included 11 churches (6 early intervention, 5 delayed intervention) in 6 states. Data sources included training observations, post-training debriefing sessions, coordinator interviews, and church participant surveys. Survey data analysis examined associations between exposure to peer counseling and change in dietary intake. Qualitative data were analyzed using the constant comparative method.

Results

Eight of 11 churches initiated the peer counseling program. Recall of talking with a peer counselor was associated with significantly (p < .02) greater fruit and vegetable intake. Data indicate sub-optimal program execution after peer counselor training.

Conclusion

Inconsistent implementation of the peer counseling intervention is likely to dilute program effectiveness in changing nutrition behaviors.

Practice implications

Disseminating evidence-based programs may require added resources, training, quality control, and technical assistance for improving program uptake. Similar to earlier research phases, systematic efforts at the dissemination phase are needed for program success.     

Initial evaluation of EPSCALE, a rating scale that assesses the process of explanation and planning in the medical interview

Objective

To evaluate the content validity, internal consistency and generalisability of EPSCALE, a new rating scale to measure communication skills in explanation and planning.

Methods

Content validity: consensus exercise and expert review. Internal consistency and generalisability: 124 clinical students undertaking 4 OSCE stations with simulated patients, with one observer (hospital specialist, GP or communication specialist) per station, during finals examinations. Internal consistency estimated by coefficient alpha, generalisability estimated by generalisability coefficient and variance components using EPSCALE.

Results

Content validity was supported by consensus exercise and expert review. Internal consistency was high with a coefficient alpha of greater than 0.8 for all four explanation and planning stations in the finals exam. Generalisability coefficient for 4 OSCE stations was 0.50.

Conclusions

This paper provides initial evidence that EPSCALE has content validity and high internal consistency when used to assess explanation and planning skills in the consultation. It defines the generalisability of this new rating scale. Further work is needed to explore the scale's validity by a range of other measures.     

Analyzing differences between psychotherapy groups and social support groups for breast cancer patients: development of an assessment method using video recordings

Objective

When comparing the efficacy of different interventions for cancer patients, there should be certainty that these types are sufficiently different in the way they are actually presented. The aim of the present study is to develop a method for assessing differences between the content of social support groups and experiential-existential therapy groups.

Methods

Independent and blind raters assessed video fragments of both intervention types, using a self-developed checklist of five questions. This checklist was first evaluated by a group of experts for appropriateness, importance, and rateability.

Results

Three out of the five questions were selected on the basis of these experts’ evaluation and on inter-rater reliability. The scores on these questions were used to evaluate five social support groups and six experiential-existential therapy groups for breast cancer patients. According to the independent and blind raters the content of the two intervention forms appeared to be significantly different.

Conclusion

The assessment method we developed appeared reliable and valid.

Practice implications

Our assessment method is feasible as a check to compare the content of psycho-oncological interventions and can be easily adjusted into a test for other intervention types.     

Mealtime behavior among parents and their young children with food allergy

Background

Food allergies are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. Balancing allergen avoidance with the promotion of healthy eating behaviors can be challenging for families.

A randomized controlled trial of communication training with primary care providers to improve patient-centeredness and health risk communication

Objective

To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of training to improve primary care providers’ patient-centered communication skills and proficiency in discussing their patients’ health risks.

Methods

Twenty-eight primary care providers participated in a baseline simulated patient interaction and were subsequently randomized into intervention and control groups. Intervention providers participated in training focused on patient-centered communication about behavioral risk factors. Immediate efficacy of training was evaluated by comparing the two groups. Over the next 3 years, all providers participated in two more sets of interactions with patients. Longer term effectiveness was assessed using the interaction data collected at 6 and 18 months post-training.

Results

The intervention providers significantly improved in patient-centered communication and communication proficiencies immediately post-training and at both follow-up time points.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the brief training produced significant and large differences in the intervention group providers which persisted 2 years after the training.

Practice implications

The results of this study suggest that primary care providers can be trained to achieve and maintain gains in patient-centered communication, communication skills and discussion of adverse childhood events as root causes of chronic disease.