儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病与复发的相关分析

目的 分析小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(急淋)缓解时和缓解不同时期微小残留病(MRD)的水平与复发的相关性。方法：用极限稀释定量PCR法和巢式PCR法追踪检测MRD，数据处理用Kaplan Meier方法及COX回归模型等。结果：46例急淋患儿缓解时MRD值与骨髓复发呈正相关(r=0.4396，P<0.01)，骨髓复发组MRD值为7.359×10-3，与未复发组MRD值(3.954×10-4)差异有显著性(P<0.01)；缓解期MRD持续阳性或由阴性转为阳性者，骨髓复发的相对危险度明显增高(P<0.05)。结论：缓解时MRD水平及缓解期MRD定性结果可作为估计急淋预后的一个重要指标，动态追踪检测MRD是指导治疗和预防复发的有效手段。     

Immunohistochemical Detection of Post-Therapy Residual Testicular Lymphoblasts in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in detecting residual blast cells in testicular biopsies from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In a prospective study of 26 patients, testicular biopsies were performed after completion of therapy, and the average follow-up after biopsies was 29 months. After immunostaining, seven patients with negative biopsies on routine histology showed scattered, strongly calla-positive cells as well as cells reacting with anti-B (CD22) MoAb. Among these seven patients with residual blast cells, four had relapsed either in testes (n = 1), bone marrow and testes (n = 1), or in the bone marrow (n = 2). In contrast, among the 15 patients without residual blast cells, all but 1 remained in complete remission. In four other cases no definite conclusion was possible after immunohistochemical study. Four testicular biopsies from patients with occult infiltration were used as positive controls. Negative controls consisted of testicular biopsies from children with testicular ectopia and postmortem testicular tissue specimens. Results suggest that the risk of relapse is significantly higher in patients with positive immunohistochemical findings indicating persistent residual blast cells. However, the predictive value of these findings requires confirmation on a larger number of cases to have therapeutic implications.     

Immunohistochemical Detection of Post-Therapy Residual Testicular Lymphoblasts in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in detecting residual blast cells in testicular biopsies from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In a prospective study of 26 patients, testicular biopsies were performed after completion of therapy, and the average follow-up after biopsies was 29 months. After immunostaining, seven patients with negative biopsies on routine histology showed scattered, strongly calla-positive cells as well as cells reacting with anti-B (CD22) MoAb. Among these seven patients with residual blast cells, four had relapsed either in testes (n = 1), bone marrow and testes (n = 1), or in the bone marrow (n = 2). In contrast, among the 15 patients without residual blast cells, all but 1 remained in complete remission. In four other cases no definite conclusion was possible after immunohistochemical study. Four testicular biopsies from patients with occult infiltration were used as positive controls. Negative controls consisted of testicular biopsies from children with testicular ectopia and postmortem testicular tissue specimens. Results suggest that the risk of relapse is significantly higher in patients with positive immunohistochemical findings indicating persistent residual blast cells. However, the predictive value of these findings requires confirmation on a larger number of cases to have therapeutic implications.     

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??Abstract??Objective To explore the feasibility of monitoring minimal residual disease ??MRD?? in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ??ALL?? by detection of cloned IgH and TCRγ gene rearrangements using multiplex polymerase chain-reaction ??PCR?? and automated fragment analysis. Methods In this 1??3 matched case-control study?? 4 cases of very early bone marrow relapsed non-high risk ALL ??relapsed group?? and 12 cases of non-relapsed non-high risk ALL as control ??control group?? were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from Jan. 2009 to Dec.2011. All patients were treated with Guangdong 2008 ALL protocol. Bone marrow samples were collected at four time points: at diagnosis?? the end of induction?? the beginning of reinduction and the third month of maintenace treatment. Cloned IgH and TCRγ gene rearrangements were amplified by multiplex PCR. The clonality of PCR production was analyzed by GENEMAPPERID softwares. Detectable clonality of IgH/TCRγ was defined as MRD positive. Results At diagnosis?? the frequency of cloned IgH and TCRγ in all patients was 100% and 56%. The positive rate of MRD was found to have no statistical difference between two groups at the end of induction?? while the difference of the MRD positive proportion between the two groups was statistically significant at the beginning of reinduction and the third month of maintenane therapy?? which was much more higher in relapse group than that of control group. Conclusion Detection of monoclonal IgH/TCRγ gene rearrangements by multiplex PCR with automated fragment analysis can be used as a method to monitor MRD during treatment for childhood ALL.     

Therapy Response Correlates with ALDH Activity in ALDH Low-Positive Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias

The malignant cells of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) do not form a homogenous entity but a collection of differently maturated blasts. The most immature leukemia cells may be more resistant to therapy than the bulk of more differentiated blasts. We studied 42 patients with childhood ALL treated according to the ALL-BFM 2000 protocol. At diagnosis, we determined the immunophenotype and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity of the leukemic cells. Additionally, we investigated the expression of CD34, CD38 and CD45 to define a population of immunophenotypically immature cells (CD34⁺/CD38^?/CD45^?/low). We then studied levels of minimal residual disease (MRD) after induction therapy (day 33) to determine therapy response. Including all cases (n = 42), there was no correlation between ALDH positive cells, CD34⁺/CD38^?/CD45^?/low cells and MRD levels. A subset of 18 ALLs displayed a more mature phenotype with low-ALDH positivity (< 1%). Analyzing this cohort, ALDH positive blasts overlapped with the CD34⁺/CD38^?/CD45^?/low population. The initial rate of ALDH positivity correlated with MRD levels at day 33 of therapy (r = 0.61, P < .01). We conclude that in pediatric ALL, ALDH positivity as a marker of immaturity and stemness has prognostic significance only in phenotypically mature cases when the ALDH activity is not a property of the majority of the leukemic blasts. In case of an immature ALL phenotype, ALDH activity might be an inherent characteristic of the whole leukemia and is not limited to a more immature subpopulation that could confer to resistance and increased MRD-levels during therapy.     

Minimal Residual Disease and Childhood Leukemia: Standard of Care Recommendations From the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario MRD Working Group

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an independent predictor of relapse risk in children with leukemia and is widely used for risk‐adapted treatment. This article summarizes current evidence supporting the use of MRD, including clinical significance, current international clinical practice, impact statement, and recommended indications. The proposed MRD recommendations have been endorsed by the MRD Working Group of the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario and provide the foundation for a strategy that aims at equitable access to MRD evaluation for children with leukemia.     

Prognosis after Relapse in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood

This is a survey of all the 265 relapses occurring in 515 children with ALL diagnosed in Sweden in the years 1973-1980. Two hundred and nineteen relapses occurred on therapy, and 46 after discontinuation of therapy. Bone marrow was involved in the relapse in 71% and 67% of the two groups, respectively. Only 38/265 (14%) children with relapse were still alive at follow-up in January 1985. Of these, 16/219 (7%) had relapsed during therapy (median survival time after relapse 9 months) compared to 22/46 children (48%) with a relapse after cessation of therapy (median 43 months). The prognosis was better if relapse occurred after cessation of therapy and in children with isolated testicular relapse. Thirteen children were bone marrow transplanted, and 6 of these were alive at follow-up. It is concluded that children with ALL relapse have very bad prognosis with cytostatic regimens used today, especially if the bone marrow is involved.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿血清瘦素及铁蛋白检测的意义

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿血清瘦素(leptin)和铁蛋白(SF)水平变化,探讨血清瘦素及SF与ALL的关系。方法采用酶联免疫分析法分别检测22例初治、26例缓解期ALL患儿及25例健康儿童血清瘦素水平,同时采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫分析法检测血清SF水平。结果ALL初治组血清瘦素水平显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),经化疗缓解半年后,其血清瘦素浓度上升至正常水平;ALL初治组血清SF水平显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),缓解后其血清瘦素浓度降至正常水平。结论血清瘦素和SF可作为判断ALL治疗效果的有效指标之一。     

6-Mercaptopurine Cumulative Dose: A Critical Factor of Maintenance Therapy in Average Risk Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A multivariate survival analysis including gender, age, log white blood cell (WBC) count, liver and spleen size at diagnosis, mean log WBC count during maintenance therapy, and the prescribed cumulative doses of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX), vincristine (VCR), and prednisom (PDN) during maintenance therapy was performed on 53 children with average-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The 6-MP cumulative dose prescribed during maintenance therapy resulted in the most important statistically significant independent prognostic factor. Patients who received less than the median cumulative dose of 6-MP (86% of planned protocol dose) fared significantly worse than the other patients, regardless of WBC count at diagnosis, gender, age, and other factors studied. Therefore, 6-MP cumulative dose during maintenance therapy may be the critical factor for effective maintenance therapy in childhood ALL.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿TEL-AML1融合基因表达的意义

目的研究TEL-AML1融合基因在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的发生率及其临床意义。方法在MIC分型（形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学）基础上,采用巢式逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测ALL患儿90例TEL-AML1融合基因。结果TEL-AML1融合基因在初发ALL儿童中的阳性率为22.2%（20/90）,在B系ALL中的阳性率为23.7%（19/80）。1例T系ALL患儿融合基因阳性。TEL-AML1融合基因阳性和阴性患儿化疗d15完全缓解率、复发率和早期死亡率比较无显著性差异。结论TEL-AML1融合基因阳性患儿的近期治疗效果未优于该融合基因阴性患儿。     

Late Relapses in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Two children presented with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6 years and 8 years after cessation of maintenance treatment. Relapses this length of time off treatment are unusual, with only 7 previously reported cases. It is often unclear whether the relapse is of the original disease or a second leukemia, and our results in both cases suggest relapse of their primary disease.     

Late Relapses in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Two children presented with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6 years and 8 years after cessation of maintenance treatment. Relapses this length of time off treatment are unusual, with only 7 previously reported cases. It is often unclear whether the relapse is of the original disease or a second leukemia, and our results in both cases suggest relapse of their primary disease.     

COALL-97方案治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病临床及实验室研究

目的　引用德国儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病协作组 (cooperativeALLstudygroup ,COALL)的COALL 97方案治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) ,从临床疗效防治及目前国内外选用有效治疗ALL的药物 ,左旋门冬酰胺酶 (L Asp)的药代动力学方面 ,探讨在我国治疗儿童ALL的最佳方案及L Asp的最佳给药方式。方法　ALL患儿 1 2例自愿接受COALL 97方案在我院完成早期强化治疗后 ,回当地继续口服巯基嘌呤 (6 MP) /硫鸟嘌呤 (6 TG)加甲氨蝶呤 (MTX)持续治疗 ,每隔 3个月、半年来院复查 ,总疗程 1 .5～ 2 .0年。结果　诱导治疗后d1 4做骨髓检查 8例呈缓解骨髓像 ,治疗 2 8d后 1 2例均完全缓解 (CR) ,CR率1 0 0 % ,HR ALL患儿 1例CR后 1 0个月时骨髓复发并重症感染死亡。应用高压液相色谱技术 (HR HPLC)检测 1次注射 40 0 0 0U/m2 L Asp后能使血清和脑脊液 (CSF)中门冬酰胺 (ASN)浓度降低 ,并持续至第 5周后回升。 结论　COALL 97方案可被我国ALL患儿所接受 ;在治疗ALL的临床实践中 ,该方案确有可借鉴之处 ;1次 / 2～ 6周静脉注射 40 0 0 0U/m2 L Asp联合化疗的用药方式不仅作用强、持续时间长 ,耐药性小、不良反应少 ,且避免患儿每天或隔天静脉注射痛苦及患儿家长的经济和精神负担。     

Cognitive Function in Long Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Thirty long survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia were compared with their healthy siblings on cognitive and neuropsychological measures. The subjects were comparable in treatment variables except for type of central nervous system prophylaxis received. Thirteen were given radiotherapy with intrathecal medication, and seventeen received only intrathecal treatment. Patients receiving only intrathecal medication did not differ from controls. Patients receiving radiotherapy scored lower on several measures including Wechsler Full Scale and Performance IQ. Irradiated girls scored lower than boys on most measures. Children whose clinical management has included radiation therapy appear to be at risk for later mild cognitive deficits. No consistent pattern of neuropsychological deficits has emerged and observed deficit patterns may reflect individual vulnerabilities.     

Central Nervous System Disease in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Prognostic Factors and Results of Treatment

(years) revealed that isolated CNS relapse had occurred in 70 children (9.0%). Of these 70 patients, 12 out of 142 children (8.5%) had initially received irradiation and 58 out of 628 children (9.2%) only chemotherapy as CNS-prophylaxis. There was a significant higher risk for boys (12%) than for girls (6%) to relapse in the CNS compartment. Unfavorable prognostic factors for survival after isolated CNS relapse were short duration of first remission and male sex. In high-risk patients after an isolated CNS relapse, there was no difference in prognosis related to treatment with or without irradiation as initial CNS prophylaxis.     

Cranial Computerized Tomography and Cerebrospinal Fluid Procoagulant Activity in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Thirty-three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were studied using serial cranial computerized tomography (CCT) and cerebrospinal fluid procoagulant activity (PCA)for 5 years from the time of diagnosis. PCA was also studied in control children without neurological disease and in those with a variety of neurological disorders. Temporary elevation in the CSF PCA was observed during the phase of prophylactic central nervous system treatment in ALL and there was a late rise at 2-3 years off treatment. PCA also rose in the CSF following CNS disturbance in neurologically abnormal children, which suggests that the elevation observed in ALL is not specific to myelin disturbance.     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的探讨大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)在基层医院的可行性。方法对8例ALL患儿进行56次HD-MTX治疗,MTX剂量3 g/m2,同时水化碱化4 d,滴注MTX 36 h后开始四氢叶酸钙解救,首剂30 mg/m2,以后15mg/m2,1次/6 h,共8次。并观察其不良反应及疗效。结果接受HD-MTX治疗8例中,出现骨髓抑制(26/56次)占46.4%,消化道反应(24/56次)占42.9%,肝功能损害(13/56次)占23.2%,黏膜损害(12/56次)占21.4%,感染(5/56次)占8.93%,皮疹(3/56次)占5.36%,心脏损害(2/56次)占3.57%,出现肺弥漫性间质性浸润影、头痛各1例。主要不良反应发生率与HD-MTX疗程前后差异无显著性。随访8例ALL,仅1例发生中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL),该例为高危儿,发生时间为骨髓缓解(CR)后12个月。结论在基层医院不具备MTX监测及层流室条件下,只要在化疗前准备工作完善,水化碱化合理,四氢叶酸钙解救及时,HD-MTX治疗仍是安全可行的。