上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者化学感觉功能评估

目的:观察上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍（post-viral olfactory dysfunction,PVOD）患者的嗅觉功能、鼻内三叉神经功能和味觉功能变化,探讨PVOD患者化学感觉功能变化的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2019年1—12月在北京安贞医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科嗅觉味觉中心就诊的PVOD患者42例,其中男20例,女...     

上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍预后因素分析

目的:分析上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍(PVOD)患者主客观嗅觉功能测试结果,评估预后因素,为临床诊疗提供依据.方法:回顾性分析就诊于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院门诊的PVOD患者,给予嗅觉训练治疗4个月,对患者治疗前后进行Sniffin'Sticks嗅觉测试,根据嗅觉功能改善情况分为嗅觉功能改善组和嗅觉功能无改善组,分析患...     

上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍的相关研究

嗅觉障碍是耳鼻咽喉科常见症状,包括嗅觉减退、嗅觉丧失、嗅觉过敏、嗅觉倒错和幻嗅,临床上以前两者多见.造成嗅觉障碍的原因很多,包括上呼吸道感染、鼻和鼻窦疾病、外伤、先天和遗传因素、有害气体及放射线损伤等.     

嗅球体积对上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者的预后评估

目的:比较上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍(PVOD)患者不同预后组间的嗅觉功能检查结果,分析预后相关因素,尤其嗅球体积(OBV)对预后的影响,为临床诊疗提供客观依据.方法:对2019年1月-2019年12月于北京安贞医院门诊就诊的PVOD患者进行≥1年的随访,这些患者在治疗前完成Sniffin'Sticks嗅觉测试、嗅通路MR...     

上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者嗅上皮超微结构观察

目的通过对上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍的患者鼻腔大体及嗅上皮超微结构的研究，从形态学上观察嗅觉减退或丧失的超微结构改变。方法选择上呼吸道感染后嗅觉减退或丧失患者10例，用T＆T嗅觉测试法测试患者的嗅觉功能。常规前鼻镜、鼻内镜下对鼻腔大体结构进行观察，鼻内镜下钳取嗅区黏膜行透射电镜超微结构观察。结果上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者嗅黏膜超微结构有以下变化：①嗅上皮结构层次仍能保持，但细胞间隙增宽；②上皮表面嗅泡明显减少，即使嗅泡存在，其末端的纤毛也明显减少，部分嗅泡呈空泡状改变；③微绒毛细胞和支持细胞表面的微绒毛减少或缺失；④支持细胞的细胞核变形或固缩，嗅细胞的树突水肿变形，细胞器减少。结论上呼吸道感染后嗅觉功能障碍与嗅黏膜上皮超微结构的改变密切相关。患者嗅泡及嗅泡内纤毛缺失，微绒毛细胞及支持细胞的微绒毛减少是引起嗅觉减退的主要原因，支持细胞胞核的变形及嗅细胞树突的形态学改变与嗅觉改变相关。     

嗅觉障碍患者鼻内镜术后嗅黏膜形态学观察

目的 观察嗅觉丧失患者鼻内镜术后嗅觉不同恢复程度、不同时间嗅黏膜的组织学情况.方法 按孙安纳法配制试嗅液,选取慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉嗅觉丧失患者33例(60侧)功能性鼻内镜术后第4、12、24周测试嗅觉并取嗅区黏膜.术后24周随机选取嗅觉恢复正常、部分恢复和无恢复每组各5例和2例正常者的嗅区黏膜行透射电镜观察.结果 术前嗅上皮均表现为不同程度的损伤.术后4周细胞损伤程度加重.术后12周嗅觉完全或部分恢复组,细胞形态趋于正常,组间无明显差别.嗅觉无恢复组,细胞形态改善.术后24周,嗅觉完全或部分恢复组,细胞形态恢复正常,较术后12周时好,比对照组更佳.嗅觉无恢复组,细胞形态趋于正常.结论 慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉嗅觉障碍与嗅上皮形态学异常有关.鼻腔通气引流和细胞形态学恢复是嗅觉恢复的必要条件.     

改良嗅觉训练结合糖皮质激素治疗上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍的临床初步观察

目的 观察改良嗅觉训练结合糖皮质激素治疗上呼吸道感染后嗅觉功能障碍的效果.方法 纳入47例湖州市中心医院耳鼻咽喉科门诊诊断为上呼吸道感染后嗅觉障碍患者,随机分为口服糖皮质激素结合嗅觉训练组和单纯口服糖皮质激素组.口服糖皮质激素结合嗅觉训练组先给予甲泼尼龙片口服14 d疗程,然后运用嗅觉试剂:土耳其玫瑰、马达加斯加柠檬尤...     

嗅觉训练在伴有嗅觉障碍的慢性鼻窦炎术后患者康复中的临床应用

目的 分析嗅觉训练在慢性鼻窦炎引起的嗅觉障碍术后康复中的应用效果,并探讨其作用机制。方法 回顾性分析2017年10月～2019年6月于我院行鼻内镜术后仍伴有嗅觉障碍患者86例,采用随机对照和自身对照方法,按随机对照原则、嗅觉障碍程度、治疗时间分组,对所有患者治疗前后进行嗅觉综合评分,并进行统计学分析。结果 实验组VAS评分（4.57±3.24）明显高于对照组（3.27±2.79）(P<0.05),且实验组治疗32周VAS评分（4.57±3.24）明显高于治疗16周（3.25±2.92）(P<0.05);治疗后嗅觉下降组和嗅觉丧失组VAS评分（5.25±1.37、2.81±2.14）明显高于治疗前（1.85±0.35、0.78±0.21）(P<0.05),但嗅觉下降组改善更显著（P<0.05）;32周后实验组OTT、ODT、OIT、TDI均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,且实验组治疗32周OTT、OIT、TDI明显高于治疗16周（P<0.05）。结论 嗅觉训练对鼻内镜术后仍存在嗅觉障碍患者有明显改善,尤其是对保留残余嗅觉的患者改善更明显;延长嗅觉训练时...     

嗅觉障碍与阿尔茨海默病的相关性分析

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经细胞退行性疾病,目前原因不明,临床上以进行性记忆丧失和后天获得的知识丧失为特征,病程逐渐发展直至完全丧失生活能力.研究中发现,嗅觉系统的功能障碍与AD,尤其是早期AD发生有着密切的联系,是早期诊断的重要指标.嗅觉系统与大脑皮层许多部位有广泛联系,药物...     

Analysis of the clinical effect of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom during otolaryngology outpatient service.

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and its influence factors.

Material and methods: A total of 60 confirmed cases of URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction were enrolled into the present study. The olfactory training lasted for 24 weeks. These patients were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks and threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) composite scoring before treatment, and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Results: It was found that URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction patients had more evident deterioration in odor identification ability. The effective rates of olfactory training on olfactory dysfunction at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment were 1.67%, 26.67% and 41.67%, respectively. The TDI scores at the 3rd and 6th months, but not at the 1st month, were significantly higher, when compared to those before treatment. The course of diseases was a significant influence factor on the therapeutic effect of olfactory training (OR = 0.805, 95% CI: 0.696–0.931).

Conclusions: Olfactory training can efficiently cure URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction, and in particular, significantly improve the odor discrimination ability and odor identification ability.

Significance: Providing useful data for further research regarding olfactory dysfunction.     

Intravenous olfactory test latency correlates with improvement in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction

Conclusion: This cohort study showed that onset latency in the intravenous olfactory test (IVO) may help predict when olfaction in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) improves.

Objectives: To identify factors that predict the olfactory improvement period in patients with PIOD.

Methodology/Principal: All consecutive patients presenting with PIOD in 1994–2014 who were followed up for 2 years were identified retrospectively. The ability of demographic/clinical factors (age, sex, body mass index, presence/absence of allergic rhinitis, treatment/non-treatment with herbal medicines, patient dependence on herbal medicine treatment, presence/absence of diabetes mellitus, and smoking status) and olfactory test factors (response/no response and onset latency and duration in the IVO test, and detection and recognition scores on the T&;T olfactory test) to predict the olfactory improvement period (defined respectively as the time from PIOD onset or olfactory testing to the first self-report of olfaction improvement) was analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression.

Results: Of the 187 PIOD patients, the prognostic ability of demographic/clinical factors was analyzed in 65. None predicted the olfactory improvement period. Of the 65 patients, 20 did not respond in the IVO test. In the remaining 45 patients, onset latency (but not the other olfactory test factors) was a significant prognosticator of olfactory improvement period (R²=0.24, p?=?0.003).     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者嗅觉障碍影响因素分析

目的：探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRS）患者嗅觉障碍的影响因素。方法：采用视觉模拟量表（VAS）对270例诊断明确的CRS患者的嗅觉障碍程度进行评分,分为嗅觉障碍影响生活质量组（VAS〉5）及未影响生活质量组（VAS≤5）。通过对患者年龄、性别、伴鼻息肉、伴变应性鼻炎、有吸烟史及前期鼻部手术史等临床因素及血清总IgE水平、外周血嗜酸粒细胞和单个核细胞个数等进行分析,在组间进行Mann-Whitney U分析,采用多变量Logistic回归模型对嗅觉障碍的影响因素进行相关性分析。结果：在嗅觉障碍影响生活质量组中伴鼻息肉、伴变应性鼻炎、有前期手术史的患者数量及血清总IgE水平、水肿评分均明显高于未影响生活质量组（均P〈0.05）;性别、年龄、吸烟史、伴鼻中隔偏曲及外周血嗜酸粒细胞数、单个核细胞数在2组患者之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。多因素Logisitic分析发现血清总IgE增高、水肿评分高是影响嗅觉的危险性因素（OR=1.003、2.483,均P〈0.01）;而前期鼻部手术史是一个保护因素（OR=0.408,P〈0.01）。结论：严重的鼻腔水肿、血清总IgE增高是患者出现严重嗅觉障碍的危险因素,前期鼻部手术则是保护性因素。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者组织嗜酸性粒细胞与嗅觉功能障碍的相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)患者术后组织嗜酸性粒细胞与嗅觉功能障碍的相关性。 方法 回顾性选择2016年7月至2018年7月CRSwNP行鼻内镜鼻窦手术(ESS)治疗的120例患者。通过视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Lund-Kennedy评分了解患者病情;术后取筛窦黏膜组织进行嗜酸性粒细胞计数。通过Sniffin'Sticks测试和化学感觉事件相关电位(CSERP)来评估嗅觉功能。Spearman相关分析用以了解嗜酸性粒细胞计数与Sniffin'Sticks测试和CSERP参数之间的关系及VAS评分和CSERP的相关性。 结果 调整协变量(年龄、性别、饮酒、吸烟、过敏性鼻炎、哮喘、术后时间和Lund-Kennedy评分)后的相关性分析结果与未调整协变量的结果一致。组织嗜酸性粒细胞计数与阈值评分相关(r=-0.460,P=0.012);组织嗜酸性粒细胞计数与苯乙醇(N1:r=0.471,P=0.010; P2:r=-0.487,P=0.007)及乙醇(N1:r=-0.516,P=0.008; P2:r=-0.590,P=0.002)刺激产生的CSERP峰值潜伏期N1和P2相关;但与CSERP振幅均无明显相关(P>0.05)。苯乙醇刺激产生的阈值评分和CSERP峰值潜伏期N1之间存在明显负相关(r=-0.560,P<0.001)。乙醇刺激产生的CSERP潜伏期与症状VAS评分存在明显负相关(r=-0.400,P=0.005)。 结论 CRSwNP患者鼻术后组织嗜酸性粒细胞增多与术后嗅觉功能障碍明显相关,且三叉神经的敏感性可能与组织嗜酸性粒细胞增多相关,鼻黏膜炎症可同时影响嗅神经及三叉神经的功能。     

Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function after radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer

Objective

Radiotherapy is the primary method of treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and many side effects were reported in patients receiving radiation to this area. This study was conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of radiotherapy following NPC on olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory function.

Methods

Twenty-four patients with NPC who received radiotherapy at least 12 months ago were recruited. Fourteen healthy subjects with similar demographical characteristics were recruited as the healthy control group. All volunteers were subjected to a nasoendoscopical examination, and abnormalities that could potentially cause olfactory dysfunction were the exclusion criteria from the study. An experienced radiologist segmented the MRI coronal, axial and sagittal slices manually for three-dimensional OB volume measurement in a blinded manner. Olfactory function was assessed using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, and average score (0: worst, 7: best) was calculated as the total CCCRC olfactory score.

Results

The mean CCCRC score was 5.5 ± 1.1 for the nasopharyngeal cancer patients, whereas the mean score of healthy control group was 6.4 ± 0.4. There was a significant difference in the olfactory scores (p = 0.003). The mean OB volume in the NPC group was 46.7 ± 12.1 mm³. Among the patients with NPC, the cisplatin receiving group had a mean OB volume of 47.2 mm³, whereas the cisplatin + docetaxel receiving group had a mean OB volume of 46.5 mm³, and they were similar. The MRI measurement of the healthy control group was 58.6 ± 13.8 mm³. The OB volumes of the healthy control group were significantly higher (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Radiotherapy following nasopharyngeal cancer results in a diminished OB volume and deteriorated olfactory function. Chemosensory olfactory dysfunction might be a contributing factor to lack of appetite, cancer cachexia and consequent lowered quality of life in NPC patients.     

A clinical study of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Mikulicz's disease

Objective

Mikulicz's disease (MD) is differentiated from Sjögren's syndrome as an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) systemic disease. MD patients often report olfactory dysfunction (OD). To analyze cases of OD associated with MD, we studied clinicopathological and serological findings of MD patients.

Methods

A total of 44 MD patients (17 males and 27 females) were examined for OD. We evaluated clinicopathological and serological findings of these patients by dividing them into OD (+) and OD (−) groups.

Results

The mean IgG4 concentration (SD) in such cases was 950.5 (797.5) mg/dl. Of the 44 patients, 20 (45%) had OD even though no abnormalities, such as obstructive and inflammatory disease, were detected in their nasal cavities and sinuses. The two groups did not show significant differences in background characteristics, such as age, sex, IgG4 concentration, presence or absence of allergic rhinitis, and presence or absence of extrasalivary gland lesions. We found abundant IgG4-positive plasmacytes in the nasal mucosa specimens of the OD (+) group but not in that of the OD (−) group.

Conclusions

Nasal mucosa in the MD patients with OD was infiltrated with IgG4-positive plasmacytes. We concluded that OD may be associated with infiltration by IgG4-positive cells.     

Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: Causative viruses of postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) have not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate causative viruses in patients with PVOD. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nasal discharge was collected from 24 patients with PVOD. We investigated the presence of 10 viruses in nasal discharge and examined the time course, with regard to changes in olfactory dysfunction and nasal obstruction in patients with PVOD, using questionnaires, acoustic rhinometry, and olfactory tests. RESULTS: Rhinoviruses were detected in 10 patients by electrophoresis. Rhinoviruses were also confirmed in four patients by nucleotide sequences. Viral serotypes were identified to be human rhinovirus (HRV)-40, HRV-75, HRV-78, and HRV-80. One of the four patients complained of anosmia, whereas another complained of dysosmia. Olfactory testing did not show significant improvement at 4, 8, 11, and 24 weeks after the first visit in the four patients, although results of acoustic rhinometry significantly improved. Two of the four patients complained of olfactory dysfunction even 6 months after the first visit. Coronavirus and parainfluenza virus were detected in one patient each, and Epstein-Barr viruses were detected in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study for the first time detected rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, and Epstein-Barr virus in nasal discharge of patients with PVOD. Furthermore, the present study suggests that rhinoviruses can cause olfactory dysfunction through mechanisms other than nasal obstruction and that rhinoviruses can induce various severities and different time courses of olfactory dysfunction.