Human kidney-derived hematopoietic stem cells can support long-term multilineage hematopoiesis

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CD34+造血干细胞移植后体内向肝样细胞分化

目的观察人脐血CD34^＋造血干细胞移植后在体内向肝样细胞分化的情况。方法CD34^＋造血干细胞分离自足月妊娠产妇脐血,实验动物采用6～8周的非肥胖糖尿病／重症联合免疫缺陷（nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency disease, NOD/SCID）dx鼠,20μlCCl4腹腔注射建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型,其中部分小鼠24h后通过尾静脉注射入肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor,HGF）的裸DNA质粒,建模48h后将CD34^＋造血干细胞通过尾静脉注入小鼠体内,观察各组死亡率、肝功能恢复情况,并通过RT-PCR、免疫组化、HSH等手段检测小鼠肝组织内人源性的、分泌白蛋白的肝样细胞。结果实验各组之间肝功能恢复无明显差异。各组存活率相近。肝组织石蜡切片显示,同时注射HGF质粒及CD34^＋造血干细胞的实验组,其肝组织损伤程度最轻,单独注射HGF质粒或CD34^＋造血干细胞的两个实验组结果相近,对照组最重。在注射CD34^＋造血干细胞的两组小鼠肝组织中,通过RT-PCR、免疫组化、HSH等方法均可检测到人源性的肝样细胞,联合应用HGF的实验组中,此种分化细胞数量更多,分布更广。另外与此同时可观察到融合细胞的存在。结论脐血中CD34^＋的造血干细胞可以分化成肝样细胞,HGF可以促进这一分化进程。     

Ex vivo expansion and transplantation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells supported by mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord blood

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential and are detected in bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, placenta, and umbilical cord blood (UCB). In this study, we examined the ability of UCB-derived MSCs (UCB-MSCs) to support ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from UCB and the engraftment of expanded HSPCs in NOD/SCID mice. The result showed that UCB-MSCs supported the proliferation and differentiation of CD34+ cells in vitro. The number of expanded total nucleated cells (TNCs) in MSC-based culture was twofold higher than cultures without MSC (control cultures). UCB-MSCs increased the expansion capabilities of CD34+ cells, long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs), granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFCs), and high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFCs) compared to control cultures. The expanded HSPCs were transplanted into lethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice to assess the effects of expanded cells on hematopoietic recovery. The number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the peripheral blood of mice transplanted with expanded cells from both the MSC-based and control cultures returned to pretreatment levels at day 25 posttransplant and then decreased. The WBC levels returned to pretreatment levels again at days 45-55 posttransplant. The level of human CD45+ cell engraftment in primary recipients transplanted with expanded cells from the MSC-based cultures was significantly higher than recipients transplanted with cells from the control cultures. Serial transplantation demonstrated that the expanded cells could establish long-term engraftment of hematopoietic cells. UCB-MSCs similar to those derived from adult bone marrow may provide novel targets for cellular and gene therapy.     

Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation synthesize insulin

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune disorder with disturbed glucose/insulin metabolism, which has no medical treatment other than life-long insulin therapy, despite which 30% of subjects develop organ failure. Herein we have reported the use of human adipose-tissue-derived, insulin-making mesenchymal stem cells (h-AD-MSC) transfused with unfractionated cultured bone marrow (CBM) in 5 insulinopenic DM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five (M:F, 2:3) insulinopenic DM patients of 0.6 to 10 years' duration, ages 14 to 28 years under treatment insulin (Human with 14-70 U/d) showed postprandial blood sugars between 156 to 470 mg%, glycosylated hemoglobin 6.8% to 9.9% and c-peptide levels of 0.02 to 0.2 ng/mL. They underwent intraportal administration of xenogeneic-free h-AD-MSC (mean dose = 1.5 mL; cell counts, 2.1 x 10(3)/muL). The CD45-/90+/73(+) cells (29.8/16.8%) showed c-peptide levels of 3.08 ng/mL, insulin level of 1578 micro IU/mL. The aliquot was supplemented with CBM (mean dose 94 mL with cell counts: 18.7 x 10(3)/microL) containing CD45-/34+ elements of 0.93%. The Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol and consent forms. RESULTS: All patients were successfully infused CBM plus h-AD-MSC without any untoward effects and showed 30% to 50% decreased insulin requirements with 4- to 26-fold increased serum c-peptide levels, with a mean follow-up of 2.9 months. CONCLUSION: This report describes safe and effective treatment of insulinopenic diabetics using insulin-producing h-AD-MSC plus CBM without xenogeneic materials.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性髓系白血病的疗效观察

目的  观察自体造血干细胞移植对完全缓解期的急性髓系白血病（AML）患者的疗效。方法  回顾性分析14例行自体造血干细胞移植的AML患者的临床资料,其中低危7例,中危6例,高危1例。预处理后予回输预先冻存的自体外周血造血干细胞,并予成分输血、升白细胞、预防感染等治疗,观察患者的自体干细胞造血重建情况,并了解移植相关并发症的发生情况;绘制生存曲线并计算术后1年和3年的存活率和无病存活（DFS）率。结果  14例患者均获得造血重建,白细胞植入中位时间为12（9~28）d,血小板植入中位时间为29（8~158）d。2例患者粒细胞缺乏期出现大肠杆菌败血症,1例发生普通变形杆菌败血症,1例患者在移植后29 d出现巨细胞病毒血症,其余患者预处理后出现感染或胃肠道反应,经抗感染及其它对症支持等治疗后均治愈。随访时间29.8（5.3~61.5）个月,14例患者中共有5例复发（35.7%）,11例患者存活,3例死于复发。术后1年、3年的存活率分别为86%和79%,术后1年、3年的DFS率分别为64%和57%。结论  自体造血干细胞移植是大部分低、中危AML患者的有效治疗方法。     

Successful generation of donor specific hematopoietic stem cell lines from co-cultured bone marrow with human embryonic stem cell line: a new methodology

We report the generation of 30 healthy human embryonic stem cell (h-ESC) lines from 33 voluntary oocyte donors using a donor somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique on 190 oocytes. Our aim was to coculture them with their own bone marrow (BM) to generate hematopoietic progenitor cells for therapeutic purposes. Pluripotency and undifferentiated stage were confirmed using molecular cell surface markers. Normal karyotype of these cell lines was confirmed. Here we demonstrate that SCNT-h-ESCs differentiate to hematopoietic precursors when cocultured with unmodified, nonirradiated donor BM. We did not use any xenogeneic material for this hematopoietic differentiation. Hematopoietic precursors derived from them expressed cell surface antigens CD45/34. When further cultured with hematopoietic growth factors these hematopoietic precursors formed characteristic myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages. Phenotypic CD34+ cells derived from NT-h-ESCs were functionally similar to their counterparts in primary hematopoietic tissues like BM, umbilical cord, and blood. More terminally differentiated hematopoietic cells derived from h-ESCs under these culture conditions also expressed normal surface antigens like glycophorin A on erythroid cells, CD15 on myeloid cells, and CD41 on megakaryocytes. We report generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from h-ESC lines by a SCNT technique, with differentiation into further lineages with structural and functional similarities to their adult counterparts in vivo. This novel alternative source of CD34+ stem cells from h-ESC lines generated without any xenogeneic material might be used to create transplantation tolerance, to implement regenerative medicine, and to treat autoimmune disorders.     

Feasibility of second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and melphalan after a failed autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

This study was performed to determine the feasibility of second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) with fludarabine and melphalan in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after a prior autologous HSCT. Twelve patients (multiple myeloma [n = 7], non-Hodgkin lymphoma [n = 3], and acute myeloid leukemia [n = 2] received allogeneic HSCT using RIC with fludarabine (25 mg/m² for 5 days) and melphalan (140 mg/m² for 1 day) after a failed autologous HSCT. The graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine plus a minidose of methotrexate. All patients achieved a neutrophil and platelet engraftment in a median 13.5 days and 17.5 days, respectively. The transplant-related mortality was 2 patients (16.7%). Grade II-IV acute GVHD and chronic extensive GVHD were noted in 4 (33.3%) and 1 patient (11.1%), respectively. Over a median follow-up duration of 376 days, 5 patients were alive without evidence of disease. The estimated nonrelapse mortality at 1 year was 28.4%. The estimated overall survival rate at 1 year was 58.3%, and the estimated event- free survival rate at 1 year was 41.7%. Allogeneic HSCT using RIC with fludarabine and melphalan appears to be feasible for a second HSCT in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after a failed autologous HSCT.     

Effect of co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells as compared to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation alone in renal transplantation to achieve donor hypo-responsiveness

Introduction  

We evaluated donor hypo-responsiveness in renal allograft recipients to donor adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (h-AD-MSC) +hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) vs. HSCT alone.     

The assessment of human erythroid output in NOD/SCID mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells

The third-generation NOD/LtSz-scid/IL2Rγ(null) (NOD/SCID IL2Rγ(null)) mouse represents a significantly improved xenograft model allowing high levels of human leukocyte engraftment over extended follow up. One remaining limitation of this mouse model, however, is the low level of circulating human erythrocytes. We established a practical ex vivo erythroid culture system of xenograft marrow progenitors to enrich for human erythroid progeny. At various time points after transplant, erythroid cells were easily assayed after 17 days of ex vivo culture of xenograft marrow, with nearly all nucleated cells of human origin and approximately 60% human GPA or CD71 positive. We then transplanted cord blood CD34(+) cells marked with a lentiviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Three months later, ex vivo culture of xenograft marrow progenitors showed 41.3% of the cultured erythroid cells were positive for GFP and human CD71, and 56.2% were positive for GFP and human GPA, similar to that of circulating leukocytes at the same time point. Next, G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells from a sickle cell trait subject were infused in this mouse model to determine if the hemoglobin pattern could be modeled. CD34(+) cells from the sickle cell trait subject engrafted equally compared to CD34(+) cells from normal subjects, establishing the sickle cell trait phenotype. Lastly, a comparison of adult-derived peripheral blood CD34(+) cells and cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells xenografted mice was made, and long term follow-up demonstrated a recapitulation of the fetal to adult hemoglobin switch. This approach should prove a useful tool for testing strategies for genetic manipulation of erythroid progeny and the study of hemoglobin switching.     

Expansion of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro as a model system for human tissue engineering

The authors have taken a new approach to finding optimal conditions for stimulating conservative division of single isolated CD34(+)lin(-) hematopoietic stem cell candidates from human umbilical cord blood. The approach required the design and development of a novel multi-well single cell combinatorial culture system. This system incorporates the use of a multi-well tissue culture plate in which each well receives a single hematopoietic stem cell candidate. During an experiment lasting several days to weeks, each cell-containing well is moved sequentially and serially to a microscopic imaging system. This movement is facilitated by computer control of a motorized stage and stabilization of the experiment in an environmentally controlled Biobox built on the microscopic stage. New image analysis software facilitates tracking of cell movement, recording the time of cell division, and immunophenotyping of multiple, individual, or recently doubled cells in real time by a robotically controlled pipetting station. The principles of single cell culture should help solve many problems in human hematopoietic stem cell expansion and may be applicable to a wide range of other systems of interest in tissue engineering.     

间充质干细胞联合输注促进造血干细胞移植后的造血重建

目的探讨间充质干细胞(MSCs)与造血干细胞(HSCs)共同移植对造血重建的影响。方法将扩增的Balb/c小鼠骨髓MSCs与骨髓共同经尾静脉输入经致死剂量照射的同系小鼠体内(联合输注组),并设单输骨髓细胞的HSCs组、单输间充质干细胞的MSCs组以及输培养基的对照组,每隔5d计数白细胞,计算动物死亡率。将乙酰乙酸碳氧荧光素标记的人间充质干细胞输入SCID小鼠尾静脉,24h后取肺、心、肝、脾、肾和小肠组织做冰冻切片;取骨髓、肝脏及脾脏,制成单细胞悬液,涂片,在荧光显微镜下观察计数;用逆转录聚合酶链反应测定鼠骨髓中人特异性β2-微球蛋白。结果细胞输注后,联合移植组的白细胞恢复快,12d左右恢复正常,死亡率(3/11)低于HSCs组(5/10)、MSCs组(4/4)、输培养基的对照组(11/11)。人MSCs输入SCID小鼠后24h,其在体内的分布依次为肺、肾、脾、肝,小肠及心脏组织中几乎无阳性细胞,骨髓中有极少MSCs。结论MSCs与造血干细胞共输能促进造血恢复。     

Conditions that enable human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in all NOD-SCID mice

BACKGROUND: Transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells is the only true test of their long-term repopulation potential. Models are readily available to evaluate murine hematopoietic stem cells, but few exist that allow reliable quantification of human stem cells. The non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mouse model enables quantification of human hematopoietic stem cells, but the conditions that permit human engraftment in all animals have yet to be defined. The aims of the project were, therefore, to describe the variables that allow human engraftment in the NOD-SCID mouse model and the techniques that accurately quantify this engraftment. METHODS: NOD-SCID mice that had or had not received 250, 325, or 400 cGy irradiation received cord blood (CB) mononuclear or CD34+ cells i.v. or i.p. Mice were killed 6 weeks after transplantation, and the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus were harvested. Four-color flow cytometric analysis, semi-quantitative PCR, myeloid and erythroid progenitor, and stem cell assays were used to monitor human engraftment. RESULTS: A 250 or 325 cGy and i.v. injection of CB mononuclear or CD34+ cells is required to detect multilineage human engraftment in the bone marrow, spleen, or thymus of NOD-SCID mice. Four-color flow cytometric analysis and semi-quantitative PCR enable accurate detection of 0.1% human cells. Progenitor and stem cell assays provide functional information about the engrafted cells. CONCLUSIONS: Successful development of the NOD-SCID mouse model and techniques to assess human engraftment now allow it to be used reliably to analyze the effects of short-term cytokine exposure on the long-term repopulating capacity of CB stem cells.     

高危急性髓系白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的防治

急性髓系白血病（AML）是一组高度异质性的克隆性疾病,化学药物治疗和造血干细胞移植均为治疗AML的方法。对于高危AML患者而言,异基因造血干细胞移植为治疗该疾病的有效手段,但部分AML患者造血干细胞移植后仍可能面临疾病复发的问题,大多数复发患者再行化学药物治疗、二次移植等的效果不佳,是导致患者异基因造血干细胞移植后死亡的主要原因。因此,加强对异基因造血干细胞移植后AML患者的随访,并采取一些合适的手段预防移植后复发显得尤为重要。本文就高危AML患者异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的监测、药物治疗和细胞治疗进行综述,以期为改善高危AML患者异基因造血干细胞移植预后提供参考。     

第三方脐血细胞辅助输注对小鼠单倍型造血干细胞移植后造血重建的影响

目的分析以脐血细胞作为第三方细胞辅助输注对小鼠单倍型造血干细胞移植后造血重建的影响。 方法以CB6/F1雄性小鼠为供鼠,以BALB/C小鼠为受鼠。受鼠经Co60全身照射清髓后回输供鼠干细胞,建立单倍型造血干细胞移植模型。将40只受鼠分为对照组和实验组,每组各20只,对照组受鼠回输供鼠干细胞,实验组受鼠回输供鼠干细胞＋脐血单个核细胞。于移植后＋7 d、＋14 d、＋21 d、＋28 d和＋50 d对存活受鼠进行断尾采血,检测白细胞、血红蛋白和血小板,分析造血重建情况。处死小鼠时取外周血1 mL,采用荧光原位杂交技术检测Y染色体比例,计算嵌合率。两组受鼠各时间点白细胞、血红蛋白及血小板检测结果采用成组t检验进行比较,嵌合率采用卡方检验进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果移植后＋14 d实验组和对照组白细胞数量分别为(8.4±2.6)×10⁹/L和(3.8±1.0)×10⁹/L,差异有统计学意义(t＝6.968,P<0.05);其他时间点两组白细胞数量差异无统计学意义。移植后两组受鼠各时间点血红蛋白检测结果差异均无统计学意义。移植后＋7 d实验组和对照组血小板数量分别为(125±40)×10⁹/L和(64±15)×10⁹/L,移植后＋14 d分别为(282±47)×10⁹/L和(163±41)×10⁹/L,差异均有统计学意义(t＝6.366和8.093,P均<0.05);其他时间点两组血小板数量差异无统计学意义。 结论使用脐血细胞作为第三方细胞辅助输注后,可促进单倍型造血干细胞移植受鼠早期白细胞和血小板较快恢复。     

Partial splenectomy before a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment is delayed in children with hypersplenism, and splenectomy may improve HSC engraftment. However, the use of total splenectomy in children is limited because of concerns for postsplenectomy sepsis. In this study, the authors sought to assess the role of partial splenectomy for children with hypersplenism undergoing HSC transplantation.

Methods

Five children with a variety of conditions and associated hypersplenism underwent partial splenectomy before an HSC transplantation at the authors' institution between 2000 and 2003. Primary outcome measures were rates of neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Secondary outcome measures included perioperative complications, splenic regrowth, graft-versus-host disease, and infection rate. All outcomes were compared with recipients of an HSC transplant from both age-matched nonsplenectomized children (n = 497) and hypersplenic children who underwent total splenectomy (n = 10). Outcomes were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test.

Results

The rate of both neutrophil and platelet engraftment was faster in children who underwent either partial or total splenectomy as compared with nonsplenectomized children (mean rates of neutrophil engraftment were 26, 19, and 19 days for the nonsplenectomy, total splenectomy, and partial splenectomy groups, respectively; mean rates of platelet engraftment were 97, 37, and 45 days for the nonsplenectomy, total splenectomy, and partial splenectomy groups, respectively). Graft-versus-host disease rates were similar between the 3 groups. The mean percentage of splenic regrowth after partial splenectomy was 39%. There were no perioperative complications.

Conclusions

Partial splenectomy may be safely performed before HSC transplantation and, similar to total splenectomy, may improve the rate of HSC engraftment. Although this series has a limited number of patients, the use of partial splenectomy appears to be safe and may allow for splenic salvage to minimize the risk of postsplenectomy sepsis.     

Chronic renal failure with severe mesangiolysis in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient

Chronic progressive renal failure is a well-recognized complication in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. Although thrombotic microangiopathy or chemotherapeutic agents are frequently associated, total body irradiation might also be one of the suspected etiologic factors. This study describes a 38-year-old female patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with HSCT who developed chronic renal dysfunction after transplantation. Renal biopsy revealed focal and diffuse glomerulosclerosis with extensive mesangiolytic lesions. Her clinical course implied that pretransplant irradiation might have the most impact on the expression of this glomerular lesion.