Exploration of Multigene, Mulfistep and Multipathway Models of Nasopharyngeal and Colorectal Carcinogenesis

OBJECTIVE To construct tree models for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and colorectal carcinoma (CC) and explore the oncogeneic process of NPC and CC .METHODS Based on the software that Desper et al. developed, tree models were constructed for CC from the comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data of 118 CC patients and for NPC from the CGH data of 140 southern Chinese patients, respectively. RESULTS Tree models for CC suggested that loss of 18q and gain of 20q were important early events in colorectal carcinogenesis. As changes in -18q occurred prior to those in -17p, a cause-effect relationship might exist between them. Tree models for NPC suggested that loss of 3p was an important early event in nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis, and deletion of 11q, 14q, 16q and 9p were also nonrandom genetic events in carcinogenesis, suggesting that there might be tumor-associated genes existing on these chromosome arms. The tree model also indicated the existence of oncogenes on the short arm of chromosome 12.CONCLUSION Constructing tree models based on the CGH data to demonstrate the initiation and progression of NPC might help elucidate its multigene, multistep and multipathway development. It may provide valuable clues to explore the mechanism of tumorigenesis.     

Analysis of the Relationship between Expressions of TF and MMP-9 and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE To investigate expression of the tissue factor (TF)and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)in breast cancers, and to assess their expression in relation to possible prognostic significance. METHODS The expression of TF and MMP-9 in 71 breast cancer specimens were determined by EnVision immunohistochemistry, and the positive expressions related to the patient clinical outcome. RESULTS Positive rates of TF and MMP-9 staining were respectively 43.7%and 42.3%.K-M monofactorial analysis showed that the 5-year survival rate of the patients with a positive expression of TF and MMP-9 was lower than those with negative expression(P<0.05).However,the COX multifactorial analysis indicated that TNM staging and lymph node metastasis were the prognostic factors for breast cancer patients,and that TF and MMP-9 could not be used as the independent prognostic factors(P >0.05). CONCLUSION The positive rates of TF and MMP-9 were considerably high in breast cancers,which could provide useful information for patient prognosis.     

Iron intake and markers of iron status and risk of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Objective  

To investigate the association between iron intake and iron status with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).     

Experimental Study of the Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Venin on Metastasis and Recurrence of Liver Cancer

OBJECTIVE To study the inhibitory effect of venin on adhesion and invasive ability of SMMC-7721 cells and to examine the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of venin on liver cancer metastasis and recurrence after hepatectomy.METHODS The blocking effect of venin on the intercellular adhesive molecule (ICAM-1) of 7721 cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. The influence of venin on the invasive ability of 7721 cells was observed by cell-migration experimentation and detachment of 7721 cells attached to fibronectin (FN), and the influence of venin on adhesion of 7721 cells to FN by the MTT method, 7721 cells to 7721 cells, 7721 cells to lymphocytes, and 7721 cells to endothelial cells by a cellular adhesion test. The preventive and therapeutic effect of venin onmetastasis and recurrence of a liver cancer model was observed in nudemice after hepatectomy. RESULTS The expression of ICAM-1 in the venin-treated group was significantly lower than that in the untreated group. Venin could not inhibit the invasive ability of 7721 cells, and could not exfoliate the 7721 cells adhered to FN. It could inhibit the adhesion between 7721 cells and 7721 cells, and between 7721 and endothelial cells, but could not inhibit the adhesion between 7721 and lymphocytes. The nude mice treated with venin had less intrahepatic or extrahepatic metastases and recurrences after hepatectomy. CONCLUSION Venin can inhibit the adhesive ability of SMMC-7721 cells and can also prevent and treat the metastasis and recurrence of liver cancer in nude mice after hepatectomy.     

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods of Teaching Breast Self-Examination – Influence on Knowledge and Attitudes of Iranian Nursing and Midwifery Personnel

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Monthly breast self-examination (BSE) has beenpresented as one of the best screening methods available. The aim of this study was to compare effects of both direct and indirect methods of teaching of BSE on knowledge and attitudes of nursing and midwifery personnel. Materials andMethods: The present study was performed on 89 nursing and midwifery personnel in Valiasr hospital of Borujen city.Participants were randomly divided into a direct and an indirect training group. Researcher-designed BSE knowledgeand attitude and demographic information questionnaires were used for data collection. Results: Before the educationintervention, the mean levels of knowledge and attitude were 9.82±2.79 and 56.5±6.21 in the direct training group and9.59±2.71 and 54.5±4.51 in the indirect training group; after the intervention, they reached 19.2±0.96 and 62.9±4.21, and 11.0±2.58 and 59.0±3.44, respectively. The difference in the mean levels of knowledge and attitude were significantly higher in the direct training group post intervention (P<0.05). Conclusion: It appears that educational planners and hospital personnel education officials should seek to teach aspects of crucial health behavior to female personnel using cooperative and direct training methods.     

Postmenopausal circulating levels of 2- and 16α-hydroxyestrone and risk of endometrial cancer

Background:

It has been suggested that the relative importance of oestrogen-metabolising pathways may affect the risk of oestrogen-dependent tumours including endometrial cancer. One hypothesis is that the 2-hydroxy pathway is protective, whereas the 16α-hydroxy pathway is harmful.

Methods:

We conducted a case–control study nested within three prospective cohorts to assess whether the circulating 2-hydroxyestrone : 16α-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1 : 16α-OHE1) ratio is inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women. A total of 179 cases and 336 controls, matching cases on cohort, age and date of blood donation, were included. Levels of 2-OHE1 and 16α-OHE1 were measured using a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme assay.

Results:

Endometrial cancer risk increased with increasing levels of both metabolites, with odds ratios in the top tertiles of 2.4 (95% CI=1.3, 4.6; P_trend=0.007) for 2-OHE1 and 1.9 (95% CI=1.1, 3.5; P_trend=0.03) for 16α-OHE1 in analyses adjusting for endometrial cancer risk factors. These associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant after further adjustment for oestrone or oestradiol levels. No significant association was observed for the 2-OHE1 : 16α-OHE1 ratio.

Conclusion:

Our results do not support the hypothesis that greater metabolism of oestrogen via the 2-OH pathway, relative to the 16α-OH pathway, protects against endometrial cancer.     

Implications of Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells for Understanding Fomation and Therapy of Cancer

Most cancers are heterogeneous with respect to proliferation and differentiation. There is increasing evidence suggesting that only a minority of cancer cells, tumorigenic or tumor initiating cells, possess the capacity to proliferate extensively and form new hematopoietic cancer or solid tumors. Tumor initiating cells share characteristics required for normal stem cells. The dysregulation of self-renewal and proliferation of stem cells is a likely requirement for cancer development. This review formulates a model for the origin of cancer stem cells and regulating self-renewal which influences the way we study and treat cancer.     

Postdiagnostic use of β-blockers and other antihypertensive drugs and the risk of recurrence and mortality in head and neck cancer patients: an observational study of 10,414 person–years of follow-up

Introduction

Growing evidence indicates that norepinephrine promotes cancer growth and metastasis whereas β-blockers decrease these risks. This study aimed to examine the clinical impact of β-blockers and other hypertensive drugs on disease recurrence and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Materials and methods

This study analyzed a cohort of 1274 consecutive patients who received definitive treatments for previously untreated HNSCC at our tertiary referral center between January 2001 and December 2012. Antihypertensive use was considered positive if patients were on medication from HNSCC diagnosis to at least 1 year after treatment initiation. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to determine associations between antihypertensive drugs and recurrence, survival, and second primary cancer (SPC) occurrence.

Results

Hypertension itself was not a significant variable of recurrence and survival and no antihypertensive drug use affected SPC occurrence (all P > 0.1). After controlling for clinical factors, calcium-channel blocker use remained an independent variable for index cancer recurrence, and β-blocker use was significantly associated with poor cancer-specific mortality, competing mortality, and all-cause mortality (all P < 0.05). β-blocker use significantly affected competing and all-cause mortalities in normotensive patients, and calcium-channel blocker use affected index cancer recurrence in normotensive patients (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our data show that β-blocker use is associated with decreased survival and calcium-channel blockers is associated with increased cancer recurrence in patients of HNSCC.

     

Association of α1 acidic glycoprotein and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Serum from patients with different malignancies contain an abnormal concentration of a a1-acidic-glycoprotein (AAG) and also, increased levels of AAG are associated with the presence of tumor mass. In the present report, serum levels of AAG were measured by radial immunodiffusion in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) patients taking into account disease status parameters such as tumor localization, stage and extension of disease. Immunohistochemical methods, SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting were employed to study the expression of AAG and a carbohydrate related antigen (sialyl Lewis x) in tumor tissues and derived fractions. AAG showed abnormal levels in 7/15 oral cavity tumor patients sera, 2/5 oropharynx and 5/10 larynx tumors; increased AAG serum levels belonged to patients with disseminated disease. On the other hand, the presence of AAG and sialyl Lewis x were demonstrated in carcinoma cells and in derived fractions from tumor tissues belonging to patients with elevated AAG serum levels. In the present study, we have found elevated levels of AAG in serum samples from SCCHN patients; these neoplastic cells are capable to express AAG.     

42. The Report of Antimutagenicity and Mutagenicity of 7 Kinds NatrualEdible Plants and Vegetables

Purpose: With improvement of living standard, environmental quality become more and more seriously damaged. While the SOS bacterioplage induction methed is nearly a high-speed and reliable method to detect genetic toxins. The SOS syndronous test make an improvement on the above method. On the one hand, we are reducing the environmental pollution, on the other hand, we are attempt to find antimugens and some ways against cancer. Using the natrual edible plants against mutage and cancer is one of the important topic on preventing carcinogenic factors. The study examed 7 kinds natrual edible plants and vegetables. Method: We adopted the test of the Antimutagenicity and mutagenicity with S9 (rat liver microsomal enzymes system) and without S9 and repeat test. Result: The results showed all samples had no mutagenicity. Scallion seed, sweet potato and pomegranate peel were antimutagens against Mitomicy(MMC) with S9 and without S9. They are well worth of devoloping and using further. Pea seedling, crowndaisy chrysanthemum. alon and romaine had no antimutagenicity with and without S9. The people can eat usually.     

Adenosquamous Carcinoma of Colon and Rectum

In colon and rectum, adenosquamous carcinoma is extremely rare. 6 patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of colon and rectum were identified by Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital from Jan. 1967 to Dec. 1997. 2 male and 4 female had a median age of 48 (range, 40-60) years. All patients were treated surgically. The pathology confirmed the diagnosis of adeno-squamous carcinoma, that was 0.19% (6/3098) with colorectal adenocarcinoma during the same period. The clinical symptom was nearly…     

Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of bladder cancer: a dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies

Background

Observational studies suggest an association between fruit and vegetables intake and risk of bladder cancer, but the results are controversial.

Methods

We therefore summarized the evidence from observational studies in categorical, linear, and nonlinear, dose–response meta-analysis. Pertinent studies were identified by searching EMBASE and PubMed from their inception to August 2013.

Results

Thirty-one observational studies involving 12,610 cases and 1,121,649 participants were included. The combined rate ratio (RR, 95 % CI) of bladder cancer for the highest versus lowest intake was 0.83 (0.69–0.99) for total fruit and vegetables, 0.81 (0.70–0.93) for total vegetables, 0.77 (0.69–0.87) for total fruit, 0.84 (0.77–0.91) for cruciferous vegetables, 0.79 (0.68–0.91) for citrus fruits, and 0.74 (0.66–0.84) for yellow–orange vegetables. Subgroup analysis showed study design and gender as possible sources of heterogeneity. A nonlinear relationship was found of citrus fruits intake with risk of bladder cancer (P _{for nonlinearity} = 0.018), and the RRs (95 % CI) of bladder cancer were 0.87 (0.78–0.96), 0.80 (0.67–0.94), 0.79 (0.66–0.94), 0.79 (0.65–0.96), and 0.79 (0.64–0.99) for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 g/day. A nonlinear relationship was also found of yellow–orange vegetable intake with risk of bladder cancer risk (P _{for nonlinearity} = 0.033). Some evidence of publication bias was observed for fruit, citrus fruits, and yellow–orange vegetables.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that intakes of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of bladder cancer. Future well-designed studies are required to confirm this finding.     

Melanotic and non-melanotic malignancies of the face and external ear – A review of current treatment concepts and future options

Skin has the highest incidence and variety of tumors of all organs. Its structure is of great complexity, and every component has the potential to originate a skin neoplasm (SN). Because of its exposed nature, skin is vulnerable to carcinogenic stimuli such as UV radiation. Various entities can cause SN. Nonmelanotic skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common of all cancers, with over one million cases diagnosed annually in the US. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for approximately 80% of all NMSC, most of the remaining 20% being squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The skin of the head and neck is the most common site for tumors, accounting for more than 80% of all NMSC. BCC, SCC, and malignant melanomas (MM) represent 85–90% of all SN. Merkel cell tumors (MCC), lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas of the skin (LELCS), dermato-fibro-sarcomas, leiomyosarkomas, and Kaposi-sarcomas are less frequent in the facial skin region and the external ear. Based on data from the German Federal Cancer Registry (2003/2004), 140,000 people in Germany were affected by SN (100,000 BCC, 22,000 SCC, 22,000 MM). This number increases considerably if malignant precursors, such as actinic keratosis, are included. Each year, the frequency of SN diagnosis rises by 3–7%. Among all known malignant tumors, MM exhibits the highest rate of increase in incidence. In the past, SN was primarily diagnosed in people aged 50 years or older. However, recently, the risk for developing SN has shifted, and younger people are also affected. Early diagnosis is significantly correlated with prognosis. Resection of SN creates defects that must be closed with local or microvascular flaps to avoid functional disturbing scar formation and deflection of the nose, eyelids, or lips. All therapeutic strategies for SN, the current standard for adjuvant and systemic treatment, and the management of the increasing number of patients under permanent blood thinner medication are described with regard to the treatment of SN.     

Treatment and Prognosis of Primary Adrenalcortical Adenocarcinoma-Report of 21 Cases

OBJECTIVE To analysize the treatment and prognosis of primary a-drenalcortical adenocarcinoma. METHODS Clinical data from 21 cases of patients with primary adreno-cortical adenocarcinoma were reviewed. There were 14 males and 7 females, ranging in age from 2 to 67 years (mean 45.6). The tumors were unilateral, and on the right side in 16 and on the left in 5. The sizes of the tumors ranged from 4 to 28 cm (mean 12 cm). There were 13 functional tumors with excess hormone production and 8 nonfunctional. Six cases showed evidence of adjacent tissue or lymph node invasion, and 3 cases had developed metastases. Radical curative resection was employed for 15 cases, 4 received a palliative operation and 2 only a biopsy. RESULTS All the cases were followed-up for 1 to 5 years. Overall 2 and 5-year survival rates were 52.4% (11/21) and 23.8% (5/21), respectively. CONCLUSION Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma appears to have a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and curative surgery were the most effective treatments.