The swing procedure for pelvic ring reconstruction following tumour excision.

AIM: High grade periacetabular osteosarcomas extending to the sacro-iliac region present a difficult management problem. We describe our experience of the swing procedure as a method of limb salvage. METHOD:The procedure was performed on three patients with stage II B osteosarcoma. RESULTS: Functional outcome was poor in all three with a mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score of 29% (27-30) at last review. All three developed local recurrence and one developed pulmonary metastases. The mean disease free interval post-operatively was 4.7 months (4-6) and they died of their disease at a mean of 10 months (5-16). CONCLUSIONS: This form of limb salvage is technically demanding and carries a high morbidity. Functional outcome is poor and the prognosis for this group of patients is not improved by surgery. Alternative treatment options are discussed.     

游离腓骨移植重建胫骨骨纤维结构不良病灶切除后骨缺损

目的 探讨吻合血管的游离腓骨移植重建胫骨骨纤维结构不良病灶切除后骨缺损的疗效。方法 对27例胫骨骨纤维结构不良患，行病灶彻底切除，所遗骨缺损以吻合血管的游离腓骨移植重建。移植腓骨长6cm～26cm，平均14．2cm。术后随访2年～12年，平均6．6年。结果 移植的腓骨术后平均4．2个月(3～8个月)达到骨性愈合，双下肢等长，功能接近正常。结论 吻合血管的游离腓骨移植重建胫骨骨纤维结构不良病灶切除后骨缺损，可最大限度地恢复患肢功能，是行之有效的方法。     

Local treatment options for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence

Purpose

In case of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR), radical mastectomy represents the treatment option frequently proposed. A second conservative treatment (2ndCT) has been proposed using either lumpectomy alone or associated with a re-irradiation of the tumor bed. However, in both clinical situations, the proof level of such therapeutic approaches remains low, based on cased-series or retrospective studies (level C).

Material and methods

In order to assess the different strategies of local treatment proposed in case of IBTR, a PubMed literature review was performed using the following keywords: breast cancer, ipsilateral recurrence, mastectomy, radiation therapy, brachytherapy. Four different salvage options were analyzed: (a) salvage mastectomy alone; (b) salvage mastectomy with postoperative re-irradiation; (c) 2ndCT with surgery alone; (d) 2ndCT with re-irradiation.

Results

The rate of second local recurrence is about 10% [3–32%], about 25% [7–36%] and about 10% [2–26%], after salvage mastectomy, salvage lumpectomy alone or combined with a re-irradiation of the tumor bed respectively.However, the 5-year overall survival rates after salvage mastectomy and 2ndCT seem to be equivalent (≈75%) mainly influenced by distant metastatic progression.

Conclusion

In terms of Evidence Based Medicine, different options can be discussed such as Phase III or II randomized trials comparing salvage mastectomy versus 2ndCT, retrospective studies based on a matched-pair analysis or observatory studies. Those study designs need to be carefully analyzed to be able to propose new treatment options for women who experience an IBCR.     

Reconstruction with ipsilateral fibula transfer with pasteurized bone after excision of bone sarcoma of the tibia

We report a technique of implantation of the ipsilateral vascularized fibula with pasteurized recycled bone after excision of tibia sarcoma in two cases. Plate and screws were used for osteosynthesis of the tibia or talus, vascularized fibula, and pasteurized bone. Microsurgery is not necessary for this reconstruction technique. Two patients who underwent this technique have obtained good functional results without tumor relapse 5 and 6 years after operation. The technique produced excellent results with regard to tibial reconstruction in these cases. We found it to be simple, speedy, safe, and a low cost technique by use of recycled bone.     

Uncontrolled local disease after salvage treatment for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence.

AIM: Uncontrolled local disease (ULD) following breast conservation constitutes a clinical problem with a major impact on quality of life. The current study analysed the outcome following treatment of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) and the risk for ULD with the aim to identify risk factors for ULD. METHODS: In a cohort of 5502 patients treated for invasive breast cancer Stage I-II with breast-conserving surgery 1976-1998 in Stockholm, 307 patients with subsequent IBTR were identified. The majority (n = 219) had received postoperative radiotherapy. Twenty-six per cent of the patients received adjuvant tamoxifen, for 2 or 5 years, and 9% received adjuvant polychemotherapy. Median follow-up time was 11(2-23) years. 50/307 patients developed ULD, defined as the appearance of clinically manifest invasive adenocarcinoma in the remaining breast or on the ipsilateral chest wall which could not be eradicated within 3 months of detection. Multivariate linear logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis to identify prognostic factors for ULD. RESULTS: Five years following the diagnosis of IBTR the cumulative incidence of ULD was 13%. Five independent risk factors for ULD were identified; non-surgical treatment of IBTR, disseminated disease concurrent with IBTR, axillary lymph node metastases (at primary breast conservation), time < 3 years between breast conservation and IBTR, no adjuvant endocrine therapy. Eighty-eight per cent of the patients were treated with salvage mastectomy (n = 207) or re-excision (n = 62). The cumulative incidence at 5 years of ULD following salvage mastectomy and salvage re-excision were 10% and 16% respectively compared to 32% among patients treated non-surgically. Following IBTR, the 5-year overall survival among patients with local control was 78% in contrast to 21% among patients with ULD. CONCLUSION: Uncontrolled local disease is an infrequent but important outcome following breast-conserving surgery. Primary postoperative radiotherapy reduces the risk for IBTR and is therefore recommended as part of the primary treatment to avoid both IBTR and ULD. In addition to radiotherapy, adjuvant therapy reduces the risk for IBTR and thereby the risk for subsequent ULD. Patients with IBTR, independent of concurrent distant metastases, should when feasible be recommended for salvage surgery as it provides superior local control compared to salvage systemic therapy alone.     

Unavoidable mastectomy for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence after conservative surgery: patient outcome

Background: In the case of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), a second conservative surgical approach maybe considered in some motivated patients whereas in others mastectomy is unavoidable.Patients and methods: From 1997 to 2004, 282 patients presented at the European Institute of Oncology with an operable invasive IBTR after BCS. One hundred and sixty-one (57%) underwent a second conservative surgery, whereas 121 patients (43%) were given a mastectomy and represent the study population. We investigated the prognosis and determined predictive factors of outcome.Results: Median time from primary breast cancer to IBTR was 41 months (range 5–213). Recurrences were T2–T4 and/or multifocal in 83 cases (68.6%). With a median follow-up of 5 years after mastectomy, 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 73.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 65.0% to 81.6%] and 50.4% (95% CI 40.9% to 59.8%), respectively. At the multivariate analysis, early onset of IBTR, presence of vascular invasion and Ki67 ≥20 of the recurrent tumour were found to significantly affect both DFS and OS.Conclusions: In women who need mastectomy for IBTR, early onset of the relapse, high proliferation index and presence of vascular invasion represent the worst prognostic factors.     

When can a second conservative approach be considered for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence?

BACKGROUND: Mastectomy is considered the treatment of choice in patients with ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty-one patients with invasive IBTR who underwent a second conservative approach were retrospectively evaluated in order to describe prognosis, determine predictive factors of outcome and select the subset of patients with the best local control. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (35.4%) relapsed after IBTR. Thirty-four patients (21.1%) had further in-breast recurrences and four patients (2.5%) had skin relapses. Five years cumulative incidence of local relapse was 31.4%. Twenty-four patients (17.8%, 5 years cumulative incidence) died during the follow-up. At the multivariate analysis, recurrent tumour size >2 cm was found to affect local-disease-free survival [hazard ratio (HR): 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-6.2], whereas Ki-67 >or=20% and time to relapse 48 months, eight (12.8%, 5 years cumulative incidence) had further local relapses. CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with IBTR might receive a second BCS, especially when a good local control can be estimated (small recurrent tumour, late relapse), also taking into account patients' preference.     

Patterns of failure following local excision and local excision and postoperative radiation therapy for invasive rectal adenocarcinoma

The clinical course of 40 patients undergoing conservative surgical excision and 26 patients undergoing local excision and postoperative radiation therapy of rectal carcinoma was reviewed. Surgical procedures were transanal excision (55 patients), Kraske procedure (ten patients), and fulguration (one patient). The five-year actuarial survival, disease-free survival, and local control of all 66 patients were 70%, 77%, and 63%, respectively. For patients undergoing local excision alone, the prognostic features of lesion size greater than 3 cm, poorly differentiated histology, invasion into muscularis propria or deeper, moderate to marked stromal fibrosis, vascular or lymph vessel invasion, fragmented resection, and positive resection margins were associated with a local failure rate of 20% or greater. Of the 26 patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy, four patients have developed local failure. For subgroups of patients with small rectal carcinomas confined to the mucosa, local excision may be a reasonable alternative to abdominoperineal resection. For tumors with deeper invasion but limited to the bowel wall, local excision plus pelvic irradiation can be offered to preserve anorectal function.     

Serum tumour marker regression rate following chemotherapy for malignant teratoma

The rate of fall of the serum tumour markers alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the beta sub-unit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was analysed following platinum-based chemotherapy for metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Of 90 evaluable patients 81% were alive and disease-free 1.5–4 yr (median 28 months) from the start of chemotherapy and 69 (77%) had remained continuously disease free. All three patients with an initial AFP half-life greater than 9 days relapsed; however, a further eight relapsing patients had an initial regression rate of serum AFP within the same range as patients remaining in remission (half-life 6–9 days). The HCG regression rate did not discriminate between patients remaining well or those who relapsed after chemotherapy. In 11 examples of a pattern of late slowing of the rate of marker fall (i.e. increasing half-life), five relapses were seen (45%), though this pattern was also observed in the context of large residual differentiated teratoma masses.     

耳后皮瓣在眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损一期修复中的应用

目的探讨带血管蒂耳后皮瓣在眼睑恶性肿瘤切除后所致眼睑及周围组织缺损一期修复的临床应用.方法本组8例眼睑恶性肿瘤切除后所致眼睑及周围组织缺损,用带血管蒂耳后皮瓣一期修复(缺损大小25mm×25mm～65mm×60mm).结果 1例皮瓣表皮坏死.所有病例均取得较好外观,均保存视力.1例失访,7例获得随访.1例死于局部复发.结论耳后皮瓣具有血供可靠,供瓣区隐蔽,厚薄适中,操作方便等优点,术后形态恢复较满意,是修复眼睑大面积缺损的一个理想选择.     

Predictors of local recurrence following excision alone for ductal carcinoma in situ

BACKGROUND: The treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains controversial, particularly in regard to the selection of patients who may be appropriately treated with wide excision alone. To help identify such patients, the authors assessed prognostic factors for local recurrence in patients with DCIS treated with excision alone. METHODS: The study population consisted of 59 patients diagnosed with DCIS between 1985 and 1990. All had been treated with excision alone, had their histologic slides available for re-review by a study pathologist, and had negative margins of excision on review. The median age at diagnosis was 54 years, and the median follow-up time was 95.5 months. Ninety-six percent presented with mammographic findings only; all patients had a reexcision. The size of the DCIS was assessed by the total number of low-power fields (LPF) in which DCIS was present (median LPF = 5). RESULTS: Ten patients experienced a local recurrence (LR) at 5-132 months (median, 37 months) after excision. The actuarial 5-year LR rate was 10%. Four of the recurrences were invasive carcinomas, and 6 were DCIS. No patients have developed metastatic disease or have died of disease. Lesion size >5 LPF was the only significant prognostic factor for local recurrence on univariate analysis (3% vs. 17% for < or = 5 vs. > or = 5 LPF, P = 0.02) and in proportional hazards models. Although patients with nuclear Grade 3 lesions had a higher LR rate than those with nuclear Grade 1 and 2 lesions (18% vs. 6% and 5%, respectively) and patients with close margins (< or = 1 mm) had a higher LR rate than patients with negative margins (>1 mm) (25% vs. 8%), these differences did not reach statistical significance. Among the 19 cases with margins negative by more than 1 mm, lesion size < or = 5 LPF, and nuclear Grade 1 or 2, there were no LRs; by contrast, the remaining 40 patients had a 5-year actuarial LR rate of 15% (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Lesion size was the only statistically significant prognostic factor for local recurrence in this series of patients with DCIS treated with excision alone. Other factors, such as margin status and nuclear grade, may also be useful in the identification of patients with DCIS who can be managed with excision alone. However, the most reliable and reproducible method of assessing these factors and the best way to combine them have not been determined.     

耳后皮瓣在眼险恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损一期修复中的应用

目的　探讨带血管蒂耳后皮瓣在眼睑恶性肿瘤切除后所致眼睑及周围组织缺损一期修复的临床应用。方法　本组 8例眼睑恶性肿瘤切除后所致眼睑及周围组织缺损 ,用带血管蒂耳后皮瓣一期修复 (缺损大小 2 5mm× 2 5mm～ 6 5mm× 6 0mm)。结果　 1例皮瓣表皮坏死。所有病例均取得较好外观 ,均保存视力。1例失访 ,7例获得随访。 1例死于局部复发。结论　耳后皮瓣具有血供可靠 ,供瓣区隐蔽 ,厚薄适中 ,操作方便等优点 ,术后形态恢复较满意 ,是修复眼睑大面积缺损的一个理想选择