类风湿性关节炎前足畸形重建手术的近期疗效

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎前足畸形的手术治疗方法及近期疗效。方法 2007年1月-2009年8月,采用第1跖趾关节融合术联合第2～5跖趾关节成形术治疗7例类风湿性关节炎前足畸形女性患者。年龄56～71岁,平均62岁。病程5～30年,平均16年。患者均表现为双足外翻,第2～5趾合并锤状趾或槌状趾畸形,其中5足合并第2跖趾关节半脱位。根据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)改良标准评分为(36.9±6.4)分。术前负重位X线片测量,第1跖趾关节外翻角度(46±5)°,第1、2跖骨间夹角(12±2)°。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后3～4个月X线片复查示第1跖趾关节达骨性融合。7例均获随访,随访时间2～4年,平均2.9年。患者跛行步态均较术前明显改善,行走时足部疼痛明显缓解。术后3个月X线片测量第1跖趾关节外翻角度为(17±4)°,第1、2跖骨间夹角为(11±2)°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后2年根据AOFAS改良标准评分为(85.3±5.1)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.501,P=0.001)。1例于术后4年前足转移性跖骨痛复发,继续随访中未作特殊处理。结论第1跖趾关节融合术联合第2～5跖趾关节成形术治疗类风湿性关节炎前足畸形,可获得较好外翻矫形,重塑前足负重面,有效缓解行走时疼痛。     

Bilateral arthrodesis of the medial foot joints in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often have foot problems. The subtalar and particularly talonavicular joints are affected most frequently. The posterior tibial tendon has an important role in mid-foot stability. In RA patients, chronic inflammation of this tendon or talonavicular joint arthritis can results in posterior tibial tendon rupture. This leads to a collapsed talonavicular joint and forefoot instability, first with talonavicular and later Chopart's joint involvement. This shows as a planovalgus foot, with the forefoot in pronation and the heel in valgus deviation. In a 61-year-old RA patient, ruptures of the posterior tibial tendon due to rheumatoid inflammation occurred bilaterally, with subsequent deviation and instability of the forefoot. Arthrodesis with a medial column screw-Midfoot Fusion Bolt was carried out on the left foot and 4 months later on the right foot. At 7 months after the left and 4 months after the right foot surgery, the patient was free from pain, both feet were stable under loading and the forefoot was firm. The planovalgus deformity was corrected, as well as a valgus deviation of the great toe. Radiography showed a good position of the screws and complete healing of the medial foot joints.     

Spontaneous rupture of the posterior tibial tendon secondary to chronic nonspecific tenosynovitis

Presented is a case history of complete rupture of the posterior tibial tendon and its subsequent surgical repair. Treatment included tendon repair followed by physical therapy and orthotic devices. Nine months after repair the patient was experiencing considerably reduced symptomatology but demonstrated significant posterior tibial muscle weakness and moderate subtalar joint pronation with forefoot abduction, with the deformity appearing to progress. This may indicate the need for additional surgical procedures to halt progression and lessen the chance of persistent pronation deformity.     

Cotton Osteotomy in Flatfoot Reconstruction: A Case Report Highlighting Surgical Technique and Modified Incision to Protect the Medial Dorsal Cutaneous Nerve

The Cotton osteotomy or opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is a useful adjunctive flatfoot reconstructive procedure that is rarely performed in isolation. The Cotton procedure is relatively quick to perform and effectively corrects forefoot varus deformity after rearfoot fusion or osteotomy to achieve a rectus forefoot to rearfoot relationship. Proper patient selection is critical, because preoperative findings of medial column joint instability, concomitant hallux valgus deformity, or degenerative joint disease of the medial column might be better treated with arthrodesis of the naviculocuneiform or first tarsometatarsal joints. Procedure indications also include elevatus of the first ray, which can be a primary deformity in hallux limitus, or iatrogenic deformity after base wedge osteotomy in hallux valgus. We present the case of an adolescent patient who underwent flatfoot reconstruction, including Cotton osteotomy for correction of forefoot varus that was accentuated after double heel osteotomy. This case highlights our preferred procedure technique, including the use of a nerve-centric incision design. The use of an oblique dorsal medial incision is primarily intended to minimize the risk of trauma to the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. At 20 months postoperatively for the right extremity and 12 months postoperatively for the left extremity, sensation remained intact, and the patient had not experienced any postoperative nerve symptoms. The patient had returned to playing sports without pain or restrictions.     

Failure after soft-tissue release with tendon transfer for flexible iatrogenic hallux varus: a systematic review

Hallux valgus is a common forefoot pathology often requiring surgical intervention for symptomatic relief. One complication of hallux valgus correction is flexible hallux varus. Iatrogenic flexible hallux varus often requires surgical repair; however, the most advantageous surgical procedure for repair of iatrogenic flexible hallux varus and their sustainability remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to determine the sustainability of soft-tissue release with tendon transfer for the correction of iatrogenic flexible hallux varus. Studies were eligible for inclusion only if they involved failure of soft-tissue release with tendon transfer for flexible iatrogenic hallux varus. Eight studies met our inclusion criteria, seven of which were evidence-based medicine level IV studies and one was level V. A total of 52 patients, all female, involving 68 feet, were included. All studies included soft-tissue release of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint capsule and 1 of the following procedures: Johnson transfer of the extensor hallucis longus tendon with arthrodesis of the hallux interphalangeal joint (41 feet); Hawkins transfer of the abductor hallucis tendon (9 feet); reverse Hawkins transfer (7 feet); Valtin transfer of the first dorsal interosseous tendon (7 feet); and Myerson transfer of the extensor hallucis brevis tendon (4 feet). The weighted mean age of the patients was 50.4 years, and the weighted mean follow-up was 30.2 months. A total of 11 complications (16.2%) occurred. Of note, only 3 cases (4.4%) of recurrent hallux varus deformity developed, all of which occurred after Johnson transfer of the extensor hallucis longus tendon, with arthrodesis of the hallux interphalangeal joint. Our results support that sustainable correction of iatrogenic flexible hallux varus can be achieved with soft-tissue release of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint combined with a variety of tendon transfer procedures. However, given the limited data available, potential areas for additional prospective investigation remain.     

Hindfoot alignment of hallux valgus evaluated by a weightbearing subtalar x-ray view.

A new radiographic view was proposed to evaluate alignment of the hindfoot under weightbearing condition. The ankle joint and the middle and posterior facets of the subtalar joint were clearly visualized in all radiographs. A comparative study was made of 104 feet with hallux valgus in 58 female patients and 67 normal feet in 57 normal female subjects (control group). The mean value of the angle between the axis of the tibia and a line on the surface of the ankle joint on the talus was significantly larger in the group with hallux valgus than in the control group. Likewise, the mean value of the angle between the axis of the tibia and a line on the surface of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint on the calcaneus in the group with hallux valgus was 95.3 degrees, significantly larger than the 87.9 degrees in the control group. These findings showed that the ankle joint and the posterior facet of the subtalar joint in hallux valgus have valgus deviation. The hindfoot in a foot with hallux valgus has a tendency toward pronation. No previous study has measured the inclination of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint directly in weightbearing.     

Stress fracture of the lateral metatarsals following double-stem silicone implant arthroplasty of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint

Stress fractures of the lateral metatarsal bones occur frequently and are most commonly seen following repetitive trauma. However, such fractures rarely occur after reconstructive operations involving the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint. The authors report four patients who developed a lateral metatarsal stress fracture during the first year following use of a double-stem silicone implant to reconstruct the hallux and, in addition in the case of one patient, the second metatarsophalangeal joint. An analysis of all these patients established the incidence of this complication to be 3%. The etiology of these fractures appears to be an overloading of the lateral metatarsals secondary to some shortening of the hallux metatarsal or in reestablishing motion to the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint. All fractures healed without complication and did not result in further forefoot symptoms or deformities. However, this complication should be suspected when lateral metatarsalgia develops following silicone implant arthroplasty because roentgenograms initially may be normal.     

Calcaneal Apophyseal Fracture Followed by Subtalar Joint Instability in a Young Female: A Case Report

Calcaneal apophyseal fractures are usually considered sport-related injuries. Previous repetitive microtrauma has been proposed as a predisposing factor for such injuries. However, unlike previously reported cases, in our patient, the fracture resulted from acute trauma after stepping on uneven ground. Although the first treatment option for such cases is closed reduction, most cases will require surgical treatment. Furthermore, lesions accompanying this injury have not been sufficiently considered. We report the case of a 9-year-old female with a calcaneal apophyseal fracture treated by fixation of the avulsed proximal part of the apophysis using Kirschner wires and a cerclage wire. However, subsequently, instability developed in the subtalar joint. Fifteen months after the first osteosynthesis, surgery was performed to fixate the subtalar joint and secure the insertion region of the tendo calcaneus. After the first surgery, subtalar joint instability might have developed because of simultaneous disruption of the subtalar ligaments at the initial injury. Subsequently, the instability could have caused failure of the first fixation. Debridement and fixation of the subtalar joint in the second surgery provided a stable subtalar joint. A calcaneal apophyseal fracture might be associated with additional injuries at the hindfoot. Before treating these cases, other injuries that might be obscured by the more apparent injuries should be considered. Accompanying soft tissue injuries, such as subtalar joint ligament lesions, can be revealed with magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an apophyseal fracture of the calcaneus followed by subtalar joint instability.     

Retrospective Analysis of the Rate and Interval to Union for Joint Arthrodesis of the Foot and Ankle

Arthrodesis is a common procedure indicated for surgical treatment of end-stage degenerative joint disease of the foot and ankle. Many published studies have reviewed the union rate, focusing on specific technique or fixation. However, studies reporting on the average period required to achieve fusion, irrespective of the type of fixation or surgical method used, have been lacking. We report on the union rate and interval to fusion in patients who had undergone primary arthrodesis of various joints of the foot and ankle. A retrospective review of the medical records of 135 patients was performed. The specific joints studied were ankle, and the subtalar, triple, first tarsometatarsal, first metatarsophalangeal, and hallux interphalangeal joints. Our results showed that the average interval for complete fusion was significantly less for the joints in the forefoot, with the subtalar joint, ankle, and triple arthrodesis requiring a longer period to achieve complete fusion. The nonunion rate was also greater when the fusion involved the joints of the rearfoot. Our results have refuted the idea that 6 weeks is the minimum period required to achieve fusion in the foot and ankle. The results of our study support the need for additional education of the patients and surgeons that the interval required for recovery after foot and ankle fusion depends on the location and surface area that has been fused.     

Failure of hallux MP preservation surgery for rheumatoid arthritis

Eight patients underwent surgery on 15 feet for rheumatoid forefoot problems. Thirteen of the 15 feet that were operated upon had an attempt to preserve the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint while resectional arthroplasty was performed on the lesser MP joints. All of the 13 feet that had the MP joint preserved had a well-preserved joint space preoperatively and no active signs of inflammation at the time of this procedure. Eight feet underwent a distal Chevron osteotomy to realign the great toe, two feet underwent an IP fusion as only the IP joint had evidence of erosive changes, and one foot underwent a combination of a Chevron osteotomy and a proximal phalangeal osteotomy (Akin procedure). Two patients had no surgery on their first ray as it was well aligned with no evidence of erosive changes. Of the 13 feet that did not have a fusion performed, 11 had development of a valgus deformity or inflammatory erosions. The average time to failure was 24 months (range, six to 36 months). The Chevron/Akin procedure remained successful at 18 months and one of the IP fusions was successful at six years after surgery. Although patients with rheumatoid forefoot disease may on occasion have a well-preserved hallux MP joint with minimal or no deformity and no active inflammation, with severe lesser toe involvement, most of these patients will fail a surgical procedure which does not involve fusion of the hallux MP joint.     

手术治疗涉及距下关节跟骨骨折的临床体会

背景：对于涉及距下关节的跟骨骨折,由于其骨折类型的复杂性及疗效的不确定性,治疗方法不尽相同。目的：探讨手术治疗涉及距下关节跟骨骨折的方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析2007年7月至2012年7月手术治疗的29例32足涉及距下关节跟骨骨折患者的临床疗效。根据Sanders分类：II型9足,III型19足,Ⅳ型4足。术前行x线片及CT三维重建测量跟骨高度、宽度、长度,B6hler角及Gissane角,均采取切开复位解剖接骨板内固定治疗。结果：全部获得随防,随访时间为6～20个月,平均17．7个月。术后测量跟骨高度、宽度、长度,Bfhler角及Gissane角均较术前有明显恢复（P〈O．05）。根据Maryland评分系统评价：优17足,良11足,可4足。3例3足于术后8～10个月出现距下关节创伤性关节炎,连续行走500m即出现足部肿痛不适,优良率为87．5％。结论：采用改良L型切口切开复位解剖接骨板内固定治疗跟骨骨折可最大程度达到解剖复位,恢复距下关节关系：辅以早期功能锻炼,可取得良好疗效,是治疗严重跟骨骨折的理想方法。     

Joint-preserving surgery in rheumatoid forefoot: preliminary study with more-than-two-year follow-up

The authors propose a joint-preserving surgery for rheumatoid forefoot deformities as an alternative to the "classic" surgical approach to the rheumatoid forefoot. The main principle is joint preservation by shortening osteotomies of all the metatarsals performed at the primary location of the rheumatoid forefoot lesions, namely the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and metatarsal heads. A scarf osteotomy is normally performed on the first ray. A Weil osteotomy is performed on the lesser metatarsals. Excellent correction of the hallux valgus deformity in the rheumatoid forefoot can be achieved with a scarf osteotomy in 92% of cases without the need for MTP joint arthrodesis. Similarly, 86% of the lateral metatarsal heads can be preserved using Weil osteotomies.     

Arthroscopic release for painful subtalar stiffness after intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum

We describe the surgical technique and results of arthroscopic subtalar release in 17 patients (17 feet) with painful subtalar stiffness following an intra-articular calcaneal fracture of Sanders' type II or III. The mean duration from injury to arthroscopic release was 11.3 months (6.4 to 36) and the mean follow-up after release was 16.8 months (12 to 25). The patient was positioned laterally and three arthroscopic portals were placed anterolaterally, centrally and posterolaterally. The sinus tarsi and lateral gutter were debrided of fibrous tissue and the posterior talocalcaneal facet was released. In all, six patients were very satisfied, eight were satisfied and three were dissatisfied with their results. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved from a mean of 49.4 points (35 to 66) pre-operatively to a mean of 79.6 points (51 to 95). All patients reported improvement in movement of the subtalar joint. No complications occurred following operation, but two patients subsequently required subtalar arthrodesis for continuing pain. In the majority of patients a functional improvement in hindfoot function was obtained following arthroscopic release of the subtalar joint for stiffness and pain secondary to Sanders type II and III fractures of the calcaneum.     

The crossover toe and valgus toe deformity

Second toe problems are among the most common of all forefoot complaints. Its proximity to the hallux combined with limited motion at the second tarsometatarsal joint likely contributes to the second MTP joint being the most common to experience both pain and deformity. Many causes have been linked to this problem, which has lead to many surgical techniques to correct this deformity. Although many techniques have been described, a systematic approach relying first on soft tissue releases and plication followed by osteotomies as necessary has lead to satisfactory outcomes in the treatment of this difficult problem.     

第1跖趾关节融合术后前足评分与足底压力的分析

[目的]分析第1跖趾关节融合术后对前足功能影响,以及对推进期足底压力的影响.[方法]15例患者共18足,行第1跖趾关节融合术后2年以上,根据AOFAS评分系统,对第1跖趾关节功能评分,并与正常对照组进行足底压力测试.测量前足底推进期的(足母)趾下、第1～5跖骨下共6处的峰值压强、峰值压力、压强-时间积、压力-时间积四个参数.[结果]融合术后AOFAS第1跖趾关节评分满意,术后组的(足母)趾下四项参数均明显小于正常人组.与时间相关的参数在(足母)趾下,以及第2、4、5跖骨头下小于正常人组,并具有明显差异.第1跖骨头下的峰值压强与峰值压力与对照组没有统计学差异.[结论]第1跖趾关节融合术后患者在推进期,前足跖骨头的足底压力分布与正常人基本相同.术后前足功能改善.术后(足母)趾下压力减少,但是对前足压力分布没有影响.     

Use of circular external fixation for combined subtalar joint fusion and ankle distraction

The authors discuss a novel technique not previously published that incorporates a subtalar joint arthrodesis with an ankle joint arthrodiastasis as an alternative to a tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Young and active patients who experience refractory pain and stiffness to the rearfoot and ankle secondary to combined severe subtalar and ankle arthrosis are suitable candidates for this surgical procedure. This new approach is based on sound principles in the treatment of severe arthrosis affecting the ankle and subtalar joint. The authors are currently prospectively reviewing their surgical experience with this procedure and believe that it provides an alternative option for the patient, with potentially promising long-term results.     

Primary subtalar arthrodesis for the treatment of comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures

We report the short- and mid-term results in six patients (seven feet) affected by markedly comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures (Sanders type IV), treated by primary subtalar arthrodesis. The average age at surgery was 40 years. In all patients, arthrodesis of the subtalar joint was performed using a limited lateral approach to the calcaneus; it was stabilised with two or three cannulated screws. No patient had a preliminary reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The time from injury to surgery averaged 20 days because all of the patients had associated visceral and/or other skeletal injuries. All of the patients were followed up clinically and radiographically 2 times, at an average of 12 months and 53 months after surgery. At the short-term follow-up, the mean AOFAS score was 70 points; the X-rays showed a complete fusion of the subtalar joint in all seven feet, without any sign of osteoarthritis of the calcaneo-cuboid and the talo-navicular joints. In all cases, an altered shape of the calcaneus was present. At the mid-term follow-up, the mean AOFAS score increased to 85 points; in one patient, radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the calcaneo-cuboid and the talo-navicular joints were present and, in another patient, only talo-navicular joint was present, although both patients were free from pain. The difference between the two AOFAS scores was statistically significant. We believe that primary subtalar arthrodesis performed for markedly comminuted Sanders type IV calcaneal fractures yielded good mid-term results, and it is especially indicated when surgical treatment is delayed for whatever reason. A preliminary open reduction and internal fixation to restore the normal height of the calcaneus before performing the subtalar arthrodesis, as suggested by several authors, does not seem indispensable to obtain good clinical results.     

Übersehene Talushalsfraktur und hintere subtalare Luxation

A 26-year-old female patient fell during bouldering and impacted her left foot against a handle on the wall. A technically not standardized ankle X-ray was taken in the emergency room. Here a bony injury was excluded. The diagnosis was ancle sprain and the patient was treated as such. Because of persistent complaints a second opinion was obtained. Clinically she complained of foot pain, tingling paresthesia at the forefoot and presented claw toes. X-ray examination showed a talar neck fracture and a posterior subtalar dislocation. We performed open reduction and screw fixation of the talus with iliac crest interposition and a transfixation of the lower and upper ankle joint. The patient still has a limited range of motion but is able to walk and uses her left foot again with full weight bearing.ConclusionX-ray images should be evaluated by an experienced physician. The correct setting and projections of the X-ray images is a fundamental principle for the correct evaluation of the images. A talar fracture with subtalar joint dislocation should be reduced and fixed as soon as possible to avoid complications.     

Percutaneous treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures

Background The outcome after displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is influenced by the condition of the surrounding soft tissues. To avoid secondary soft tissue complications after surgical treatment, several less-invasive procedures for reduction and fixation have been introduced. The percutaneous technique according to Forgon and Zadravecz is suitable for all types of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures and was therefore introduced in our clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of percutaneous treatment according to Forgon and Zadravecz in patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Methods A cohort of patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated with percutaneous surgery was retrospectively defined. Clinical outcome was evaluated by standardized physical examination, radiographs, three published outcome scores, and a visual analogue scale of patient satisfaction. Results Fifty patients with 61 calcaneal fractures were included. After a mean follow-up period of 35 months, the mean values of the Maryland foot score, the Creighton-Nebraska score, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score were 79, 76, and 83 points out of 100, respectively. The average visual analogue scale was 7.2 points out of 10. The average range of motion of the ankle joint was 90% of normal and subtalar joint movements were almost 70% compared with the healthy side or normal values. Superficial wound complications occurred in seven cases (11%) and deep infections in two (3%). A secondary arthrodesis of the subtalar joint was performed in five patients and was scheduled in four patients (15%). Conclusions Compared with the outcome of historic controls from randomized trials and meta-analyses, this study indicates favorable results for the percutaneous technique compared with the open technique. Despite similar rates of postoperative infection and secondary arthrodesis, the total outcome scores and preserved subtalar motion are overall good to excellent.     

Nonoperative and operative intervention for hallux rigidus

STUDY DESIGN: Case study of the management of an individual with hallux rigidus deformity. OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of nonoperative and operative treatment, including kinematic and kinetic changes following cheilectomy surgery, for an individual with hallux rigidus deformity. BACKGROUND: Hallux rigidus is a common disorder of the first metatarsophalangeal joint characterized by progressive limitation of hallux dorsiflexion, prominent dorsal osteophyte formation, and pain. Surgery may be considered when nonoperative management strategies have proven unsuccessful. Kinematic and plantar pressure changes during dynamic activities have not been previously described following cheilectomy surgery for hallux rigidus deformity. METHODS AND MEASURES: The patient was a 54-year-old man who sustained a traumatic injury to the great toe. Conservative treatment included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, custom insole fabrication, and footwear outersole modification. Because of continued pain, loss of motion, and restrictions in daily activities, the patient elected to have surgery, and a cheilectomy procedure was done. Presurgical and postsurgical kinematic data of first metatarsophalangeal joint motion were collected using an electromagnetic tracking device during clinical motion tests and walking. Peak plantar pressures were assessed during gait. The patient was evaluated preoperatively, at 6 months, and again at 18 months following surgery. RESULTS: The outcome of surgery proved favorable, both subjectively and objectively. Peak dorsiflexion increased significantly (a minimum of 20 degrees) for all clinical tests and walking trials at the first metatarsophalangeal joint when compared with preoperative measurements. Peak plantar pressures also increased over the medial forefoot (68%) and hallux (247%) between preoperative testing and follow-up, indicating increased loading to this region of the foot. CONCLUSIONS: Restrictions in motion and daily activities and persistent pain may warrant surgical intervention for individuals with hallux rigidus deformity. A successful outcome, as measured by the patient's self-reported pain, return to recreational activities, and kinematic and plantar pressure changes at the follow-up examination, was demonstrated in this case study.