羽扇豆醇调控miR-100-5p对非小细胞肺癌NCI-H1299细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 探讨羽扇豆醇调控miR-100-5p对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）NCI-H1299细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法 将体外培养的NCI-H1299细胞分为正常对照（NC）组（未处理）、低剂量组（12.5μmol/L羽扇豆醇）、中剂量组（25μmol/L羽扇豆醇）、高剂量组（50μmol/L羽扇豆醇）、miR-NC组（转染miR-NC）、miR-100-5p组（转染miR-100-5p）、anti-miR-NC+高剂量组（转染anti-miR-NC后用50μmol/L羽扇豆醇处理）、anti-miR-100-5p+高剂量组（转染anti-miR-100-5p后用50μmol/L羽扇豆醇处理）。CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测NCI-H1299细胞增殖;Transwell法检测NCI-H1299细胞迁移和侵袭。荧光定量PCR(q PCR)检测miR-100-5p表达;Western blot检测细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）2和MMP9蛋白的表达。结果 与NC组比较,低、中、高剂量组NCI-H1299细胞活力、细胞克隆数、迁移数、侵袭数、CyclinD1、...     

扁蒴藤素对肝细胞癌细胞Hep3B增殖和凋亡的影响

目的 探究扁蒴藤素对肝细胞癌细胞Hep3B增殖和凋亡的影响及机制。方法 选取Hep3B细胞随机分为对照组、低浓度组、中浓度组、高浓度组、高浓度+anti-miR-NC组和高浓度+anti-miR-105-5p组。低浓度组、中浓度组和高浓度组分别用0.5,1和2μmol·L^-1的扁蒴藤素处理,高浓度+anti-miR-NC组和高浓度+anti-miR-105-5p组先分别转染anti-miR-NC和anti-miR-105-5p再用2μmol·L^-1的扁蒴藤素处理,对照组不转染也不用扁蒴藤素处理。用细胞计数法-8(CCK-8)实验检测细胞增殖,用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,用实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测miR-105-5p的表达水平,用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)法检测小鼠双微体基因(MDM2)蛋白表达水平。结果 对照组、高浓度组、高浓度+anti-miR-NC组和高浓度+anti-miR-105-5p组的细胞存活率分别为(100.00±0.00)%,(46.44±7.23)%,(56.23±6.64)%,(85.8...     

红车轴草总黄酮通过调控miR-99a-3p/CD36表达对高糖诱导的大鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用北大核心CSCD

目的研究红车轴草总黄酮对高糖诱导的大鼠胰岛β细胞损伤的影响,及其潜在的分子机制。方法本实验分为对照组,模型组,低、中、高剂量实验组,miR-NC组,miR-99a-3p组,anti-miR-NC,anti-miR-99a-3p组,模型+miR-NC组,模型+miR-99a-3p组,模型+si-NC组,模型+si-CD36组,高剂量实验+anti-miR-NC组和高剂量实验+anti-miR-99a-3p组。对照组给予5.5 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖处置;模型组给予25 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖处置;低、中、高剂量实验组分别给予12.5,25.0和50.0 mg·L^(-1)红车轴草总黄酮和25 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖处置;miR-NC组、miR-99a-3p组、anti-miR-NC组、anti-miR-99a-3p组分别转染miR-NC、miR-99a-3p、anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-99a-3p;模型+miR-NC组、模型+miR-99a-3p组、模型+si-NC组、模型+si-CD36组均给予25 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖处理,并分别转染miR-NC、miR-99a-3p、si-NC、si-CD36;高剂量实验+anti-miR-NC组、高剂量实验+anti-miR-99a-3p组均给予50.0 mg·L^(-1)红车轴草总黄酮+25 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖,并分别转染anti-miR-NC或anti-miR-99a-3p。用流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡率,用定量实时聚合酶链反应检测细胞中miR-99a-3p和CD36 mRNA的表达水平。结果模型组INS-1细胞中CD36 mRNA(2.74±0.27 vs 1.01±0.08)和细胞凋亡率[(27.63±2.71)%vs(5.69±0.58)%]均较对照组显著升高,miR-99a-3p(0.38±0.03 vs 1.00±0.09)较对照组显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量实验组的上述结果相反。模型+miR-99a-3p组的细胞凋亡率[(12.48±1.19)%vs(26.84±2.41)%]较模型+miR-NC组显著降低,miR-99a-3p表达量(0.79±0.07 vs 0.34±0.03)较模型+miR-NC组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。模型+si-CD36组INS-1细胞中CD36 mRNA(1.35±0.12 vs 2.81±0.26)及细胞凋亡率[(13.54±1.32)%vs(25.87±2.52)%]均较模型+si-NC组显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。高剂量实验+anti-miR-99a-3p组INS-1细胞中miR-99a-3p(0.43±0.14 vs 0.88±0.06)较高剂量实验+anti-miR-NC组显著降低,CD36 mRNA(2.51±0.22 vs 1.41±0.13)及细胞凋亡率[(20.45±2.03)%vs(10.56±1.02)%]均较高剂量实验+anti-miR-NC组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论红车轴草总黄酮可能通过调控miR-99a-3p/CD36以减轻高糖对大鼠胰岛β细胞INS-1的损伤,进而抑制细胞的凋亡。     

LncRNA TUG1通过调节miR-181b-5p/PDCD4轴对高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)牛磺酸上调基因1(TUG1)通过调节miR-181b-5p/程序性细胞死亡蛋白4(PDCD4)轴对高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用高糖（25 mmol/L葡萄糖）在体外构建糖尿病心肌病（DCM）细胞模型。AC16细胞分为NG组、HG组、HG+sh-NC组、HG+sh-TUG1组、HG+miR-NC组、HG+miR-181b-5p组、HG+sh-TUG1+anti-miR-NC组、HG+sh-TUG1+anti-miR-181b-5p组、HG+miR-181b-5p+pcDNA组、HG+miR-181b-5p+pc-PDCD4组。细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)法检测细胞活力；乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）测定试剂盒检测LDH释放总量；采用实时定量聚合酶链反应（q RT-PCR）检测TUG1、miR-181b-5p和PDCD4 mRNA表达；流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡；Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤2-相关X(Bax)、活化的胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase 3)和PDCD4蛋白表达；caspase-Glo3检测试剂盒评估casp...     

舒芬太尼通过miR-365-3p/AKT1抑制胃癌细胞迁移、侵袭的研究

摘要：目的:探讨舒芬太尼对微小RNA-365-3p（miR-365-3p）/蛋白激酶B-α（AKT1）表达及其对胃癌细胞迁移、侵袭的影响。方法:采用不同浓度的舒芬太尼(终浓度0.5,5,50,500 nmol·L-1)分别处理胃癌细胞48 h,Transwell实验检测胃癌细胞迁移及侵袭能力,实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测胃癌细胞中miR-365-3p的表达。分别将miR-NC（miR-NC组）、miR-365-3p mimics（miR-365-3p组）、anti-miR-NC（anti-miR-NC组）、anti-miR-365-3p（anti-miR-365-3p组）转染至胃癌细胞,检测胃癌细胞迁移及侵袭能力变化。靶基因网站预测miR-365-3p的靶基因,双荧光素酶报告基因验证miR-365-3p与AKT1的靶基因关系。将anti-miR-365-3p、pcDNA-AKT1及其阴性对照分别转染至胃癌细胞12 h后用舒芬太尼处理48 h,分别为舒芬太尼+anti-miR-NC组、舒芬太尼+anti-miR-365-3p组、舒芬太尼+pcDNA3.1组、舒芬太尼+pcDNA-AKT1组,检测各组胃癌细胞迁移及侵袭能力变化,蛋白免疫印迹（Western Blot）检测细胞中钙黏附蛋白E（E-cadherin）、基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）、p-AKT1蛋白表达。结果:舒芬太尼可抑制胃癌细胞迁移、侵袭及MMP-2表达,促进miR-365-3p、E-cadherin表达;miR-365-3p过表达可通过上调E-cadherin表达及下调MMP-2的表达进而抑制胃癌细胞迁移及侵袭能力;双荧光素酶报告基因实验证明AKT1是miR-365-3p的靶基因,miR-365-3p可负性调控靶基因AKT1的表达;抑制miR-365-3p表达或AKT1过表达可逆转舒芬太尼对胃癌细胞迁移、侵袭的抑制作用。结论:舒芬太尼可通过上调miR-365-3p表达而抑制AKT1表达进而抑制胃癌细胞迁移及侵袭。     

小檗碱联合miR-328-3p对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化能力的影响

摘要：目的:探讨小檗碱对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化的影响及可能机制。方法:体外培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,分为对照组、不同剂量（低、中、高）小檗碱组、miR-NC组、miR-328-3p组、高剂量+anti-miR-NC组和高剂量+anti-miR-328-3p组,细胞计数试剂盒-8（CCK-8）法检测各组细胞增殖情况,实时定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-qPCR）法检测miR-328-3p表达,蛋白质印迹法检测增殖相关蛋白细胞周期蛋白D1（Cyclin D1）和细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶抑制因子1A（p21）的表达及成骨分化相关蛋白碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、骨钙素（OCN）和骨桥蛋白（OPN）的表达。结果:与对照组比较,不同剂量小檗碱组骨髓间充质干细胞光密度（OD）值、细胞中Cyclin D1、AKP、OCN和OPN的蛋白表达及miR-328-3p表达升高（P<0.05）,而p21蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）,且呈剂量依赖性。与miR-NC组比较,miR-328-3p组骨髓间充质干细胞OD值及细胞中Cyclin D1、AKP、OCN和OPN蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）,而p21蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）。与高剂量+anti-miR-NC组比较,高剂量+anti-miR-328-3p组骨髓间充质干细胞OD值及细胞中Cyclin D1、AKP、OCN和OPN蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）,而p21蛋白表达升高（P<0.05）。结论:小檗碱可能通过上调miR-328-3p表达促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化。     

粗糠柴毒素上调微小RNA-204-5p对脂多糖所致心肌损伤的保护机制研究

目的 探讨粗糠柴毒素对脂多糖（LPS）所致心肌损伤的影响及其保护机制。方法 该研究自2018年9月至2019年4月,用终浓度为10 mg/L的LPS刺激HCM、AC16心肌细胞6 h,分别加入终浓度为0.5μmol/L、1.0μmol/L、1.5μmol/L、2.0μmol/L粗糠柴毒素（Rottlerin）再处理12 h后分别记为LPS+0.5μmol/L Rottlerin组、LPS+1.0μmol/L Rottlerin组、LPS+1.5μmol/L Rottlerin组、LPS+2.0μmol/L Rottlerin组,以单纯10 mg/L LPS处理的为LPS组,以未经粗糠柴毒素和LPS处理的为对照组。将模拟物阴性对照（miR-NC）、微小RNA-204-5p模拟物（miR-204-5p）、抑制剂阴性对照（anti-miR-NC）、miR-204-5p抑制剂（anti-miR-204-5p）分别转染至未经任何处理的HCM细胞中,记为miR-NC组、miR-204-5p组、anti-miR-NC组、anti-miR-204-5p组。将miR-NC,miR-204-5p转染至单纯...     

miR-502增强肺癌对替莫唑胺化疗敏感性的机制研究

摘要：目的:探讨miR-502对替莫唑胺化疗敏感性的影响及其作用机制。方法:用200μmol·L-1的替莫唑胺处理细胞A549作为替莫唑胺组,不作任何处理的细胞作为对照（Con）组;将miR-NC、miR-502、anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-502质粒分别转染至A549细胞中,分别记为miR-NC组、miR-502组、anti-miR-NC组、anti-miR-502组; miR-502转染至A549细胞后再用200μmol·L-1的替莫唑胺处理作为替莫唑胺+miR-502组;将miR-502质粒分别与pcDNA 3.1、pcDNA 3.1-ERCC1共转染至A549细胞中再用200μmol·L-1的替莫唑胺处理,分别记为替莫唑胺+miR-502+pcDNA 3.1组、替莫唑胺+miR-502+pcDNA3.1-ERCC1组;转染均采用脂质体法。实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测miR-502表达水平;蛋白质印迹（Western Blot）法检测p21、细胞周期素D1（Cyclin D1）、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）、切除修复交叉互补基因1（ERCC1）表达;四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法（MTT）检测细胞活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;双荧光素酶报告实验检测miR-502和ERCC1的靶向关系。结果:与人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC5相比,肺癌细胞A549中miR-502表达水平显著降低。过表达miR-502、替莫唑胺处理以及替莫唑胺处理同时过表达miR-502,肺癌细胞A549中p21、Bax表达水平均显著升高,Cyclin D1、Bcl-2表达水平均显著降低,细胞活性均显著降低,细胞凋亡率均显著升高（P<0.05）。结论:过表达miR-502和替莫唑胺均可抑制细胞A549增殖,促进细胞凋亡,过表达miR-502可增强替莫唑胺对细胞A549增殖抑制和凋亡促进作用,其机制可能与ERCC1有关,将可为提高肺癌化疗效果提供新途径。     

LncRNA OIP5-AS1调节miR-25-3p/SOX4轴对高糖诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞生物学过程的影响

目的 探讨长链非编码RNA Opa相互作用蛋白5-反义转录物1(lncRNA OIP5-AS1)对高糖诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞增殖、凋亡和氧化应激损伤的影响及分子机制。方法 体外培养人肾皮质近曲小管上皮细胞HK-2,分为正常葡萄糖组（NG组）、高糖组（HG组）、HG+si-NC组、HG+si-OIP5-AS1组、HG+miR-NC组、HG+miR-25-3p组、HG+si-OIP5-AS1+inhibitor-NC组、HG+si-OIP5-AS1+miR-25-3p inhibitor组。转染48 h后,实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测细胞中lncRNA OIP5-AS1、miR-25-3p和性别决定区Y框蛋白4(SOX4)m RNA水平;CCK-8法检测细胞活力;检测细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性;流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡情况;检测细胞中丙二醛（MDA）水平和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性;DCFH-DA荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）的产生;Western blot实验检测细胞中SOX4、B细胞淋巴瘤因子2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）...     

恩替卡韦通过微小RNA-199a-5p抑制乙型肝炎病毒复制的机制研究

目的 研究恩替卡韦(ETV)通过微小RNA-199a-5p(miR-199a-5p)抑制乙型肝炎病毒复制的机制。方法 将HepG2.2.15细胞标记为空白对照组;根据恩替卡韦浓度的不同将细胞分为低剂量实验组(10μmol·L^-1 ETV)、中剂量实验组(20μmol·L^-1 ETV)、高剂量实验组(30μmol·L^-1 ETV);miR-199a-5p, anti-miR-199a-5p、anti-miR-con、miR-con转染至HepG2.2.15细胞,分别标记为miR-199a-5p组、anti-miR-199a-5p组、anti-miR-con组、miR-con组,转染后anti-miR-199a-5p组、anti-miR-con组继续用30μmol·L^-1的ETV进行培养,分别标记为ETV+anti-miR-199a-5p组、ETV+anti-miR-con组。蛋白质印迹法检测各组乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎核心抗原(HBcAg)蛋白表达水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测H...     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.