Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery

Chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is rare. Recently, percutaneous coronary intervention has been increasingly applied to unprotected LMCA lesions. We describe a patient with chronic total occlusion of the LMCA who was successfully treated with bifurcation stenting with sirolimus-eluting stents.     

Full stent expansion of chronic total occlusion lesions requires prolonged inflation

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been associated in some studies with higher target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates than non-CTO PCI. Optimal stent inflation time and its effect on TVR in CTO PCI is unknown. We investigated the time required for stent deployment using the previously described pressure optimized protocol (POP), which uses stent balloon pressure stability rather than an arbitrary inflation time as an end point for balloon deflation. We also compared TVR with CTO PCI vs non-CTO using the POP protocol in both groups.MethodsPatients with successful CTO PCI using POP between 2012 and 2015 were included. Patients having non-CTO PCI using POP and matched for stent diameter and length and temporal proximity constituted the control group to compare inflation time (n = 83 each). TVR at 1 year was compared between PCI during the time period using POP (CTO = 83, non-CTO = 263).ResultsStent inflation time to achieve optimal stent inflation using POP was longer in CTO vs non-CTO lesions (136 ± 60 vs 108 ± 51 s, p = 0.001). TVR at 365 days was similar in CTO and non-CTO cohorts (2.4% vs 2.6%, p = 0.9).ConclusionStent expansion using POP in CTO lesions requires longer inflation duration but leads to similar TVR rates at 1 year in CTO PCI compared with non-CTO PCI.     

完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术中冠脉内支架的应用及其限制因素

目的　评价冠状动脉（冠脉）内支架在完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中应用的指征及其限制因素。方法　８２ 例冠脉完全闭塞接受ＰＴＣＡ 患者,根据血管病变性质,决定是否给予置入支架治疗。分析支架应用的指征及其限制因素。术后随访６ 个月,发生心脏事件者行血管造影复查。结果　８２例中,６６ 例相关冠脉再通成功,成功率为８０．５％ 。６６ 例中,Ａ 组２３ 处病变单纯球囊ＰＴＣＡ 后取得“支架样”效果,其中Ｂ１ 组３０ 处病变置入支架,支架置入率４５．５％ ,Ｂ２ 组１３ 处病变存在支架置入的限制因素而未置入支架,占１９．７％ 。临床随访期间,Ａ 组５ 例发生心脏事件,血管造影复查,２ 例再狭窄;Ｂ１ 组仅２例发生心脏事件,造影复查２ 例均再狭窄,需再次ＰＴＣＡ;Ｂ２ 组 ５ 例发生心脏事件,３ 例造影发现再狭窄。闭塞冠脉再通未成功１６ 例中３ 例出现心脏事件,其中１ 例死亡。结论　闭塞冠脉再通成功达支架样效果或置入支架有助于改善临床预后,但部分病变存在支架置入的限制因素,不适宜置入支架     

Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation outside a previous stent

With device improvements, more total occlusions have been crossed with a guidewire and balloon. However, true intraluminal/intrastent passage is not always accessed, which is not apparent on coronary angiography. In this study, using intravascular ultrasound as well as computed tomography, we demonstrated a crushed stent previously implanted outside the sirolimus-eluting stent, which resulted from subintimal (outside the stent) passage of a guidewire.     

Repeated plaque prolapse after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in the treatment of chronic total occlusion lesion

A long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of a case of peripheral coronary stent embolization is reported. No clinical sequelae occurred in the immediate and long-term (five years) followup. The five-year follow-up angiographic images provided visual documentation of absence of stent-associated stenosis. This case highlights the concept that fibro-intimal hyperplasia may not occur when plaque and balloon trauma are absent at the site of stent embolization.     

EXCEL支架在慢性闭塞病变介入治疗中的应用及疗效观察

目的总结冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)病变经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中EXCEL生物降解药物涂层支架的应用及3年随访结果,评价其在CTO病变的疗效及安全性。方法2006年1月至2009年3月入住成都军区昆明总医院,冠状动脉造影确诊CTO病变并行PCI治疗患者185例,靶病变均植入EXCEL支架,常规二联抗血小板治疗至少6个月。术后6个月、1年、2年、3年临床及冠状动脉造影随访,以主要心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)发生率、再狭窄率(in-stent restenosis,ISR)、血运重建率为研究终点,同时了解亚急性及晚期支架内血栓发生率。结果共147例CTO病变血管开通,即刻血管开通率为79.5%(147/185);共201处闭塞病变中,26处导丝无法通过,8处导丝通过闭塞病变后球囊无法跨越病变部位,靶血管开通率83.1%;闭塞时间12个月以内及超过12个月的靶血管开通率分别为87.5%、62.4%,有桥侧支存在者PCI治疗成功率低于无桥侧支者,断端呈刀切状的成功率低于鼠尾状(P0.05)。术中无死亡病例;术后6个月、1年、2年、3年冠状动脉造影复查率分别为30.8%、19.5%、15.1%、10.3%,MASE发生率分别为3.2%、2.3%、1.95、4.0%,再狭窄率分别为8.8%、8.3%、7.1%、5.3%;发生亚急性、晚期支架内血栓各1例,发生率分别为0.6%、0.1%,无急性支架内血栓事件。结论EXCEL支架应用于CTO病变PCI治疗中安全有效,没有增加MACE发生率及支架内血栓事件。     

Succesful antegrade subintimal bypass restenting of in‐stent chronic total occlusion

Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are known to cause significant patient morbidity. Over the past several years, the techniques and devices for treating these CTOs have advanced tremendously. The interventional management of CTOs within previously placed coronary stents, however, remains challenging. Here, we present a case of an in‐stent restenosis of the right coronary artery CTO bypassed using a controlled subintimal dissection re‐entry technique via antegrade approach creating side‐by‐side stents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Delayed development of a giant coronary pseudoaneurysm after stent placement for chronic total occlusion

A 42-year-old man developed a giant pseudoaneurysm in a stented coronary segment despite excellent results after stent placement for chronic total occlusion. The aneurysm was treated successfully with the deployment of a covered stent. Delayed development of a giant pseudoaneurysm after stent implantation for chronic total occlusion is an uncommon complication.     

慢性胰腺炎患者胰管支架堵塞及其相关因素分析

目的 分析慢性胰腺炎(chronic panreatitis,CP)患者胰管支架的堵塞率及影响支架通畅的相关因素.方法 收集2006年11月至2010年1月间64例CP患者经内镜下取出的胰管支架77根,应用自制的支架通畅率检测装置,在10 cm水柱压力下,测15 s,连测4次.使用Kaplan-Meier统计方法 对风险因子和支架堵塞的相关性进行单变量分析研究.通过Cox regression生存分析法进行风险因子对于支架堵塞风险影响的多因素分析.结果 64例CP患者入组,其中男性43例,女性21例,年龄4～80岁,平均38岁.支架置入时间为26～759 d,平均263 d;支架直径5～10 F,平均8F.10 cm水柱压力下支架总堵塞率为67.5%(52/77).90、180、360、540 d的通畅率分别为96.1%(74/77)、72.7%(56/77)、58.4%(45/77)和35.1%(27/77).通过Cox回归分析,支架直径≥8.5F是支架堵塞的唯一的独立风险因素.结论支架放置180 d仍有较高的通畅率,明显低于国外相同研究97%的堵塞率;选择≥8.5 F的胰管支架更容易发生堵塞现象.     

真实临床条件下CypherTM支架的应用效果评价

目的　观察在真实临床条件(realworld)下使用西罗莫司(雷帕霉素)药物CypherTM 支架的疗效。方法　入选我科自2 0 0 2年1 2月至2 0 0 4年5月所有应用CypherTM 支架的患者,共2 6 3例,于支架置入后8±2个月,电话及门诊随访应用药物洗脱支架患者的主要不良心脏事件发生率;评价糖尿病亚组及各种类型病变(包括左主干病变、分叉病变、慢性闭塞病变、钙化病变、开口病变、小血管病变、急性闭塞病变及再狭窄病变)的治疗效果。结果　2 6 3例患者支架置入成功率为1 0 0 % ;随访2 4 6例,失访1 7例,随访率93 5% ;主要不良心脏事件有1 0例,发生率为3 8% ;复查冠状动脉造影1 39例,支架内再狭窄率为1 0 1 % ,其中糖尿病亚组为1 2 . 9% ,弥漫病变为1 0 . 0 % ,开口病变6 9% ,慢性闭塞病变1 1 . 1 % ,小血管病变1 1 . 3% ,急性闭塞病变0 ,钙化病变9 1 % ,A型病变8 7% ,左主干病变2 2 . 2 % ,分叉病变1 8 .8% ,再狭窄病变1 1 . 1 %。结论　在真实临床状态下,CypherTM 支架可以明显减少糖尿病患者弥漫病变,急、慢性闭塞病变,小血管病变,开口病变,钙化病变,A型病变等主要不良心脏事件的发生。对于左主干病变、分叉病变和再狭窄病变,提示有益的疗效,临床疗效需进一步观察。     

Pancreatic endoprostheses in chronic pancreatitis: criteria to predict stent occlusion

BACKGROUND: Good clinical results of main pancreatic duct (MPD) stent placement in chronic pancreatitis (CP) are clouded by early stent occlusion. The aim of this study was to increase knowledge about stent occlusion and its effects on clinical symptoms, and to define criteria that enable the prediction of clogging. METHODS: A total of 100 pancreatic endoprostheses of 47 patients (32 men, 15 women; mean age, 53 years; standard deviation, 9 years) with CP were bench tested by simulating the pathophysiologically increased MPD pressure. The main study parameter was the reduction of water flow through clogged stents in comparison with native endoprostheses of identical type, length, and diameter. Major stent occlusion was defined as flow reduction by > or = 75%. The association between time to stent occlusion and stent- or patient-related variables was evaluated. RESULTS: Occlusion took place in nearly all endoprostheses (97%). No significant association of occlusion with clinical or blood parameters was found. Multifactorial analysis proved 4 risk factors for major stent occlusion: (A) stent diameter > 8.5F, (B) stent length > 8 cm, (C) female gender, (D) exocrine pancreatic insufficiency that required regular oral enzyme supplementation. According to the relative risk, these factors were given the following scores: A, 3 points; B to D, 2 points. Stents in patients with a score sum > 5 showed a significantly higher risk of major stent occlusion within 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Stent clogging in CP seems to be an inevitable phenomenon. Because clinical and laboratory data do not reliably indicate clogging, stent removal or exchange should be performed in high-risk patients (score sum > 5) within 3 months.     

Sirolimus-eluting stent for in-stent restenosis treatment: single center results in an unselected study population]

BACKGROUND: Sirolimus-eluting stents have already proved to be efficient in the prevention of restenosis in de novo lesions and have been already proposed as a potential treatment of in-stent restenosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in unselected patients with in-stent restenosis. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients (59 lesions) were treated with sirolimus-eluting stents for instent restenosis. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and restenosis was evaluated at 1-year clinical and angiographic follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, 54% of the lesions were complex (46% proliferative and 8% total occlusions). Small vessel size (< or = 2.5 mm) was present in 30%, a long lesion (> 20 mm) in 25%, and diabetes in 42% of the patients. The angiographic follow-up was obtained in 47 patients (55 lesions). Restenosis was observed in 13% of the lesions. At the 1-year follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events was 16% (4% acute myocardial infarction, 12% target lesion revascularization). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of instent restenosis in an unselected population of consecutive patients at high risk of restenosis and with a broad range of morphological lesion patterns.     

Collateralized chronic total occlusion: A different animal

This report describes a patient with a chronically occluded proximal LAD in whom antegrade flow was not re-established by successful dilatation alone. Obliteration of retrograde collateral flow restored antegrade flow. This case demonstrates the potential detrimental effect of vigorous collateral flow on the patency of chronic occlusions after successful PTCA. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Intravascular ultrasound-guided recanalization of a coronary chronic total occlusion located in a stent implanted subintimally: a case report

Successful percutaneous recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) results in improved survival, as well as enhanced left ventricular function, reduction of angina, and improved exercise tolerance. The procedural success rate has increased over time, but CTO recanalization does still fail in about 20% of cases. Different strategies and specific devices for CTOs have been developed with various degrees of success. We report the case of CTO after a first unsuccessful treatment attempt during which subintimal wire positioning without reentry into the distal lumen, and stent implantation were done. At the second revascularization, intravascular ultrasound guidance allowed reentry of the distal true lumen through the stent, restoring normal flow.     

Sirolimus-eluting stent displaced fracture: case report and review of the literature

Drug-eluting stents have greatly reduced the risk of in-stent restenosis compared to bare metal stents by inhibiting neointimal growth. However, they may carry some long-term risks, especially the risk of late stent thrombosis. Recently, several cases of drug-eluting stent fracture have been also reported. The mechanisms, the diagnosis, the clinical implications and the management of this new complication are not well-known. We report the observation of a new case of displaced, sirolimus drug-eluting stent fracture. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in France.