双腔耐高压PICC使用方法的改进

目的对双腔耐高压PICC的使用方法进行改进并评价其效果。方法将100例置入5Fr双腔耐高压PICC患者按住院时间分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组行常规方法置管、维护,观察组在常规方法基础上增加冲管频率,并交替使用管腔。结果观察组仅1例发生导管完全堵塞,堵管程度显著低于对照组(P0.01),两组导管相关性感染率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双腔耐高压PICC使用方法的改进,能有效降低堵管率,在严格遵守操作规程的基础上并不会增加导管相关性感染率。     

耐高压注射型双腔PICC置管患者皮肤的集束化管理

目的探讨集束化管理对耐高压注射型双腔PICC置入患者皮肤相关并发症的干预效果。方法将85例耐高压注射型双腔PICC置入患者随机分为干预组41例、对照组44例,干预组应用集束化护理措施,包括进行专项培训,换药手法标准化等;对照组实施常规护理。结果对照组非张力性机械性损伤发生率为9.09%,张力性机械性损伤4.55%,干预组发生率均为0;对照组过敏反应发生率显著高于干预组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论集束化管理可有效降低耐高压注射型双腔PICC置入患者皮肤相关并发症的发生。     

肿瘤化疗患者集束化PICC维护实践及效果

目的 探讨集束化PICC维护对肿瘤化疗患者PICC自我管理能力及导管相关并发症的影响.方法 将PICC化疗肿瘤患者148例按住院时间分为对照组和观察组各74例,对照组给予常规PICC维护,观察组给予集束化PICC维护.结果 干预后,观察组静脉炎、静脉血栓、导管堵塞、穿刺点渗血、渗液等并发症发生率显著低于对照组,且患者PICC自我管理能力评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 集束化PICC维护有利于减少肿瘤化疗患者导管相关并发症发生率,提高其PICC自我管理能力.     

Making and clinical application of disposable maintenance kit for central venous catheter

目的 研制一种满足临床中心静脉导管维护需求的护理用品,使临床护士有效地提供安全、方便的中心静脉导管维护服务.方法 将60例深静脉导管留置患者(CVC 10例,PICC 50例)按置管序号单号分为对照组,双号分为观察组,每组CVC置管5例,PICC置管25例.观察组采用自行研制的一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包进行导管维护换药冲洗工作,对照组按常规方法进行维护.结果 观察组导管单次维护时间为(8.56±1.31)min,显著低于对照组(15.45±1.69) min (P＜0.01);观察组平均花费20元/次,低于对照组(27.93元/次).结论 一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包可明显提高中心静脉导管维护效率,降低患者的维护费用.     

胰腺术后患者双腔耐高压PICC不载液泵注醋酸奥曲肽的效果

目的探讨胰腺术后患者双腔耐高压PICC不载液泵注醋酸奥曲肽的可行性。方法将80例胰腺术后行双腔耐高压PICC泵注醋酸奥曲肽注射液的患者,随机分为两组各40例。两组均给予醋酸奥曲肽注射液2mL/h静脉泵注,对照组一管输入药物,另一管常规给予0.9%氯化钠以20mL/h滴速维持通路;观察组仅一管输入药物,另一管不载液。比较两组输注时间及导管堵管率。结果两组输注时间及导管堵塞率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论胰腺术后患者采用双腔耐高压PICC泵注醋酸奥曲肽注射液无需载液维持,另一通路可用于术后监护或完成其他治疗,有助于促进患者术后康复。     

一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包的研制与临床应用

目的研制一种满足临床中心静脉导管维护需求的护理用品,使临床护士有效地提供安全、方便的中心静脉导管维护服务。方法将60例深静脉导管留置患者(CVC 10例,PICC 50例)按置管序号单号分为对照组,双号分为观察组,每组CVC置管5例,PICC置管25例。观察组采用自行研制的一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包进行导管维护换药冲洗工作,对照组按常规方法进行维护。结果观察组导管单次维护时间为(8.56±1.31)min,显著低于对照组(15.45±1.69)min(P<0.01);观察组平均花费20元/次,低于对照组(27.93元/次)。结论一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包可明显提高中心静脉导管维护效率,降低患者的维护费用。     

移动学习平台在老年专科疾病理论知识培训中的应用

目的探索移动学习平台在老年科护士专科疾病理论知识培训中的应用效果。方法整群抽取老年科护士108名,按病房分为观察组58人和对照组50人。在专科疾病理论知识培训中,对照组采用传统集中理论授课教学法,观察组采用基于即刻学堂的移动学习平台进行教学。结果观察组护士专科理论考核成绩显著高于对照组(P0.01),对培训形式设置,获取知识的及时高效性,激发学习兴趣,促进知识掌握记忆,有效调动学习主动性,提高解决问题能力,培训时间安排合理性的满意度及继续参与培训的意愿显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论基于即刻学堂的移动学习平台打破了传统教学的时空束缚,改进了教与学的方式,促进了在职护士理论学习的积极性和效果提高,有利于在职护士掌握理论知识。     

微课结合翻转课堂在新护士通科知识技能培训中的应用

目的探讨在新护士通科知识技能培训中运用微课结合翻转课堂教学的可行性及应用效果。方法将136名新护士随机分成对照组76人和观察组60人。对照组采用常规新护士通科知识技能培训方法,观察组采用微课结合翻转课堂培训方法。结果培训后观察组操作成绩和临床应用成绩显著高于对照组(均P0.01),观察组新护士对培训形式的满意度显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论微课结合翻转课堂的培训方法有利于激发学习兴趣,提高新护士操作技能和临床实际运用能力。     

基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用

目的评价基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用效果。方法将2017年入职的64名新护士设为对照组,采用传统技能教学法进行技能培训;将2018年入职的67名新护士作为观察组,采用基于微课件的翻转课堂进行技能培训。结果观察组新护士理论和操作考核成绩、自我导向学习能力得分显著高于对照组(均P0.01),观察组新护士对技能培训方法的满意度达77.61%～98.51%。结论基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用,可培养新护士的自主学习能力,提高护理技能培训效果。     

家属参与护理模式对PICC家庭护理质量的影响

目的 提高PICC家庭护理质量,降低其相关并发症.方法 将90例置PICC的白血病患者随机分为观察组与对照组各45例.对照组予以常规换药处理,家属接受常规健康教育并观摩换药过程;观察组在此基础上安排家属参与到换药过程并亲自实践,患者出院后由责任护士每周电话随访1次.结果 观察组患者局部炎症发生率及并发症总发生率显著低于对照组,导管留王时间显著延长(均P＜0.01).结论 家属参与护理模式可有效提高PICC护理质量,减少并发症的发生,延长PICC使用寿命.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.