耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的感染现状

目的 了解现阶段我院患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）感染特点。方法 对我院2004年8月～2005年8月患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 临床共分离金黄色葡萄球菌62株，其中MRSA的分离率为59％。MRSA患者多数伴有复合感染，且对抗生素表现为高度耐药和多重耐药。结论 及时采取有效措施控制MRSA的流行和散播十分重要。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌治疗与预防指南草案

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）已经受到了媒体及管理层的高度重视，减少MRSA感染已成为当前一项重要目标，正如Shiltlleworth 2004年在《护理时报》上提倡的“保持清洁”运动，目标就是控制感染，尤其是对耐药病原体的控制。这是一个非常复杂的问题，涉及多种因素，需要行之有效的方法来解决。     

中华医学会感染与抗微生物治疗策略高峰论坛:甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌感染的治疗策略——专家共识

中华医学会感染与抗微生物治疗高峰论坛:甲氧西林耐药金葡菌感染的治疗策略于2011年4月17日在长沙举行.60余位来自感染科、呼吸科、血液科、重症医学、皮肤科、普外科、烧伤科、肾病科、儿科等临床学科及医学检验科的资深专家就甲氧西林耐药金葡菌感染的病原诊断和治疗的相关问题进行了广泛深入讨论,拟定了甲氧西林耐药金葡菌感染的治疗策略——专家共识的内容纲要.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染研究进展

<正>耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)是造成住院患者医院感染发生及高病死率的主要病原体之一[1-2],由于MRSA具有致病性强、传播途径广的特点,加上抗菌药物的长期使用和滥用,MRSA的耐药范围日益扩大,耐药程度日益严重,给临床治疗带来巨大的困难,也有人将其称为"超级细菌"。MRSA感染同乙型肝炎、艾滋病(AIDS)成为世界三大感染性疾病。     

医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因分析

目的探讨医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）耐药基因的存在情况。方法对2006年6至7月临床分离的20株医院感染MRSA进行mecA、tetM、aac（6′）/aph（2″）、aph（3′）Ⅲ、ant（4′4″）耐药基因检测。结果20株MRSA检出m ecA阳性率为100%,aac（6）′/aph（2″）阳性率75%,tetM阳性率70%,aph（3′）Ⅲ阳性率40%、ant（4′4″）阳性率为20%。结论多数MRSA菌株存在耐β-内酰胺类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素耐药基因,与表型一致,表型与遗传学均支持MRSA具有耐多药特征。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行病学和耐药机制研究进展

对甲氧西林、苯唑西林、头孢拉定耐药或mec基因阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌定义为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）。近年来MRSA在金黄色葡萄球菌感染中所占的比例逐年提高,感染程度越来越严重,已成为医院及社区感染的重要病原菌之一。MRSA耐药机制复杂、耐药谱广以及传播速度快,易引起爆发流行,导致病死率上升,医疗费用增加,已成为全球性问题。     

医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因分析

目的探讨医院感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)耐药基因的存在情况。方法对2006年6至7月临床分离的20株医院感染MRSA进行m ecA、tetM、aac(6′)/aph(2″)、aph(3′)Ⅲ、ant(4′4″)耐药基因检测。结果20株MRSA检出m ecA阳性率为100%,aac(6)′/aph(2″)阳性率75%,tetM阳性率70%,aph(3′)Ⅲ阳性率40%、ant(4′4″)阳性率为20%。结论多数MRSA菌株存在耐β-内酰胺类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素耐药基因,与表型一致,表型与遗传学均支持MRSA具有耐多药特征。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

金黄色葡萄球菌是社区感染和医院感染的主要病原菌之一。其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）具耐多药特征已是临床抗感染化疗的难题之一。我们收集了2003年12月至2004年4月本院分离到的20株MRSA菌，对其进行了耐药性和13内酰胺类耐药相关基因（mecA、TEM）、     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌院内感染研究进展

院内感染一直是困扰医院的一大难题,尤其是在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)出现之后,院内感染问题就显得相当棘手。这主要是由于MRSA感染的发病率和致死率都较高,而且传染性强,最易     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的流行病学调查

目的:调查耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的危险因素,防止MRSA医院感染的播散。方法:采用回顾性调查方法,对2003年～2006年住院患者发生的MRSA医院感染病例进行分析。结果:我院4年内共检出MRSA209例,药敏结果显示MRSA除对万古霉素敏感外,对其它抗菌药物耐药率较高。结论:我院神经外科MRSA医院感染严重。采取联合措施可有效控制MRSA医院感染。     

隐球菌病处理临床实践指南:2010年美国感染病学会更新

为了帮助临床医师在治疗念珠菌病时正确选用抗真菌药,制订合理的给药方案。美国感染病学会（IDSA）组织相关学科的专家对2000年隐球菌病处理指南进行了修订。该指南发表在Clinical Infectious Disease,2010,50：291-322。由于该指南的更新仍是基于大量的临床证据,因此对指导临床正确合理治疗隐球菌病具有重要参考价值,现将其主要内容编译供参考。     

曲霉病的治疗：美国感染病学会临床实用指南

为帮助临床医师正确诊断和治疗曲霉病，制订合理的给药方案，美国感染病学会（IDSA）组织有关专家遵循循证医学的原则更新了曲霉病的处理指南。该指南提出的建议适用于绝大多数曲霉病患者。虽然该指南所依据的临床证据均为国外资料，但由于该指南是在积累了大量的临床证据基础上修订，对我们当前临床实践仍具有重要的指导意义。现将其主要内容编译供临床参考。该指南的全文见Clinical Infectious Disease，2008，46：327-360。     

血管内导管相关感染诊断和处理临床指南:美国感染病学会2009年更新

为帮助临床医师正确诊断和处理血管内导管相关感染,美国感染病学会(IDSA)组织相关学科的专家对2001年血管内导管相关感染诊断处理指南进行了修订。该指南发表在Clinical Infectious Disease,2009,49:145。由于该指南的更新仍是基于大量的临床证据,因此对指导临床正确诊断处理血管内导管相关感染具有重要参考价值,现将其主要内容编译,供临床参考。     

成人及儿童复杂性腹腔内感染的诊断与处理:美国外科感染学会及美国感染病学会指南

2009年,美国外科感染学会和美国感染病学会的专家协同更新了2002年和2003年各自发布的腹腔内感染诊治指南.指南从循证医学的角度,对成人与儿童复杂性和非复杂性腹腔内感染的诊断和治疗进行了讨论.指南加入了2003-2008年新发表的临床研究结果,并新增了儿童腹腔内感染的治疗,如新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎.     

成人导管相关尿路感染的诊断、预防和治疗——2009年美国感染病学会国际临床实践指南

为了帮助临床医师在临床工作中正确诊断、预防和治疗导尿管相关尿路感染,美国感染病学会（IDSA）组织相关学科的专家制定了导尿管相关尿路感染的诊断、预防和治疗指南。该指南发表在Clinical Infectious Disease,2010,50：625—663。该指南的制订基于大量的临床证据,因此对指导临床正确诊断、预防和治疗导尿管相关尿路感染具有重要参考价值,现将其主要内容摘译供临床参考。     

Update on prevalence and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is characterized by variations (sometimes extreme) by country and geographic region. The conventional association of MRSA with healthcare settings has been upset by the emergence of community-associated MRSA infections in many areas. With this surge in MRSA comes a renewed interest in alternative agents to vancomycin for treatment of MRSA infections, including older drugs, such as clindamycin, doxycycline and trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole. Newer agents, such as linezolid and daptomycin, are aiming to improve on the poor cure rates found with vancomycin in serious MRSA infections, but definitive studies showing superiority of these drugs are not yet available. Finally, the drug-development pipeline contains a number of agents for the treatment of MRSA infections, including enhanced glycopeptides (dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin) and anti-MRSA cephalosporins (ceftobiprole). As MRSA becomes the ‘new normal’ in many areas, clinicians will have to sort out the proper role of a dozen or more anti-MRSA drugs.     

Clinical features and molecular characteristics of invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Taiwanese children

Highly virulent community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has been associated with morbidity and mortality in various countries of the world. We characterized the clinical and molecular features of pediatric invasive CA-MRSA infections in Taiwan. Between July 2000 and June 2005, 31 previously healthy children with invasive CA-MRSA infections were identified from 423 children with community-onset methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. The medical records were reviewed. The clinical isolates, if available, were collected for molecular characterization. Sixteen (51.6%) patients were male, and the mean age was 5.7 years. Adolescents accounted for 9 (29%) cases. Eighteen children had bone and/or joint infections, 14 had deep-seated soft tissue infections, 11 had pneumonia, and 2 had central nervous system infections. Multiorgan involvement was identified in 8 of 20 bacteremic cases. Twenty-two patients (71%) required surgical interventions. The mean hospital stay was 27.4 days. All of the 15 available isolates were classified as sequence type (ST) 59 or its single locus variant and belonged to 2 previously reported community-associated clones containing staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV or type V(T) in Taiwan. Most of the isolates were multiresistant to clindamycin (94%) and erythromycin (97%). Eleven (73.3%) isolates carried pvl genes, and the strains harboring pvl genes were significantly associated with lung involvement. In conclusion, invasive CA-MRSA infections in pediatric population were not limited to young children. Surgical interventions were often required, and a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy was needed. A multiresistant CA-MRSA clone characterized as ST59 was identified from these children in Taiwan.     

Update on prevalence and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is characterized by variations (sometimes extreme) by country and geographic region. The conventional association of MRSA with healthcare settings has been upset by the emergence of community-associated MRSA infections in many areas. With this surge in MRSA comes a renewed interest in alternative agents to vancomycin for treatment of MRSA infections, including older drugs, such as clindamycin, doxycycline and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. Newer agents, such as linezolid and daptomycin, are aiming to improve on the poor cure rates found with vancomycin in serious MRSA infections, but definitive studies showing superiority of these drugs are not yet available. Finally, the drug-development pipeline contains a number of agents for the treatment of MRSA infections, including enhanced glycopeptides (dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin) and anti-MRSA cephalosporins (ceftobiprole). As MRSA becomes the 'new normal' in many areas, clinicians will have to sort out the proper role of a dozen or more anti-MRSA drugs.     

Imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Imipenem-cilastatin was evaluated for efficacy and toxicity as an antistaphylococcal agent in 23 patients; 11 of these patients were infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 12 were infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). There were 15 soft tissue, 5 endovascular, and 3 skeletal infections and a total of nine patients with bacteremia. As determined by in vitro susceptibility testing, the MICs for 90% of the MRSA and MSSA isolates tested were 6.25 and 0.39 micrograms/ml, respectively. Two MRSA isolates were resistant to a concentration of greater than 16 micrograms/ml. When 11 MRSA isolates and 7 MSSA isolates were incubated for 48 h the MICs for 90% of the isolates increased to greater than 50 micrograms/ml for the MRSA isolates and 6.25 micrograms/ml for the MSSA isolates. Three S. aureus isolates emerged resistant. Ten of 11 (91%) MRSA infections and 11 of 12 (92%) MSSA infections were clinically cured. Adverse reactions occurred in 25% of the imipenemcilastatin-treated patients. These reactions included gastrointestinal intolerance (7% of the patients), rash or pruritis (6%), eosinophilia (6%), thrombocytosis (4%), and a positive, direct Coomb test without hemolysis (3%). One of the two patients for whom therapy was discontinued because of gastrointestinal intolerance had antibiotic-associated colitis. Imipenem appears to be an effective antistaphylococcal agent against both MRSA and MSSA infections.