Nutritional support as an adjunct to radiation therapy

Patients with malignancies which are treated with therapeutic radiation are at risk for nutritional problems, both from their underlying malignancy as well as from their treatment. These effects may be acute or chronic and relate to the site of the tumor and regions irradiated. There is a large experience with nutritional intervention in irradiated patients, including oral feedings and enteral and parenteral nutritional support. The indications for the specific administration of nutritional support during radiotherapy depend on the nutritional status of the patient and the area irradiated, as well as the individual prognosis. Patients who are malnourished at the time of treatment are most likely to profit from nutritional intervention. To date, prospective randomized trials of nutritional support in patients undergoing radiotherapy fail to show a benefit of routine adjuvant nutritional intervention in terms of improved response and tolerance to treatment, improved local control or survival rates, or reduction of complications from therapy.     

营养风险筛查对肝部分切除病人营养状况及临床结局的影响

目的:研究营养风险筛查2002(NRS 2002)是否可作为对肝部分切除病人进行营养支持的依据。方法:收集肝部分切除病人243例进行营养风险筛查,其中NRS 2002评分3分为182例,有营养支持组的病人109例,无营养支持组的病人73例;评分≥3分为61例,有营养支持组的病人41例,无营养支持组的病人20例,分别比较相关营养指标和临床结局指标。结果:在肝部分切除病人中,营养风险发生率为25%。有营养风险组的病人给予营养支持的为67%,未给予营养支持的为33%。无营养风险组的病人给予营养支持的为40%,未给予营养支持的为60%。在有营养风险组,有营养支持组的病人和无营养支持组的病人相比,入院时血清前清蛋白(PA)、清蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。出院时,有营养支持组病人的血清PA、ALB含量均显著高于无营养支持组(P0.05);有营养支持组病人的感染性并发症发生率显著低于无营养支持组(P0.05)。在无营养风险组,无论是否给予营养支持,病人出院时血清PA、ALB、TP含量与入院时比均无显著性差异(P0.05);有或无营养支持的病人感染并发症的发生率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:营养支持可显著改善肝部分切除并存在营养风险病人的营养状况和临床结局。     

结肠癌病人新辅助化疗与营养支持的综合治疗

新辅助化疗与营养支持的综合治疗在结肠癌病人中的应用正受到广泛关注。在结肠癌病人的辅助化疗阶段,配合合理的肠外和肠内营养支持,可以提高结肠癌病人的免疫功能和手术耐受力,减少术后的并发症,改善预后。特别在结肠癌伴梗阻的病人中,这种综合性治疗可以缓解梗阻,降低肿瘤分期,为一期的吻合手术创造条件。     

结直肠癌病人术前营养风险筛查及术后清蛋白和住院时间的比较

目的:调查结直肠癌住院病人术前营养风险,对其术后血清清蛋白和住院时间进行比较,为临床合理应用营养支持提供依据. 方法:参照NRS2002工具的标准,对270例结直肠癌住院病人进行营养风险筛查,分别对103例存在营养风险病人和167例无营养风险病人进行营养支持与未进行营养支持者作对比,分析营养风险与营养支持之间的关系. 结果:存在营养不良风险的103例结直肠癌病人中75例实施了营养支持后,平均住院时间和第7天血清清蛋白水平与未营养支持组比有显著性差异(P＜0.01).同时对无营养风险病人62例实施了临床营养支持后,平均住院时间有显著性差异(P＜0.05),但术后清蛋白与术前比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论:对进行手术治疗的结直肠癌病人,应及时进行营养风险的动态评估,对存在营养不良风险的结直肠癌病人,进行积极的营养支持治疗可有效地改善其术后的营养状况和缩短住院时间.     

北京某二甲医院非终末期晚期肿瘤患者营养风险、营养不足及营养支持情况前瞻性描述性研究

目的 前瞻性调查北京某二甲医院肿瘤内科非终末期晚期住院患者的营养风险、营养不足发生情况及营养支持应用现状,为今后营养支持改善临床结局研究奠定基础.方法 采用连续抽样方法对2011年10月至2013年4月北京某二甲医院肿瘤内科入院患者展开调查.对符合入选标准的患者,于入院次日采用营养风险筛查2002 （NRS2002）进行营养风险筛查和营养不足评估,并记录患者住院期间的营养支持情况.对没有营养风险患者每周重复筛查.出院后根据患者的临床及病理资料,将其分为早、中期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期）、非终末期晚期（Ⅲb、Ⅳ期）及终末期（预计生存期短于3个月）3组.本研究仅对非终末期晚期肿瘤患者的营养风险、营养不足发生率及营养支持应用情况进行统计学分析,所有数据进入EDC系统并经核查无误.结果 调查期间人院患者305例,排除不符合标准的患者后,共224例患者接受了营养风险筛查.其中,对非终末期晚期患者171例进行统计分析,结果营养风险发生率为67.8％ （116/171）,不同肿瘤类型患者营养风险发生率依次为肺癌45.7％ （21/46）,消化道肿瘤89.4％ （42/47）,肝、胆、胰腺肿瘤81.3％ （26/32）,头颈部肿瘤83.3％ （5/6）.以体质量指数（BMI） ＜18.5 kg/m2计算营养不足发生率为12.3％ （21/171）;以NRS2002营养受损部分评分达到3分汁算营养不足的发生率为19.9％ （34/171）.有营养风险的116例患者中,71例接受了营养支持,占61.2％;肠外与肠内营养的应用例数比为68∶3 （23∶1）;能量摄入为（56.78±8.20） kJ/（kg·d）,氮摄入为（0.06±0.01） g/（kg·d）.55例无营养风险患者中,5例接受了营养支持（9.1％）.结论 非终末期晚期肿瘤患者营养风险、营养不足的发生率较高,且与肿瘤类型相关.非终末期晚期肿瘤患者的营养支持亦存在不合理之处,以有营养风险患者的营养支持率偏低为主.对于有营养风险的患者,营养支持能否改善其临床结局,是今后需要进行研究的课题.     

上海地区普外科住院患者营养风险筛查和营养支持应用调查

目的调查普通外科住院患者入院时的营养风险及住院期间的营养支持状况,分析营养风险、营养支持与临床结局的关系.方法采用营养风险筛查2002( NRS 2002),选取2009年9月至2010年4月在上海市第六人民医院普通外科的住院患者进行营养风险筛查,并调查患者2周内的营养支持状况,统计并发症发生率、住院时间和住院费用.结果 共有3000例住院患者入选,总营养风险发生率为18.5％,胃肿瘤患者营养风险最高,为48.3％.存在营养风险和无营养风险患者的营养支持率分别为44.1％和14.3％.肠外营养和肠内营养比值为1.2:1.有营养风险的患者并发症发生率、住院时间和总住院费用均高于无营养风险的患者[24.1％比14.2％,(11.1±4.8)d比(9.6±3.7)d,(12 891.5 ±4831.2)元比(9982.7±3996.4)元,P均=0.0000).在有营养风险的胃肿瘤、结直肠肿瘤和肝胆胰肿瘤患者中,应用营养支持患者的并发症发生率、平均住院时间和住院费用明显低于未用营养支持的患者(P均＜0.05).结论普通外科住院患者存在营养风险,其中胃肿瘤患者营养风险较高.营养风险与外科住院患者的临床结局有关.对有营养风险的胃肿瘤、结直肠肿瘤和肝胆胰肿瘤患者,给予营养支持可改善临床结局.     

Role of nutritional care in hospitals in the prevention of disease-related malnutrition

The prevalence of undernutrition is about 30% at admission to hospitals, and in many cases the nutritional risk is not recognized and significantly increases in patients during hospitalisation in Hungary. Undernutrition and acute rapid weight loss of as little as 2-3 kg (cc. 5%) in combination with disease increases the risk of complications, lowers resistance to infection, impairs physical and mental functioning and delays recovery. Undernourished patients are at greater risk for adverse medical outcomes than well-nourished ones. In most hospitals the nutritional risk of patients is not determined and nutritional treatment plan isn't developed; fewer than 10 Nutritional Support Teams are established in hospitals. Nutritional care of ill patients is considered as a part of clinical treatment in very few hospitals in Hungary. There is no adequate recognition of the problem of undernutrition. The simplest and safest way to provide nutritional support is the adequate energy rich oral nutrition. If the oral nutrition fails or is inappropriate then artificial nutritional support becomes necessary. Nutrition is the most cost effective measure to prevent the complications of diseases. To improve the intolerable situation it would be necessary to increase the nutritional knowledge and the awareness of health care teams of the real importance of nutritional status in illnesses, and improve the quality of hospital food and eating conditions and environment.     

Associations of Overall Survival with Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Nutritional assessment is critical in cancer care to maintain quality of life and improve survival. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) may be a practical tool to assess nutritional status and predict survival. This study aimed to examine survival using GNRI in advanced-stage pancreatic cancer (PC). The retrospective analysis used data of patients with stage III or IV PC. Inclusion criteria: age > 18 and hospital admission for at least three days at or following diagnosis between 2014 and 2017. Data collected: demographics, albumin levels, BMI and weight. Days between the first and last admission, median survival and GNRI scores calculated. Patients categorized into groups: any nutritional risk (GNRI ≤ 98) and no nutritional risk (GNRI > 98). 102 patients had a median survival of 87.5 days and mean GNRI of 98.7. Patients surviving longer than 90 days showed higher mean weight (p = 0.0128), albumin (p = 0.0002) and BMI (p = 0.0717) at the first admission. Mean survival days for patients at any nutritional risk were 110 days compared to 310 days for no nutritional risk (p = 0.0002). GNRI score at first admission after diagnosis is associated with survival. It is vital to monitor nutritional status using weight and albumin to promote increased survival from diagnosis.     

围手术期肿瘤患者营养支持疗法的认识和实践

有手术治疗指征的肿瘤患者在手术前应接受营养风险筛查或加营养评定。对于存在营养风险或营养不良（不足）的患者应计划和实施围手术期营养支持疗法（nutrition support therapy）,但无需特殊营养配方。减少术前禁食时间、术前合理营养支持和术后早期喂养是围手术期营养干预和管理的趋优组合策略。由于患者病情复杂多变,在临床实施过程中,实践者不仅应将围手术期营养干预视作一门技术,更宜将之视作一门“艺术”,将指南、病情和临床经验“巧妙剪裁和组合”,促进营养支持疗法改善患者结局的效果。     

Treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic nonmalignant disorders.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is common in connection with chronic disease and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Because the risk of PEM is related to the degree of illness, the causal connections between malnutrition and a poorer prognosis are complex. It cannot automatically be inferred that nutritional support will improve the clinical course of patients with wasting disorders. We reviewed studies of the treatment of PEM in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, stroke, dementia, rehabilitation after hip fracture, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple disorders in the elderly. Several methodologic problems are associated with nutrition treatment studies in chronically ill patients. These problems include no generally accepted definition of PEM, uncertain patient compliance with supplementation, and a wide range of outcome variables. Avail-able treatment studies indicate that dietary supplements, either alone or in combination with hormonal treatment, may have positive effects when given to patients with manifest PEM or to patients at risk of developing PEM. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nutritional treatment may improve respiratory function. Nutritional therapy of elderly women after hip fractures may speed up the rehabilitation process. When administered to elderly patients with multiple disorders, diet therapy may improve functional capacity. The data regarding nutritional treatment of the conditions mentioned above is still inconclusive. There is still a great need for randomized controlled long-term studies of the effects of defined nutritional intervention programs in chronically ill and frail elderly with a focus on determining clinically relevant outcomes.     

内分泌科住院患者营养风险筛查及营养支持应用状况

目的调查内分泌科住院患者营养风险、营养不良（不足）、超重和肥胖发生率及营养支持应用情况。方法采用定点连续抽样,选择2008年9月至12月在北京协和医院内分泌科住院的患者进行营养风险筛查2002（NRS2002）,于患者人院次日早晨实施,并调查患者2周内（或至出院时）的营养支持状况,分析营养风险和营养支持之间的关系。NRS2002≥3分为有营养风险,体重指数（BMI）〈18．5kg／m。并结合患者临床情况判定为营养不足。结果共有152例患者入选并全部完成NRS2002筛查,NRS2002的适用率为100％;营养不足和营养风险的发生率分别为7．9％和27．6％。老年患者（≥60岁）营养风险发生率为36．8％,明显高于中青年患者（18—59岁）的20．2％（P=0．023）。在42例有营养风险的患者中,有9例（21．4％）接受了营养支持;在无营养风险的110例患者中,有12例（10．9％）接受了营养支持。所有患者肠外和肠内营养的应用比例为1：3．2。结论NRS2002适用于内分泌科住院患者的营养筛查。内分泌科有一定量的住院患者存在营养风险或营养不足,营养支持应用仍存在某些不合理性,应推广和应用基于证据的营养支持指南以改善此状况。     

胃肠肿瘤外科患者营养风险及营养支持调查

目的 了解肿瘤专科医院胃肠肿瘤择期手术患者的营养风险及围手术期营养支持情况.方法 采用营养风险筛查2002方法调查我院胃肠外科2010年5至9月新入院胃肠肿瘤择期手术患者的营养风险及围手术期营养支持情况.结果 入院时存在营养风险的患者占43.6％ (85/195),有营养风险的患者术前营养支持率为11.7％ (10/85),术后营养支持率为100％ (85/85).无营养风险的患者术前营养支持率为0,术后营养支持率为84.5％ (93/110).有营养风险与无营养风险的患者术后并发症发生率分别为19.1％ (13/68)和7.1％ (9/127) (P=0.02).结论 胃肠肿瘤择期手术患者营养风险发生率较高,围手术期营养支持不尽合理.入院时存在营养风险的患者术后并发症发生率较高.需要继续推广基于证据的肠外肠内营养指南.     

Nutrition au cours des radiothérapies et chimiothérapiesNutritional support during cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Nutritional support for cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy are strongly requested with regard to the frequent malnutrition at time of diagnosis. Furthermore, the malnutrition often progresses with adverse effects of therapy and disease progression. Nutritional screening and assessment are essential. Dietetic care is mandatory for patients with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition when they are still able to eat. But this oral nutritional support is frequently unable to maintain sufficient nutritional intakes with regard to tumour effect or treatment toxicity. Enteral or parenteral nutrition must be provided to patients unable to absorb adequate quantity of nutrients for a prolonged period. The primary goal is to avoid, especially for malnourished patients, further nutritional degradation which can lead to treatment interruptions, complications or increased risk of death. Routine administration of artificial nutrition has been tested during radiotherapy and chemotherapy but results are conflicting and data are missing for severely malnourished patients. No benefits in terms of treatment toxicity, tumour response, risk of complications and finally mortality have been demonstrated for routine use of artificial nutrition. Most decisions for indication of nutritional support, route of administration and quality of artificial nutrition in this field can't rely today on evidence-based medicine. However, artificial nutrition can provide nutrients and hydration necessary to maintain comfort and to improve survival for patients unable to eat sufficient nutrition for a prolonged period.     

Practices in relation to nutritional care and support--report from the Council of Europe

Disease-related undernutrition is significant in European hospitals but is seldom treated. In 1999, the Council of Europe decided to collect information regarding Nutrition programmes in hospitals and for this purpose a network consisting of national experts from 12 of the Partial Agreement member states was established. The aim was to review the current practice in Europe regarding hospital food provision, to highlight deficiencies and to issue recommendations in improve the nutritional care and support of hospitalised patients. The data collection regarding the nutritional care providers and their practices of nutritional care and support showed that the use of nutritional risk screening and assessment, and of nutritional support and counselling was sparse and inconsistent, and that the responsibilities in these contexts were unclear. Besides, the educational level with regard to nutritional care and support was limited at all levels. All patients have the right to expect that their nutritional needs will be fulfilled during a hospitalisation. Optimal supply of food is a prerequisite for an optimal effect of the specific treatment offered to patients. Hence, the responsibilities of staff categories and the hospital management with respect to procuring nutritional care and support should be clearly assigned. Also, a general improvement in the educational level of all staff groups is needed.     

住院病人营养风险筛查及营养支持对临床结局影响的研究

目的:应用欧洲营养筛查方法(NRS 2002)分析住院病人营养风险,并探讨营养支持的效果和合理性。方法:选取694例住院病人采用NRS 2002进行营养风险调查,依据病人是否接受营养支持和营养支持的类型,分析营养支持对病人临床结局的影响。结果:在694例住院病人中,营养不良率和营养风险发生率分别为为14.0%和27.5%。有营养风险的病人并发症的发生率显著高于无营养风险的病人(P0.01)。有营养问题的病人中接受营养支持者占总支持人数的81.7%,而无营养风险的病人中接受营养支持者占总支持人数的18.3%。在营养风险病人中,给予营养支持者并发症的发生率明显减少,缩短了住院时间。在营养风险病人中,肠内营养(EN)病人并发症的发生率也明显低于接受肠外营养(PN)者。结论:采用NRS 2002对住院病人营养风险和营养支持率的调查,可有效地鉴别住院病人的营养风险,并为营养支持提供依据。     

Parenteral nutrition in cancer therapy: a useful adjunct?

The value of nutritional support during cancer therapy continues to be debated. Data from studies concerned with nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished cancer patients suggest that in certain patient subgroups, total parenteral nutrition may improve tolerance to and increase efficacy of anti-neoplastic treatment modalities. In contrast, other investigators have questioned whether nutritional support of cancer patients may actually benefit the tumor at the expense of the host. Animal tumor model studies indicate that further research is warranted to ascertain whether human host and tumor tissue differentially utilize nutrient substrates and whether these differences may be used to the advantage of the host.     

Intradialytic nutritional support

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intradialytic nutritional support has been used for more than 30 years both in critically ill patients with acute renal failure and during maintenance hemodialysis. Present knowledge allows better estimation of its metabolic and nutritional efficacy, as well its effect on patient outcome. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent data showed that intradialytic nutritional support is able to counteract these effects of dialysis on protein metabolism and to improve both nitrogen and energy balance. In maintenance hemodialysis patients, the improvement of nutritional status during nutritional support was shown to improve long-term survival. In critically ill patients with acute renal failure, protein sparing is one of the main therapeutic goals. The effect of nutritional support on patient outcome is not demonstrated. Recent data, however, showed that the improvement of nitrogen balance may be associated with a better outcome. SUMMARY: Current information helps to better assess the effects of intradialytic nutritional support, to clarify the nutritional management of renal failure patients and to provide recommendations. Future research should focus on the possible means to improve the efficacy of nutritional support, either by modifying its components of by associating anabolic or anticatabolic agents.     

石家庄市中小医院住院患者营养风险筛查及营养支持应用现状

目的调查1所中等医院的普通外科、胸外科、消化内科、神经内科、肾内科、呼吸内科6个科室的住院患者和1所县级医院的内、外科住院患者营养风险发生率、实际应用营养支持率,为住院患者合理应用营养支持提供参考依据。方法采用营养风险筛查2002评分方法对住院患者进行营养风险筛查评估以及营养支持应用现状调查。结果中等医院6个科室住院患者的营养风险发生率为25％,其中呼吸内科营养风险发生率最高,为31％,其次为神经内科29％,以后依次为’肾内科27％、胸外科23％、消化内科22％、普通外科18％,有营养风险的患者中24％进行了营养支持,无营养风险患者中9％进行了营养支持。小医院营养风险发生率为18％,其中内科29％、外科7％,有营养风险患者使用营养支持占24％,无营养风险患者中4％进行了营养支持。结论石家庄市中小医院住院患者存在一定数量的营养风险和营养不良（不足）,肠外和肠内营养存在不合理性,今后在中小医院进一步推广基于循证医学的肠外肠内营养指南和应用规范尤为重要。     

石家庄市中小医院住院患者营养风险筛查及营养支持应用现状

目的 调查1所中等医院的普通外科、胸外科、消化内科、神经内科、肾内科、呼吸内科6个科室的住院患者和1所县级医院的内、外科住院患者营养风险发生率、实际应用营养支持率,为住院患者合理应用营养支持提供参考依据.方法 采用营养风险筛查2002评分方法对住院患者进行营养风险筛查评估以及营养支持应用现状调查.结果 中等医院6个科室住院患者的营养风险发生率为25%,其中呼吸内科营养风险发生率最高,为31%,其次为神经内科29%,以后依次为肾内科27%、胸外科23%、消化内科22%、普通外科18%,有营养风险的患者中24%进行了营养支持,无营养风险患者中9%进行了营养支持.小医院营养风险发生率为18%,其中内科29%、外科7%,有营养风险患者使用营养支持占24%,无营养风险患者中4%进行了营养支持.结论 石家庄市中小医院住院患者存在一定数量的营养风险和营养不良(不足),肠外和肠内营养存在不合理性,今后在中小医院进一步推广基于循证医学的肠外肠内营养指南和应用规范尤为重要.     

A Review of Nutrition Support Guidelines for Individuals with or Recovering from COVID-19 in the Community

COVID-19 negatively impacts nutritional status and as such identification of nutritional risk and consideration of the need for nutrition support should be fundamental in this patient group. In recent months, clinical nutrition professional organisations across the world have published nutrition support recommendations for health care professionals. This review summarises key themes of those publications linked to nutrition support of adults with or recovering from COVID-19 outside of hospital. Using our search criteria, 15 publications were identified from electronic databases and websites of clinical nutrition professional organisations, worldwide up to 19th June 2020. The key themes across these publications included the importance in the community setting of: (i) screening for malnutrition, which can be achieved by remote consultation; (ii) care plans with appropriate nutrition support, which may include food based strategies, oral nutritional supplements and referral to a dietitian; (iii) continuity of nutritional care between settings including rapid communication at discharge of malnutrition risk and requirements for ongoing nutrition support. These themes, and indeed the importance of nutritional care, are fundamental and should be integrated into pathways for the rehabilitation of patients recovering from COVID-19.