Intestinal obstruction with feces (meconium ileus equivalent) in the course of mucoviscidosis. Radiographic diagnosis (author's transl]

Meconium ileus equivalent is a late intestinal occlusion occurring in patients suffering from mucoviscidosis. Three cases are reported in children aged, respectively, 3 years, 6 years and 10 years. In one of the observations (three year old girl), the intestinal obstruction with feces was first manifestation of a mucoviscidosis that was previously undetected. The radiological signs are identical to those found in cases of neonatal meconium ileus: intestinal obstruction and accumulation of closely spaced matter in a distended ileum (terminal part). As in cases of meconium ileus without complications, treatment consisted of enemas with water-soluble products. The high osmotic pressure of these products made it possible to remove the obstruction.     

The clinical significance of increased echogenicity in the fetal abdomen

Seven cases of increased echogenicity in the fetal abdomen detected on prenatal sonography were reviewed for findings and causes. In four cases, the findings corresponded to calcification secondary to meconium peritonitis, infection, or unknown cause. One infant with meconium ileus had inspissated but noncalcified meconium corresponding to the increased echoes. In two cases, follow-up prenatal sonography was normal, and the neonate was also normal. Eight cases from the literature with increased echogenicity in the fetal abdomen were also reviewed: Two cases were secondary to meconium ileus, and six were caused by meconium peritonitis. Increased abdominal echogenicity on prenatal sonography may result from various processes that may affect obstetric and neonatal management.     

Gastrointestinal Emergency in Neonates and Infants: A Pictorial Essay

Gastrointestinal (GI) emergencies in neonates and infants encompass from the beginning to the end of the GI tract. Both congenital and acquired conditions can cause various GI emergencies in neonates and infants. Given the overlapping or nonspecific clinical findings of many different neonatal and infantile GI emergencies and the unique characteristics of this age group, appropriate imaging is key to accurate and timely diagnosis while avoiding unnecessary radiation hazard and medical costs. In this paper, we discuss the radiological findings of essential neonatal and infantile GI emergencies, including esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, duodenal atresia, malrotation, midgut volvulus for upper GI emergencies, and jejunoileal atresia, meconium ileus, meconium plug syndrome, meconium peritonitis, Hirschsprung disease, anorectal malformation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intussusception for lower GI emergencies.     

Intraluminal calcifications in the small bowel of newborn infants with total colonic aganglionosis

Intraluminal calcifications were found in the small bowel of 4 newborns with total colonic aganglionosis. Abdominal radiography demonstrated circular aggregations of small punctate calcific densities in the right lower quadrant and evidence of bowel obstruction. There was a microcolon in each case. The calcifications, which resemble those seen in small intestinal atresia and stenosis, are probably related to fetal intestinal stasis, and may be differentiated from those due to meconium peritonitis.     

先天性肠闭锁的影像学诊断

目的:探讨X线平片、消化道造影及CT检查对先天性肠闭锁的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析40例经手术病理证实的先天性肠闭锁患者的影像学资料。40例均行腹部立位和正侧位摄片,其中8例同时行上消化道碘水造影,26例行碘水灌肠造影,3例行CT平扫和增强检查。结果:主要X线表现:高位小肠梗阻10例,低位小肠或结肠梗阻30例;腹腔内胎粪钙化5例,包裹性气腹2例,风兜征8例,胎儿型结肠24例,结肠宽径接近正常2例。主要CT表现:十二指肠闭锁处呈截断状3例。结论:X线平片对先天性肠闭锁的诊断及确定闭锁部位有重要价值,消化道碘水造影是确诊本病的重要依据,CT可作为补充检查手段。     

Congenital anomalies of the small intestine, colon, and rectum.

Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract are a significant cause of morbidity in children and, less frequently, in adults. These abnormalities include developmental obstructive defects of the small intestine, anomalies of the colon, anomalies of rotation and fixation, anorectal anomalies, and intestinal duplications. Neonates with complete high intestinal obstruction do not usually require further radiologic evaluation following radiography, whereas those with complete low obstruction should undergo a contrast material enema examination. An upper gastrointestinal series must be performed in all patients with incomplete intestinal obstruction because management is different in each case. In low intestinal obstruction, ultrasonography (US) may help differentiate between small bowel obstruction and colonic obstruction. In addition, US can help correctly identify meconium ileus and meconium peritonitis and is useful in the diagnosis of enteric duplication cysts. In malrotation and anorectal anomalies, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can provide superb anatomic detail and added diagnostic specificity. Intestinal duplications manifest as an abdominal mass at radiography, contrast enema examination, or US. At CT, most duplications manifest as smoothly rounded, fluid-filled cysts or tubular structures with thin, slightly enhancing walls. At MR imaging, the intracystic fluid has heterogeneous signal intensity on T1-weighted images and homogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Familiarity with these gastrointestinal abnormalities is essential for correct diagnosis and appropriate management.     

Neonatal gastrointestinal masses arising late in gestation

Gastrointestinal masses arising late in gestation form a small but important subgroup of neonatal abdominal masses. Thirteen infants were seen in the first day of life with abdominal distension or a mass. They had radiographic evidence of a mass and intestinal obstruction, and had masses containing meconium, liquid, or necrotic bowel in association with peritonitis. Results indicated a varied etiology. Six cases seemed to belong to one of three previously described entities: volvulus with pseudocyst formation, cystic meconium peritonitis, or segmental dilatation of the bowel. The other seven had features common to two or more of these entities.     

Microcolon of prematurity: a form of functional obstruction

Six premature infants (birth weights 920-1320 g) developed marked abdominal distension after birth, and contrast enema examination showed a microcolon. Four of the six were born to mothers with toxemia who received magnesium sulfate. Bilious emesis was absent in all six, despite marked distension and failure to pass meconium. None of the patients had aganglionosis or cystic fibrosis; five of six were followed without surgery and recovered spontaneously. The sixth had perforation 8 hr after contrast enema and required bowel diversion; this infant also survived. This appears to be an equivalent form in small premature infants of the "small-left-colon syndrome" seen in term infants. Surgery should be reserved for complications; it is not necessarily indicated by the finding of a microcolon in such patients.     

新生儿腹胀28例物理疗法的疗效分析

目的　探讨新生儿腹胀的早期治疗。方法　对 2 8例腹胀的新生儿进行禁食、艾灸脐部、手法按摩腹部、开塞露塞肛等物理方法进行治疗。结果　 2 8例新生儿腹胀均获得了缓解。结论　新生儿腹胀及早禁食 ,并以艾灸、按摩的物理方法直接改善肠道微循环 ,促进肠蠕动 ,方法简便、有效 ,基本无毒副作用     

单次激发快速自旋回波序列MR检查在胎儿先天性肠道闭锁中的应用

目的探讨单次激发快速自旋回波序列(SSFSE)在胎儿MR检查先天性肠道闭锁的应用价值。资料与方法对8例孕20周以上超声提示存在先天性肠道闭锁的胎儿行MR检查。采用SSFSE,选择胎儿头颅、躯干的常规体位,并重点行胎儿躯干横断位、冠状位、矢状位扫描,将产前MRI表现与引产后尸体解剖结果相对照。结果8例先天性肠闭锁,引产后尸检证实闭锁部位分别为空肠近段5例和回肠中段3例,后者同时合并胎儿腹腔积液,SSFSE上见扩张肠管以高信号为主;其中2例肠闭锁并发先天性肛门闭锁,SSFSE上扩张肠管内可见低信号胎粪;1例肠闭锁并发先天性食管闭锁,SSFSE上可见食管中段闭锁处高信号;1例肠闭锁并发膈疝,SSFSE冠状位上疝入物为部分肠管,可见左侧胸腔内少许散在高信号。结论 SSFSE MR检查能清楚显示胎儿先天性肠道闭锁,具有一定的临床诊断价值。     

先天性小肠狭窄及肠闭锁的X线检查与诊断

目的 探讨先天性小肠狭窄及肠闭锁X线检查与诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析15例经手术证实的先天性小肠狭窄及肠闭锁病例,15例均行立位腹部平片检查,其中6例行口服医用硫酸钡检查,9例行口服非离子型含碘对比剂检查.结果 立位腹部平片显示12例高位肠梗阻,3例低位肠梗阻,造影检查显示十二指肠闭锁2例,空肠狭窄7例,空肠闭锁3例,回肠闭锁3例.结论 X线检查先天性小肠狭窄及肠闭锁具有重要价值.     

Nekrotisierende Enterokolitis (NEC) beim Neugeborenen

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of the premature neonate that requires early therapy, sometimes even surgery and therefore early diagnosis. In general, plain radiography of the abdomen and sonography are valuable imaging techniques for diagnosis of NEC. COURSE OF NEC: The disease starts with distension of small bowel loops. Furthermore the children develop pneumatosis in the bowel wall, which is a nonspecific pattern. If the NEC persists, the air passes into the portal vein system, causing a pneumoportogram. Finally, the disease can lead to perforation. In doubtful cases, the plain radiogram must be repeated within a period of 6 h. With sonography distension of the bowel, thickening of and pneumatosis in the bowel wall, the pneumoportogram and free intraperitoneal fluid can be easily depicted. The most common complications of NEC are intestinal stenosis and strictures that can lead to ileus. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Focal perforation of ileum, volvulus and Hirschsprung's disease are some of the differential diagnoses.     

Plain radiographic examination and abdominal echography in intestinal occlusion syndrome. Preliminary note

Plain film of the abdomen is widely used in the diagnostic evaluation of intestinal occlusion. Even though this technique can yield a panoramic and high-resolution view of gas-filled intestinal loops, several factors, such as type and duration of occlusion, neurovascular status of the intestine and general patient condition, may reduce the diagnostic specificity of the plain film relative to the organic or functional nature of the occlusion. From 1987 to 1989, fifty-four patients with intestinal occlusion were studied combining plain abdominal film with abdominal ultrasound (US). This was done in order to evaluate whether the additional information obtained from US could be of value in better determining the nature of the ileus. US evaluation was guided by the information already obtained from plain film which better demonstrates gas-filled loops. The results show that in all 27 cases of dynamic ileus (intestinal ischemia, acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis or blunt abdominal trauma) US demonstrates: intestinal loops slightly increased in caliber, with liquid content, or loops containing rare hyperechoic particles, intestinal wall thickening and no peristalsis. In 27 cases of acute, chronic or complicated mechanical ileus (adhesions, internal hernia, intestinal neoplasm, peritoneal seedings) US shows: 1) in acute occlusion: hyperperistaltic intestinal loops containing inhomogeneous liquid; 2) in chronic occlusion: liquid content with a solid echogenic component; 3) in complicated occlusion: liquid stasis, frequent increase in wall thickness, moderate peritoneal effusion and inefficient peristalsis. In conclusion, based on the obtained data, the authors feel that the combination of plain abdominal film and abdominal US can be useful in the work-up of patient with intestinal occlusion. The information provided by US allows a better definition of the nature of the ileus.     

肠梗阻导管联合大承气汤治疗恶性肠梗阻的疗效观察

目的：观察肠梗阻导管联合大承气汤对恶性肠梗阻的疗效。方法2011年1月-2013年8月收治的恶性肠梗阻患者75例随机分成3组。各组在禁食水、反复清洁灌肠、抗感染、纠正水电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱、全胃肠外营养常规治疗基础上,对照Ⅰ组25例采用鼻导管治疗,对照Ⅱ组25例采用肠梗阻导管治疗,观察组25例采用大承气汤联合肠梗阻导管治疗。观察治疗3 d 和7 d 后,腹胀、腹痛例数,腹围缩小程度、累计胃肠减压量以及腹胀、腹痛缓解时间、恢复排气时间、气液平面消失时间、临床疗效。结果观察组治疗3 d 及治疗7 d 后,较两个对照组腹痛、腹胀例数均有明显减少（P ﹤0.05）,腹围缩小程度及胃肠累积减压量明显增加（P ﹤0.05）;观察组的腹胀、腹痛缓解时间、排气恢复时间及气液平消失时间均短于两个对照组（P ﹤0.05）;在治愈率及总有效率上,观察组明显高于两个对照组（P ﹤0.05）。治疗7 d 后,对照Ⅱ组的临床症状缓解率及总有效率均好于对照Ⅰ组（P ﹤0.05）。结论恶性肠梗阻患者用肠梗阻导管联合大承气汤后,可使肠道功能及早得到恢复,促进肠蠕动及毒素排出,缩短患者的住院时间,提高其生活质量,值得临床应用。     

胆石性肠梗阻的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对胆石性肠梗阻的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析8例经手术证实的胆石性肠梗阻患者的CT检查资料。所有病例均有胆囊结石、胆囊炎病史1～10年,并经B超和临床证实,其中5例有明确胆囊炎反复发作病史。发病时患者出现持续性中上腹痛,腹胀,恶心,呕吐,3例患者出现停止肛门排气排便典型肠梗阻症状,5例患者表现为不全性肠梗阻症状。结果所有病例CT图像上均可见胆囊窝结构紊乱,邻近胃窦或十二指肠降段壁增厚,胆囊空虚,胆囊及肝内胆管积气。1例胆石位于十二指肠降段;4例结石位于空肠段,其中2例结石位于屈氏韧带处;另3例结石位于回肠末段。结石呈圆形或椭圆形,直径2．7～5．0cm,梗阻以上肠管扩张,积气积液明显,可见液平面。3例完全性梗阻病例梗阻以下肠管空虚,5例不全梗阻病例梗阻以下肠管内仍可见少量气体及液体,结肠内可见粪便气体混合影。8例均在术前经CT得到正确诊断,准确率为100％。结论CT对胆石性肠梗阻的诊断准确性高。凡65岁以上老年人出现间歇性不完全性机械性肠梗阻,特别是既往有胆道病史而无腹部手术史者,应考虑胆石性肠梗阻的可能,应行CT检查明确诊断。     

原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT表现特点。方法搜集经手术病理证实的原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤27例,对其CT表现作回顾性分析。结果小肠13例:浸润型11例,肿块型2例,病灶段肠腔呈"动脉瘤样扩张"6例,肠套叠1例,肠梗阻1例。回盲部3例:浸润型2例,肿块型1例,病灶段肠腔呈动脉瘤样扩张2例,肠套叠1例。结肠11例:浸润型5例,肿块型6例,病变段肠腔呈"动脉瘤样扩张"3例,肠套叠4例,继发肠梗阻1例。增强扫描25例,其中病灶全层轻度到中度均匀强化24例,仅粘膜下层强化1例。结论原发性肠道淋巴瘤CT表现具有一定特点,有助于诊断与鉴别诊断。     

Intestinal emergencies in newborns

Summary Imaging plays a major role in most neonatal gastrointestinal emergencies. The role may vary from helping to establish a diagnosis, to the evaluation of associated abnormalities, to surgical planning, or to therapy for some conditions like meconium ileus or meconium plug syndrome. Plain radiographs and ultrasound serve a primary imaging modalities with bowel contrast examinations, CT scan, and MR imaging playing roles in more complex cases. Eingegangen am 30. Dezember 1996 Angenommen am 15. M?rz 1997     

超声诊断胎儿先天性消化道异常及腹壁缺损的价值

目的　评价超声诊断胎儿先天性消化道异常及腹壁缺损的价值。方法　对美国加州一产前诊断中心 5年中超声发现的13 6例消化道异常及 41例腹壁缺损的孕妇检查结果进行声像图特点分析。结果　发现 13 6例消化道异常中 ,食管闭锁 9例 ,十二指肠闭锁 19例 ,空肠闭锁 12例 ,强回声小肠 68例 ,胎粪性腹膜炎 19例 ,膈疝 9例。 41例腹壁缺损中 ,腹裂 11例 ,脐疝 18例 ,羊膜带综合征 12例 ,各类型有其特异声像图表现 ,其特征与其胚胎发育过程异常相关。结论　超声能准确地发现各种畸形 ,在诊断胎儿先天性消化道异常及腹壁缺损中有重要价值     

Roentgen diagnosis of colorectal endometriosis

Preoperative diagnosis of symptomatic colorectal endometriosis is often difficult. Hence, the x-ray findings of eight woman patients with confirmed affection of the colon with endometriosis foci were evaluated together with the clinical, surgical and histological findings. In 50% of the cases rectal haemorrhages were the most frequently occurring sign. In three-quarters of the cases the colon sigmoideum was involved. Radiologically it was possible to prove in 37.5% each of the cases that there was a polypoid lesion and an irregular concentric stenosis of the intestinal lumen. In 25% of the cases we found a complete stenosis of the intestinal lumen combined with ileus. X-ray sign pattern of colorectal endometriosis, however, is not pathognomonic.     

经鼻型肠梗阻导管在小肠梗阻诊疗中的应用效果分析

目的：探讨经鼻型肠梗阻导管小肠减压与高选择性小肠造影在肠梗阻诊断及治疗中的应用价值。 方法：选取我院2012年2月—2014年10月收治的36例小肠梗阻患者,均在胃镜辅助下先行经鼻型肠梗阻导管置入减压,减压后通过肠梗阻导管进行高选择性小肠造影,动态多角度观察肠管的形态、运动及梗阻局部情况,对小肠梗阻的部位、范围、性质做出影像学诊断,并结合手术及病理结果和治疗效果进行分析。 结果：36例患者全部置管、造影成功。14例经非手术治疗治愈,22例经手术治疗治愈。本组病例术前影像诊断与临床最终诊断符合率为94.4%（34/36）。术前15例影像诊断粘连性肠梗阻,经非手术治疗痊愈13例,2例非手术治疗无效中转手术,非手术治疗梗阻解除率为86.6%（13/15）。8例影像诊断肿瘤性肠梗阻均行手术治疗,7例符合诊断,1例误诊为肠结核。5例影像诊断小肠内疝性肠梗阻均行手术治疗,4例符合诊断,1例误诊为肠粘连。4例影像诊断小肠结石性肠梗阻,其中3例手术治疗,1例经非手术治疗痊愈。4例影像诊断肠套叠性肠梗阻行手术治疗均符合诊断。 结论：经鼻型肠梗阻导管小肠减压能够迅速减轻肠梗阻症状,减少急诊手术,部分患者可经非手术治疗治愈。需要中转手术者,也可对其梗阻部位、程度及梗阻病因等进行初步判明,使手术更具针对性。经鼻型肠梗阻导管造影对小肠梗阻的定性定位诊断有较高的临床应用价值。