ICU内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的高危因素和耐药分析

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的临床、药敏和危险因素. 方法对ICU内病例进行回顾性分析,21例洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染病例作为观察组,22例非洋葱伯克霍尔德菌病例作为对照组,用SPSS10.0软件统计分析其感染的危险因素. 结果气管插管、气管切开,深静脉置管,使用抗生素≥7 d,使用抗生素≥两种是主要的危险因素.洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有多重耐药性,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高,对丁胺卡那、亚胺培南的耐药率超过60%. 结论减少侵入性操作和广谱抗生素的长期使用,根据药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物,以减少洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的发生.     

重症监护室洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的临床分析

目的 探讨重症监护室(ICU)洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的现状及对策.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月～12月大连医科大学第一临床学院中心ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的临床资料.结果 患者均为院内感染,多合并基础疾病,多伴有其它致病菌检出,抗菌药物体外敏感实验表明细菌耐药性高.易感因素有:高龄(76.2%)、住院时间长(71.4%)、大量应用广谱抗菌药物(100%)和机械通气(100%).结论 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌已成为院内感染中的一种重要病原菌,多药耐药性严重,治疗上可选用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦.     

心内科患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌医院感染危险因素的分析

目的 调查心内科住院患者多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDRPA)的感染现状及医院感染的危险因素,为监测与控制心内科MDRpA感染提供依据.方法 收集心内科2007-2010年分离医院感染的MDRPA,采用Microscan Walk away 96SI全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定并检测药物敏感性,将检测出的MDRP与同时期敏感铜绿假单胞菌作为对照,采用病例对照研究方法,单因素(t检验、x2检验)及多因素logistic回归进行分析.结果 连续收集到医院感染铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)80株,其中,MDRPA 25株,总分离率31.3％;主要标本来源是呼吸道标本,占77.5％;单因素分析发现,曾入住ICU、基础疾病、住院时间、纤维支气管镜灌洗、机械通气时间、分离出MDRPA前＜14 d使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物与MDRP感染有关;多因素logistic回归分析确定了3项独立危险因素;曾入住ICU、机械通气、分离出MDRP前＜14 d用过碳青霉烯类抗菌药物.结论 曾入住ICU、机械通气以及碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的使用,是心内科住院患者MDRPA感染的危险因素;重视无菌技术操作,控制机械性通气的使用,改善住院病室条件是预防心内科MDRPA的重要措施.     

ICU铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染的临床分析

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)铜绿假单胞菌感染的临床表现、易感因素及耐药监测。方法回顾性分析2008年1～12月某院中心ICU连续分离的66株铜绿假单胞菌感染的临床资料。结果患者均为医院感染,多伴有洋葱伯克霍尔德菌等其他致病菌检出;抗菌药物体外敏感试验敏感率50.0%的仅有阿米卡星、环丙沙星和头孢他啶;易感因素有:高龄48例(72.3%),多次静脉穿刺66例(100.0%),合并基础疾病58例(87.9%),应用广谱抗菌药物41例(62.1%),机械通气66例(100%),一次连续住院时间14 d(100.0%)。结论铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染是医院获得性肺炎最常见的一种,可选择敏感性较高的氨基糖苷类及喹诺酮类、碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药性严重,值得关注。     

ICU分离的166株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药性分析

目的调查某院重症监护室（ICU）洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分离及耐药情况。方法回顾性分析该院ICU 2008 年1月-2009 年12月检出的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌资料。结果调查期间ICU送检的各类标本共分离洋葱伯克霍尔德菌166株,占总检出菌株数的23.82%（166/697）;其中痰和咽拭子分离153株,中段尿9株,血管导管液2株,引流液2 株。药敏结果显示,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对头孢唑林、亚胺培南、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星耐药率高,达98.19%～100.00%;对第三代头孢菌素（头孢他啶）的耐药率较低（11.45%）,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率最低（10.84%）。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在该院ICU分离率较高,对临床常用的抗菌药物有极高的耐药性,临床医生应积极开展病原学检查,注意正确、合理使用抗菌药物。     

ICU医院获得性肺炎多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药的危险因素调查

目的 调查ICU医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药的临床特征,分析头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药的危险因素.方法 对医院2009年1月-2011年1月ICU HAP患者多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌引起的呼吸道感染50例,通过病例对照研究和多因素logistic回归分析ICU患者分离多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药危险因素.结果 单因素分析结果表明,住院时间、纤维支气管镜灌洗、气管切开及机械通气、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂、抗菌药物的应用种类均与多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药显著相关(P＜0.01),logistic多因素回归分析结果表明,使用碳青霉烯类和酶抑制剂抗菌药物、支气管灌洗、机械通气是多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药的独立危险因素.结论 使用碳青霉烯类和酶抑制剂抗菌药物、支气管灌洗、机械通气是ICU HAP患者多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药的主要危险因素.     

ICU患者发生耐碳青霉烯褪色沙雷菌肺炎的相关因素分析

目的探讨重症监护室患者发生耐碳青霉烯褪色沙雷菌肺炎的相关因素,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考依据。方法回顾性调查医院2012年7月-2017年6月重症监护室内耐碳青霉烯类褪色沙雷菌肺炎患者47例,分析其发生的相关因素。结果入住ICU时间、有创机械通气时间、应用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、应用双联抗菌药物、抗菌药物应用≥3联、抗菌药物应用时间≥14d、气管切开、机械通气、纤维支气管镜检查及治疗、有创操作≥3项与耐碳青霉烯褪色沙雷菌肺炎有关(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,应用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、纤维支气管镜检查及治疗、抗菌药物应用≥3联为独立相关因素。结论耐碳青霉烯褪色沙雷菌肺炎与多项相关因素相关;合理应用抗菌药物、科学管理侵袭性操作将有利于减少耐碳青霉烯褪色沙雷菌肺炎的发生。     

医院ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染分布及耐药性分析

目的分析ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌医院感染情况及耐药特点。方法选择2012年1月-2016年12月医院ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染患者318例为研究对象,分析不同年份洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染率、标本来源及对常用抗菌药物的耐药率。结果 2012年-2016年入住ICU患者共6339例,其中318例发生洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染,感染率为5.0%;近5年洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染呈上升趋势,2016年感染率为7.0%,显著高于2012-2015年的3.3%,3.7%,4.3%,4.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2012年-2016年ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌主要以痰液分离为主,占59.12%,显著高于血、腹水、尿、分泌物、脓液等其他标本,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2012年-2016年ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染患者原发病以呼吸系统疾病为主,占33.02%,显著高于恶性肿瘤及其他原发病,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);药物敏感试验显示近年来洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药菌株逐渐增加,耐药率有上升的趋势,其中2016年其对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢替坦、呋喃妥因的耐药率均>90%,对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧芐啶的耐药率最低。结论重症监护室洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染率逐年上升,耐药株也有上升的趋势,临床上应选择敏感药物及时给予治疗。     

急诊ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的分布与耐药分析

目的探讨急诊ICU洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)感染的分布与耐药性。方法选取2013-2017年海南医学院第二附属医院急诊ICU收治的患者为研究对象,统计洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染患者感染部位分布及原发疾病等临床资料,分析洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 2013-2017年医院急诊ICU共收治患者7 553例,305例发生洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染,感染率为4.04%; 5年间,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染率呈现逐渐上升的变化趋势(χ~2=7.363,P<0.001);标本类型以痰液为主,占59.67%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染原发疾病为呼吸系统疾病患者103例占33.77%;5年间,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对于阿米卡星、庆大霉素、氨曲南、头孢曲松、头孢替坦的耐药率均呈现逐渐增高趋势(χ~2=35.089,48.656,8.833,30.513,77.580,P<0.001)。对左氧氟沙星、美罗培南、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率均低于40.00%。结论原发疾病为呼吸系统疾病的患者出现洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的风险较大,标本来源以痰液占比较高,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药性较为严重。     

重症监护室内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的流行病学与药敏特点

目的分析研究洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在重症监护室(ICU)内检出的特点及细菌的耐药性,提高临床医师对感染的预防意识和指导合理选用抗生素。方法对ICU内的86例机械辅助呼吸患者检测洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的回顾性分析。结果所有患者都有严重的基础疾病,检测部位主要分布在呼吸道(77.0%)和血液(12.5%),连续3年观察86例104株菌株,菌株数呈逐年增加。药敏试验结果显示:对复方磺胺甲唑、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(舒普深)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星的敏感性超过50.0%。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在ICU内的耐药现象非常严重,作者强调应防治结合、综合治疗,药物选择方面可选用复方磺胺甲唑、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和环丙沙星等抗菌药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.