健脾化湿颗粒对D-IBS模型大鼠脑-肠轴中CRF和CRFR1的影响

目的:从结肠、海马及下丘脑中促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(corticotropin releasing factor,CRF)和CRF受体1(CRF receptor 1,CRFR1)角度探讨健脾化湿颗粒改善腹泻型肠易激综合征(diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome,D-IBS)模型大鼠结肠运动和内脏敏感性的作用机制.方法:采用番泻叶灌胃结合束缚应激法建立D-I B S大鼠模型,应用健脾化湿颗粒进行干预,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测大鼠结肠中CRF含量,采用免疫组织化学法检测结肠中CRFR1及海马、下丘脑中CRF,CRFR1阳性表达,采用RT-PCR法检测结肠、海马中CRF m RNA和CRFR1 m RNA的表达水平.结果:与正常组相比,模型组结肠中CRF含量(67.1±3.8 vs 36.0±3.0),海马、下丘脑中CRF阳性表达(0.23±0.02 vs 0.09±0.01,0.17±0.02 v s 0.09±0.01)明显升高(P0.01);结肠、海马、下丘脑中C R F R1阳性表达(0.17±0.01 vs 0.03±0.01,0.20±0.02 vs 0.09±0.01,0.19±0.02 vs 0.07±0.01)明显升高(P0.01);结肠、海马中C R F m RNA和CRFR1 m RNA的表达(结肠:0.89±0.04 vs 0.09±0.01,1.09±0.09 vs 0.21±0.04;海马:0.56±0.01 vs 0.15±0.05,1.26±0.14 vs 0.23±0.06)显著升高(P0.01).与模型组相比,各治疗组结肠、海马中C R F(51.0±3.4,54.6±4.1,45.1±4.7,43.3±3.9 vs 67.1±3.8;0.18±0.02,0.19±0.02,0.15±0.02,0.11±0.01 vs 0.23±0.02)显著下降(P0.01),阳性对照组、中、高剂量组下丘脑中CRF(0.15±0.02,0.13±0.01,0.12±0.01 vs 0.17±0.02)下降显著(P0.05,P0.0 1);阳性对照组、中、高剂量组结肠、海马、下丘脑中C R F R1表达(结肠:0.10±0.01,0.08±0.01,0.05±0.01 vs 0.17±0.01;海马:0.16±0.01,0.14±0.02,0.13±0.01 vs 0.20±0.02;下丘脑:0.15±0.02,0.13±0.01,0.11±0.01 vs 0.19±0.02)下降显著(P0.05,P0.01);结肠中CRF m RNA表达(0.63±0.04,0.76±0.06,0.32±0.06,0.13±0.03 v s 0.89±0.04)及中、高剂量组海马中CRF m RNA表达(0.76±0.11,0.67±0.10 v s 1.09±0.09)显著降低(P0.01);阳性对照组、中、高剂量组结肠中C R F R1m RNA表达(0.47±0.03,0.40±0.06,0.24±0.06 vs 0.56±0.01)及中、高剂量组海马中CRFR1 m RNA表达(0.62±0.06,0.60±0.07vs 1.26±0.14)显著降低(P0.05,P0.01).结论:健脾化湿颗粒可能通过下调结肠、海马及下丘脑中CRF、CRFR1表达来改善D-IBS模型大鼠结肠运动和内脏敏感性.     

肠易激综合征脑-肠交互作用模型结肠组织蛋白指纹图谱初探

目的 建立肠易激综合征(IBS)动物模型,利用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术分析结肠组织差异蛋白质表达谱,为探索IBS发病机制提供线索.方法 雄性成年Wistar大鼠14只,随机分为模型组和正常组,每组7只.对模型组大鼠采用慢性轻度不可预见性应激联合急性束缚应激制作IBS慢急性联合应激大鼠模型,以行为学方法 评估模型.以MALDI-TOF-MS技术观察大鼠结肠蛋白质伞景,从整体上探索IBS这一功能性肠病有无差异表达蛋白.结果 (1)一般情况:模型组体重低于正常组[(298.88±18.61)g比(348.00±12.44)g,P<0.01];肠道动力:模型组大鼠制模后1 h的排便颗粒数明显多于正常组[(6.00±1.69)粒/1h比(1.14±0.69)粒1 h,P<0.01];行为检测:模型组与正常组相比,糖水消耗量显著减少[(13.63±1.69)ml/1 h比(19.00±3.06)ml/1 h,P<0.05];内脏敏感性:模型组在各个气囊容量下腹肌收缩次数均明显高于正常组(P<0.05).(2)MALDI-TOF-MS 鉴定结果 :模型组与正常组大鼠结肠组织有12个标志蛋白表达有明显差异,分为4类,分别与肠上皮细胞离子分泌、蛋白质合成、G蛋白系统、免疫有关;12种差异表达蛋白在模型组均高于正常组(P<0.05).结论 慢急性联合应激大鼠可部分模拟人类IBS脑-肠交互作用.差异蛋白质的检测为IBS发病机制及治疗靶点的选择提供了参考依据.     

心理应激对肠易激综合征模型大鼠肠黏膜孤啡肽受体表达的影响

目的检测心理应激对肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)大鼠肠黏膜孤啡肽受体(ORL-1)mRNA和蛋白表达水平,初步探讨心理应激对IBS大鼠的影响。方法 80只SD雌性大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,每组40只,实验组采用束缚应激的方法制作IBS动物模型,并对模型进行鉴定。实验0、1、2、3、4周时两组分别随机取出8只大鼠,在近端结肠(距回盲部2 cm)处取2块黏膜,采用荧光定量PCR法检测ORL-1 mRNA的相对表达量,同时用Western blotting的方法检测ORL-1蛋白,动态观察各组大鼠的表达变化。结果与对照组相比,实验组大鼠ORL-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均升高(P0.05),应激1周时最高,2~4周逐渐下降。实验组与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢性心理应激引起大鼠IBS的发生机制可能与其影响大鼠肠道肠黏膜孤啡肽受体(ORL-1)mRNA及蛋白表达量相关。     

眼针对腹泻型肠易激综合征模型大鼠结肠水通道蛋白3表达的影响

目的:研究眼针对腹泻型肠易激综合征(D-IBS)模型大鼠结肠血管活性肠肽(VIP)和水通道蛋白3(AQP3)表达的影响,探讨眼针对D-IBS模型大鼠结肠水液代谢的调控作用和机制.方法:SPF级Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为对照组、D-IBS模型组和眼针组,每组10只.采用慢性应激结合束缚方法建立D-IBS大鼠模型.采...     

160例腹泻型肠易激综合征患者胃肠动力与临床症状的相关性研究

[目的]研究腹泻型肠易激综合征患者胃肠动力与临床症状的相关性。[方法]以2016-10—2018-08收治的160例腹泻型肠易激综合征患者为对象,依据排便前腹部不适感或疼痛感发生频率分为3个组,43例每日均出现者为A组,73例超过1 d/周出现者为B组,44例2 d/月~1 d/周出现者为C组,均调查其肠道症状评分、心理状态、生活质量及结肠动力学指标,并分析肠道症状评分与心理状态、生活质量及结肠动力学指标的相关性。[结果]肠道症状评分A组为(10.66±1.29)分,B组为(9.51±1.17)分,C组为(8.23±1.09)分,3组间对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两两对比结果发现,C组评分比A、B组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组生活质量评分为(65.33±18.23)分,B组为(71.11±17.67)分,C组为(77.68±16.55)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两两对比结果发现,C组评分比A组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组患者餐后结肠动力学指数为4.73±1.28,B组为3.47±1.11,C组为2.03±0.67,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两两对比结果发现,A组餐后结肠动力学指数比B、C组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹泻型肠易激综合征患者肠道症状评分与生活质量呈负相关(P<0.05),A组患者餐后结肠动力学指数与肠道症状呈正相关(P<0.05)。[结论]腹泻型肠易激综合征患者的肠道症状评分与生活质量及餐后结肠动力学指数存在一定相关性。     

金荞麦提取物对IBS大鼠脊髓镇痛的干预机制

目的:观察金荞麦(Fagopyrumcymosum,Fag)提取物对肠易激综合征(irritablebowelsyndrome,IBS)样结肠刺激(colonirritation,CI)模型内脏高敏感性的改善作用以及对动物脊髓背角内5-HT及其受体的影响.方法:采用结肠刺激新生期乳大鼠来制作IBS样CI模型.CI大鼠成年后给予口服Fag2wk,并用腹壁撤退反射(AWR)评分来评价给药后CI大鼠内脏高敏感性的变化,取大鼠脊髓用免疫组织化学法观察5-HT免疫染色,用蛋白印迹法检测5-HT1A受体(5-HT1AR)、5-HT3A受体(5-HT3AR)表达.结果:和对照组比,CI组大鼠AWR评分明显增高(20mmHg:0.625±0.518vs1.333±0.778;30mmHg:0.750±0.463vs1.667±0.888;40mmHg:1.125±0.641vs2.000±0.739;50mmHg:1.500±0.926vs2.583±0.793;60mmHg:2.125±0.991vs3.083±0.669;均P<0.05);且脊髓内5-HT染色度增加(11.250±4.833vs21.125±7.827,P<0.01),5-HT3A受体表达升高(179.038±29.786,P<0.01),5-HT1A受体则表达降低(64.523±16.873,P<0.01);高剂量Fag可降低CI大鼠AWR评分(20mmHg:0.250±0.002;30mmHg:0.875±0.044;40mmHg:1.250±0.036;50mmHg:1.875±0.050;60mmHg:2.625±0.037;均P<0.05),并下调脊髓内5-HT(13.375±5.579,P<0.05)和5-HT3AR的表达(114.200±20.983,P<0.05),上调5-HT1AR的表达(93.008±13.523,P<0.05);低剂量Fag则对CI大鼠的影响不明显.结论:Fag对IBS样CI大鼠有镇痛作用,并通过调节其脊髓内5-HT及其受体来改善痛觉过敏.     

腹泻型肠易激综合征模型大鼠结肠黏膜下神经丛神经元的改变

目的 检测慢急性联合应激腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS-D)模型大鼠结肠黏膜下神经丛(SMP)神经元总数以及特异性标志物阳性神经元的变化,从肠神经系统(ENS)水平推断神经元改变在肠易激综合征(IBS)发病中的作用.方法 建立慢急性联合应激IBS-D大鼠模型,留取大鼠结肠制作SMP全层铺片标本.应用免疫组织荧光双染法检测SMP中神经元总数以及乙酰胆碱转移酶(CHAT)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元数目和比例,评价IBS-D模型大鼠ENS神经元的改变.结果 IBS-D模型大鼠结肠SMP神经节和神经元总数无明显改变.与对照组相比,IBS-D模型大鼠结肠SMP中VIP阳性神经元比例明显增高(62.2%±6.2%比55.4%±5.4%,P<0.05),NOS阳性神经元比例亦明显增高(15.0%±4.0%比10.5%±2.9%,P<0.05),ChAT阳性神经元比例无明显改变.结论 IBS-D模型大鼠结肠SMP中VIP阳性神经元和NOS阳性神经元比例增高,提示在慢急性联合应激诱发1BS-D时,ENS中SMP神经元的变化可能通过增加肠道分泌而导致或加重腹泻症状.     

全身热应激预处理对大鼠肠缺血—再灌注损伤程度的影响及机制

目的 观察全身热应激预处理对大鼠肠缺血—再灌注损伤(IR)程度的影响及其机制.方法 50只SD大鼠随机分为5组,各10只.A组为正常体温+假手术对照组,B组为正常体温+肠IR组;C组为38.5～39℃热应激+肠IR组,D组为40 ～40.5℃热应激+肠IR组,E组为41.5 ～42℃热应激+肠IR组.自然恢复血液灌注后60 min,取大鼠肠组织行形态学观察,取肠黏膜组织用Western blot法检测肠黏膜热休克蛋白(HSP) 72表达,用原位末端缺口标记法(TUNEL)检测大鼠肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡情况,用比色法检测肠黏膜Caspase-3活性.结果 光镜下观察B组见有固有层破坏,出血;C组损伤程度比B组轻,见部分绒毛顶端破损;D、E组肠黏膜损伤程度更轻,仅出现绒毛顶端上皮下间隙增大或绒毛轻度水肿.肠黏膜HSP72水平A、B、C、D、E组分别为0.40±0.09、0.26 ±0.09、1.08±0.11、1.39±0.23、2.72±0.88.C、D、E组肠黏膜组织HSP72蛋白水平明显高于A、B组(P均＜0.05);E组肠黏膜组织HSP72蛋白水平明显高于C、D组(P均＜0.05).A、B、C、D、E组大鼠肠黏膜组织细胞凋亡率分别为4.60％±1.12％、35.53％±3.40％、21.10％±3.11％、7.50％±1.88％、6.60％±1.83％.肠黏膜细胞凋亡率D、E组比B组降低(P均＜0.05).A、B、C、D、E组大鼠肠黏膜组织Caspase-3活性分别为1.22±0.14、2.72±0.55、1.33±0.24、1.41±0.30、1.16±0.30,C、D、E组大鼠肠黏膜组织Caspase-3活性与B组相比明显降低(P均＜0.05).结论 全身热应激预处理对肠IR有保护作用,以40、42℃热应激预处理保护作用较强,其机制与HSP72的表达水平有关.     

肠康方对肠易激综合征内脏高敏感模型大鼠脑肠轴中5-羟色胺转运体的作用

目的:探讨肠康方对肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)内脏高敏感模型大鼠脑-肠轴中5-羟色胺转运体(serotonin transporter,SERT)的作用.方法:将72只SD幼♂大鼠随机分为空白对照组和造模组.采用AL-Chaer方法造模,将成功造模后的大鼠随机分为模型组、阳性药物对照组、肠康方高剂量组、中剂量组及低剂量组.第70天取脑、肠组织制作标本,应用免疫组织化学技术检测SERT的表达.结果:IBS内脏高敏感模型大鼠具有肠黏膜与脑组织SERT的低表达(0.16±0.05,P<0.05;0.10±0.04,P<0.001);肠康方高剂量治疗后肠黏膜(0.41±0.11,P<0.001)与脑组织(0.19±0.05,P<0.001)中SERT表达水平显著增高;肠康方中剂量治疗后肠黏膜(0.36±0.10,P<0.001)与脑组织(0.14±0.03,P<0.05)SERT表达水平也显著增高.结论:肠康方可调控IBS内脏高敏感模型大鼠脑-肠轴中SERT表达来治疗IBS.     

锌在精神应激致肠易激综合征发生、发展过程中的影响

目的检测锌及相关调节因子在精神应激致肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)发生、发展过程中的变化,初步探讨海马锌对精神应激致IBS发生、发展过程的影响。方法60只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组和慢性避水应激组,每组30只,慢性避水应激组采用慢性避水应激的方法制作IBS动物模型。造模结束后采用腹部收缩反射对大鼠内脏敏感性进行半定量评分;采用荧光定量RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马内5-HT、CREB、BDNF及PKA mRNA的相对表达量,同时用ELISA方法检测各组大鼠海马5-HT、CREB、BDNF及PKA蛋白水平,动态观察各组大鼠的表达变化。结果与正常对照组相比,慢性避水应激组大鼠海马锌离子含量及血清锌离子含量下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同时慢性避水应激组大鼠5-HT、CREB、BDNF、PKA mRNA及蛋白表达水平均降低,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论慢性精神应激引起大鼠IBS的发生机制可能是海马内锌离子影响5-HT受体,而后通过cAMP-PKA通路,激活CREB的磷酸化,调节下游的BDNF表达,最终造成内脏高敏感引起IBS的发生。     

大鼠泻剂结肠肠壁神经生长因子受体p75的表达及其意义

背景：神经生长因子（NGF）及其受体与肠神经系统关系密切，演剂结肠有肠壁神经丛损害，但NGF受体p75在泻剂结肠中的表达和作用尚不明确。目的：研究NGF受体p75在正常大鼠和泻剂结肠大鼠中的表达及其在泻剂结肠形成中的意义。方法：采用大黄和酚酞建立泻剂结肠大鼠模型，以墨汁推进试验测定其传输功能：采用免疫组化法对正常大鼠和泻剂结肠大鼠的结肠肠壁进行p75检测。观察其在肠壁中的分布和表达情况。结果：与对照组相比，模型组肠道传输功能明显减慢，大黄组和酚酞组黑染肠管长度和百分比（黑染肠管长度／肠管总长度）均较对照组显著减低（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。p75存正常大鼠结肠黏膜下神经丛中呈阳性表达，在肌间神经丛中多呈弱阳性表达。大黄组中p75表达明显增强，黏膜下神经丛亦呈强阳性表达，与对照组相比有显著差异（P〈0．01）；肌间神经从中多呈阳性表达（P〈0．05）。酚酞组黏膜下神经丛呈阳性表达，肌间神绎丛3只呈阳性表达，余表现为弱阳性或阴性，与对照组相比无明显差异。结论：p75在泻剂结肠中的异常表达可能参与肠神经丛冲经元细胞的退化变性或凋亡．从而引起泻剂结肠的肠神经系统病理变化，进一步导致结肠动力异常。这种损害与长期应用刺激性泻剂有关。     

肠道嗜铬细胞数量和5-羟色胺受体3表达在大鼠衰老过程中的变化及意义

目的 检测不同鼠龄SD大鼠肠道推进率、肠道黏膜嗜铬细胞数量和肠肌间神经丛5-羟色胺受体3(5-HT3R)的表达,探讨生理性衰老过程中肠道运动功能变化的规律及其机制. 方法 80只健康SD大鼠分为3月龄、9月龄、18月龄、24月龄及30月龄5组,每组各16只.以印度墨汁为标记物,检测大鼠的肠道推进率;采用免疫组化链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(SABC)法染色,检测大鼠空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜及黏膜下嗜铬细胞的数量以及肠肌间神经丛5-HT3R的表达.结果肠道推进率30月龄组大鼠为(52.1±9.8)%,明显低于3月龄组(67.2±13.5)%(t=7.013,P=0.001);30月龄组大鼠空肠、回肠及结肠黏膜和黏膜下嗜铬细胞数量分别为(11.1±3.0)个、(10.6±1.9)个和(10.2±4.3)个,较3月龄组(22.9±6.2)个、(25.8±7.1)个和(23.0±5.7)个减少(t=3.640,t=3.384,t=4.154,均为P<0.01);大鼠空肠和结肠的5-HT3R表达30月龄组分别为4.8±1.4和9.3±4.2,较9月龄组的8.9±1.5和14.5±5.3减少(t=3.464,t=3.003,均为P<0.01),回肠5-HT3R 30月龄组和3月龄组分别为5.0±1.3和9.0±1.7(t=4.549,P<0.001). 结论 老年大鼠肠道推进率、肠道嗜铬细胞数量及肠肌间神经丛5-HT3R表达均显著降低,并随年龄增长而逐渐明显;老年大鼠肠道运动功能的明显下降与肠嗜铬细胞数量以及肌间神经丛5-HT3R的表达显著降低有一定的相关性.     

Expression and significance of nerve growth factor receptor p75 in rats’ cathartic colonic wall

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of nerve growth factor receptor p75 in a normal and cathartic colon and its significance in the formation of the cathartic colon in rats. METHODS: Sixty Sprague–Dawley rats were equally divided into normal control group, rhubarb group and phenolphthalein group. A model of the cathartic colon was constructed by gastric infusion with rhubarb or phenolphthalein in rats. The first dose of rhubarb and phenolphthalein was both 200 mg/kg/d and was increased by 200 mg/kg/d with each passing day. The last dose of rhubarb and phenolphthalein was 3200 mg/kg/d and 4200 mg/kg/d, respectively. The transit function of colon was measured by the Chinese ink expulsion test; the p75 in colon wall was determined by the immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: The transit speed was much slower in the cathartic colon group than that in the control group. The imprinted Chinese ink length and the ratio of imprinted length/total colon length in the rhubarb‐induced cathartic colon was significantly shorter than that of the control group (77.38 ± 8.42 vs 94.25 ± 7.07 cm, P < 0.01). Those in the phenolphthalein‐induced group (83.38 ± 9.75 cm) were also significantly shorter than those of the control group but to a lesser degree (P < 0.05). p75 was abundantly expressed in the submucosal nerve plexus and weakly expressed in the myenteric plexus. The expression of p75 was much higher in the rhubarb‐induced group. The expression was strongly positive in the submucosal nerve plexus, significantly higher than that in the controls (P < 0.01). In the myenteric plexus, p75 was also highly expressed (P < 0.05). In the case of the phenolphthalein‐induced group, the expression of p75 was positive in the submucosal nerve plexus but was positive in the myenteric plexus of three rats only. The remaining rats were negative or weakly positive. This was not significantly different from that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal expression of p75 in cathartic colon probably has some effect on the degeneration or apoptosis of neuronal cells in the enteric nerve plexus, with a subsequent pathological change of the enteric nervous system, and thus leads to abnormalities in colonic dynamics. The kind of lesion is probably associated with long‐term use of irritative cathartics.     

应激对大鼠结肠神经系统nNOS表达的影响

目的:探讨应激对大鼠结肠神经系统nNOS表达的影响. 方法:SD大鼠30只随机分为对照组,应激组和L-NAME 组,采用水浸-束缚应激(WRS)动物模型,用免疫组织化学ABC法检测nNOS在大鼠结肠黏膜下神经丛和肌间神经丛的表达,应用计算机图像分析系统对其表达进行定量分析．结果:与对照组比较,应激组黏膜下神经丛和肌间神经丛的nNOS阳性神经元的灰度值明显减少(P=0．02或P =0．005),阳性神经元细胞数的平均密度增加(P=0．04 或P=0．01),表达增强,且在黏膜上皮细胞、固有层淋巴细胞也有nNOS表达．L-NAME组黏膜下神经丛和肌间神经丛的nNOS阳性神经元的灰度值较应激组增加 (P=0．04),平均密度下降(P=0．04或P=0．03),表达减弱,而与对照组比较均无明显差异(P>0．05)．结论:应激可引起大鼠结肠神经系统nNOS表达增强, 提示一氧化氮(NO)在应激所致的结肠功能失调中可能起重要作用．     

IL-4、IL-13在慢性综合应激模型大鼠Cajal细胞损伤中的作用

目的观察慢性综合应激模型大鼠中IL-4及IL-13的表达变化,并初步探讨其在Cajal细胞(Interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)损伤中的作用。方法健康成年SD雄性大鼠20只,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只,实验组大鼠制备慢性综合应激模型,旷场实验鉴定造模成功后,采用ELISA法测定血清IL-4、IL-13的浓度,免疫荧光法观察肠道肌间神经丛TMEM16A的表达与分布。结果模型组和对照组大鼠血清IL-4浓度分别为(8.09±0.97)pg/mL和(6.98±0.69)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(t=3.363,P<0.01),血清IL-13浓度分别为(5.96±0.67)pg/mL和(5.26±0.73)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(t=2.322,P<0.05);荧光显微镜下观察肠道平滑肌间神经丛TMEM16A有阳性表达,模型组在不同节段肠道肌间神经丛为阳性表达的细胞减少且分布稀疏。结论慢性综合应激时,IL-4、IL-13等Th2免疫应答相关炎性因子产生增加,其可能通过调控TMEM16A表达参与了ICC的损伤。     

Previous inflammation alters the response of the rat colon to stress

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with a higher than expected prevalence. Stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of IBS. Thus, previous inflammation may predispose to IBS by rendering the bowel more susceptible to the impact of stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of previous colitis on stress-induced responses in rats. METHODS: Acute colitis was induced in rats by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and the rats were allowed to recover for 6 weeks before application of mild restraint stress for 3 consecutive days. In vitro measurements included myeloperoxidase activity, plasma corticosterone levels, interleukin 1 beta messenger RNA expression, and [3H]noradrenaline release from the myenteric plexus. RESULTS: Six weeks after administration of TNBS, stress caused a significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity in TNBS-treated rats but not in stressed controls; plasma corticosterone responses were similar. Stress also caused an exaggerated and significant suppression of [3H]noradrenaline release in TNBS-treated stressed rats compared with stressed controls. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in interleukin 1 beta messenger RNA expression in the colon. CONCLUSIONS: Previous colitis rendered the colon more susceptible to effects of stress on enteric nerve function and also increased some parameters of inflammation in response to stress. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1509-15)     

突触在胃起搏调控胃慢波活动中的作用

目的研究胃窦肌间神经丛中突触素（synaptophysin,Syn）分布及其mRNA和蛋白的表达,探讨突触素在胃起搏机制中的作用。方法通过手术建立Wistar大鼠胃起搏模型（近远端胃各缝制一对电极）,分为起搏组（GES组,n=10）和对照组（n=6）。应用免疫组化染色观察GES组和对照组胃窦间神经丛中突触素分布,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western blot分别检测GES和对照组胃窦肌间神经丛中Syn mRNA和蛋白的表达量,以恒定表达的β-actin作为内参照。分别计算Syn mRNA与β-actinmRNA、Syn蛋白与β-actin蛋白表达积分光密度值的比值（Syn/β-actin）,以反映组织中Syn mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量。结果与对照组相比,GES组肌间神经丛中Syn免疫反应阳性产物分布显著增多（806.421±342.135vs448.3±261.467,P〈0.05;0.019±0.008vs0.010±0.005,P〈0.05）。RT-PCR研究显示GES组Syn mRNA表达显著强于对照组,GES组syn/β-actin比值明显较对照组增加（0.146±0.0 28vs0.082±0.025,P〈0.05）;Western blot研究显示GES组Syn蛋白表达也较对照组明显增强,两组Syn/β-actin比值比较差异有统计学意义（0.502±0.098vs0.298±0.018,P〈0.05）。结论胃起搏后胃肌间神经丛内突触素分布增多,突触素mRNA和蛋白表达量明显增加,表明胃窦肌间神经丛内突触可能在胃起搏中发挥了重要作用。     

Evaluation of myenteric ganglion cells and interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to identify myenteric ganglion cells (MGC) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) from the total colectomy specimen in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who had severe, intractable, long-standing (mean: 14 years) constipation underwent subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. All resected specimens were investigated with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining with anti-neurofilament monoclonal antibody NF(2)F(11) for MGC, and c-kit antibody for ICC. The numbers of MGC and ICC were counted for ascending (AC), descending (DC), and sigmoid colon (SC). We compared these data with those from ten control specimens. RESULTS: The number of MGC was significantly smaller in AC and DC of the constipated group than in the control group. Interestingly, SC contained a similar number of MGC. The two staining methods were equally effective for identifying MGC. The total ICC number in the constipated group was markedly lower in every segment. Most anatomical layers of the colon, including the submucosal border, circular muscle, and longitudinal muscle, revealed a similar tendency. However, in the myenteric plexus area there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: A quantitative decrease in MGC and ICC appears to be implicated in chronic idiopathic constipation.     

Urocortin-dependent effects on adrenal morphology, growth, and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in vivo

Urocortin (UCN) 1, 2, and 3 are members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family that display varying affinities to the CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1 (CRHR1)) and 2 (CRFR2 (CRHR2)). UCNs represent important modulators of stress responses and are involved in the control of anxiety and related disorders. In addition to the CNS, UCNs and CRFRs are highly expressed in several tissues including the adrenal gland, indicating the presence of UCN-dependent regulatory mechanisms in these peripheral organ systems. Using knockout (KO) mouse models lacking single or multiple Ucn genes, we examined the potential role of the three different Ucns on morphology and function of the adrenal gland. Adrenal morphology was investigated, organ size, cell size, and number were quantified, and growth kinetics were studied by proliferative cell nuclear antigen staining and Ccnd1 expression analysis. Furthermore, mRNA expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis and catecholamine synthesis was quantified by real-time PCR. Following this approach, Ucn2, Ucn1/Ucn2 dKO and Ucn1/Ucn2/Ucn3 tKO animals showed a significant cellular hypotrophy of the adrenal cortex and an increase in Ccnd1 expression, whereas in all other genotypes, no changes were observable in comparison to age-matched controls. For steroidogenesis, Ucn2/Ucn3 dKO animals displayed the most pronounced changes, with significant increases in all investigated enzymes, providing indirect evidence for increased stress behavior. Taken together, these data suggest that mainly Ucn2 and Ucn3 could be involved in adrenal stress response regulation while Ucn2 additionally appears to play a role in morphology and growth of the adrenal gland.