Direct cauterization of the nasal septal artery for epistaxis

Emergency management of epistaxis may include the use of local pressure and vasoconstrictors, chemical or electric cautery, hemostatic agents, nasal packing, embolization, and surgical arterial ligation. There is no definitive protocol for the management of epistaxis, although various protocols have been proposed in the literature. As approaches to surgical ligation of the arterial supply of the nasal cavity have evolved from external carotid ligation to minimally invasive approaches, surgical management of epistaxis has become more effective than embolization and may be less risky. In the surgical management of epistaxis, arterial ligation immediately proximal to the bleeding site is preferred. We propose a simple variation of the endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation that may be used to manage epistaxis arising from the nasal septum and floor.     

鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜下下鼻甲部分切除术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎

目的探讨鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜下下鼻甲部分切除术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效,并介绍鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜下下鼻甲部分切除术的手术方法。方法28例慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者,鼻窦CT证实下鼻甲骨性肥大,行鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜下下鼻甲部分切除术,术前及术后3、12个月检查鼻阻力（nasal airway resistance,NAR）及应用VAS（visual analogue scale）评分法评价鼻通气功能。结果28例患者中痊愈20例,好转6例,无效2例。无鼻腔干燥、结痂、粘连、鼻泪管开口闭锁等并发症,下鼻甲形态满意。结论经鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜下下鼻甲部分切除术是治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的有效方法。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的外科解剖

目的探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的解剖学特点。方法采用鼻内镜对10例(20侧鼻腔)经10%福尔马林溶液固定的正常成人尸头标本的蝶腭动脉及其与相关结构的关系进行解剖,观察蝶腭孔定位,筛骨嵴的形态、大小及其与蝶腭孔的关系;测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘的间距以及筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距,观察蝶腭动脉分支及其走行。结果筛骨嵴略呈三角棘状骨性结构,表面粗糙,位于蝶腭孔的前上方。去除筛骨嵴后可见蝶腭动脉血管束从蝶腭孔中穿出,蝶腭动脉常有2~3支不等分支。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为(50.1±2.6)mm,筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距为(9.1±1.1)mm。结论蝶腭动脉在出蝶腭孔之前可能有分支;筛骨嵴位置固定,是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血

目的 评价鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血的疗效。方法 对25例后鼻孔填塞治疗无效的鼻出血住院患者,行鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术,其中24例全身麻醉,1例局部麻醉。25例中有2例患者同时行双侧蝶腭动脉电凝术。结果 术中所有蝶腭动脉均能明确识别,并在出蝶腭孔处将其成功电凝。22例术后未再出血;1例术后6h再次出血,经后鼻孔填塞2d后出血治愈;2例术后当天轻微鼻出血,药物治疗后停止。出院后随访3~6个月,患者均无再次鼻出血,除2例出现轻度鼻腔黏连外无其他并发症。结论 鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉电凝术治疗严重后段鼻出血是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

下鼻道泪后开窗上颌窦手术47例临床分析

目的：探讨经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗处理上颌窦病变的疗效。方法：对47例上颌窦病变的患者,采取在鼻内镜鼻窦手术基础上进行下鼻道泪后开窗,经下鼻道窗和扩大的自然窦口对上颌窦息肉、内翻性乳头状瘤、侵袭性鼻窦真菌病等病变进行清理。结果：47例患者上颌窦腔清洁,上颌窦窦口引流好,黏膜转归良好,中鼻道引流好,无囊泡水肿等黏膜病变。仅2例（4．25％）下鼻道窗口约2个月闭锁,1年后上颌窦腔清洁,无病灶复发。结论：经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗联合扩大的自然窦口完全满足处理上颌窦良性病变的需要,同时保留下鼻道窗可在术后起到机械性重力引流作用,在鼻腔鼻窦黏膜纤毛运输系统功能修复前尤为重要。     

鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉银夹夹闭术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的探讨鼻内镜下定位游离蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血的方法。方法对22例经反复鼻腔填塞及鼻内镜下电凝术治疗后仍有顽固性鼻腔后部出血的患者于全麻或局麻下行鼻内镜检查,在中鼻甲后端附着部纵向切开黏骨膜,寻找蝶腭孔并充分解剖蝶腭动脉主干及分支,以1～2枚银夹夹闭,复位黏骨膜瓣并填塞止血纱布和膨胀海绵。结果随访6—36个月,平均23个月。20例未再出血,2例分别于术后第6个月和9个月再次同侧筛动脉出血,经鼻内镜下电凝及填塞压迫止血后痊愈。结论鼻内镜下解剖蝶腭动脉并以银夹夹闭治疗顽固性鼻出血,方法简单,疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

Balloon embolization of the sphenopalatine artery in a case of a juvenile angiofibroma

Summary In a case of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma a peroperative transarterial embolization of the main feeding artery was used to minimize blood loss during surgery. Embolization and surgical technique as well as morphological tumor aspects are discussed.     

鼻内镜下电凝切割器电凝蝶腭动脉治疗鼻出血

目的 探讨鼻内镜下应用电凝切割器治疗难治性鼻出血的可行性及效果。方法 回顾分析2012年1月至8月入院的严重鼻出血患者的临床资料,患者均于鼻内镜下行蝶腭动脉的电凝治疗。结果 15例患者中14例完全暴露蝶腭动脉并予以电凝,1例未能暴露蝶腭动脉,而行蝶腭动脉区域电凝。所有患者均有效控制出血,无严重并发症发生。结论 鼻内镜下应用单极电凝吸引器凝闭蝶腭动脉是治疗严重鼻出血的一种安全、简便、有效的方法。     

蝶腭动脉结扎术治疗难治性鼻出血的研究进展

内镜下行蝶腭动脉结扎术,对保守治疗无效的鼻后端出血是有效且安全的治疗方法。本文对蝶腭动脉结扎术的产生及发展、解剖学基础、手术操作过程、适应证、有效性及并发症等方面进行综述,深入理解蝶腭动脉结扎术治疗难治性鼻出血的解剖基础及临床实践的意义。蝶腭动脉结扎术治疗难治性鼻出血,其理论支持充分,解剖标志相对固定,临床操作简单,效果可靠。可在临床广泛应用。     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉阻断术治疗老年难治性鼻出血

探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉阻断术治疗老年难治性鼻出血的疗效。     

游离下鼻甲黏膜修补鼻中隔穿孔

目的：探讨应用游离下鼻甲黏膜于鼻中隔黏膜夹层内缝合固定修补鼻中隔穿孔的效果。方法：用鼻中隔黏膜下矫正术的方法分离鼻中隔穿孔周围的黏软骨膜及骨膜，切取下鼻甲黏膜，将下鼻甲黏膜缝合固定于鼻中隔黏软骨膜及骨膜袋内，完全覆盖鼻中隔穿孔。结果：21例患者鼻中隔穿孔均修补成功，鼻中隔基本平直，双侧鼻腔通气良好。3～6个月后随访观察，鼻中隔未见穿孔。结论：自体下鼻甲黏膜取材方便，容易存活，可用于修补较大面积的鼻中隔穿孔；本文所用的缝合固定下鼻甲黏膜片的方法操作简单易行，移植物固定牢固，不易移位。     

以筛前动脉为蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣在额窦后壁缺损重建中的应用

 目的介绍一种以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣应用于额窦后壁缺损修复重建的新方法,并总结其疗效和初步应用体会。方法回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣修复15例额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄12~51岁,平均年龄32岁,均为外伤引起的颅底骨折、术前均经过至少1个月保守治疗无效的脑脊液鼻漏患者。采用内镜下DrafIIB型额窦开放+上方带蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣进行颅底修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,术后1个月拔除填充物后无脑脊液鼻漏发生,随访1~3年,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生,额窦及上颌窦均引流通畅,上皮化好。主要副反应为鼻腔干燥结痂。结论以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣取材方便,应用于额窦后壁颅底缺损修复疗效满意,该术式有创新性。     

Histopathology of the inferior turbinate with compensatory hypertrophy in patients with deviated nasal septum

OBJECTIVE: To measure the dimensions, composition, and possible structural and/or histopathological changes of the compensatory hypertrophic inferior turbinate in patients with deviated nasal septum. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, nonrandomized, and morphometric study. METHODS: Nineteen patients with deviated nasal septum and compensatory hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate in the contralateral nasal cavity underwent surgery for correction of nasal obstruction. Patients' specimens were compared with those of a control group consisting of 10 inferior turbinates removed at autopsy. Quantitative measurements of the inferior turbinate histological sections were carried out and included the width of the layers and morphometric calculations of the relative proportions of the soft tissue constituents. Also, qualitative study was performed to detect pathological changes. RESULTS: Of all layers, the inferior turbinate bone underwent a twofold increase in thickness and manifested the most significant expansion (P < or =.001), whereas the contribution of the mucosal layers to the inferior turbinate hypertrophy was modest. The morphometric analysis revealed a larger proportion of venous sinusoids in hypertrophic turbinates, but the difference was small and statistically insignificant. Qualitative assessment disclosed normal mucosal architecture in all inferior turbinates with compensatory hypertrophy. Eleven remained intact, while eight disclosed mild to moderate pathological changes. CONCLUSIONS: The data gathered in the present study are of importance to the decision-making process regarding turbinate surgery. The significant bone expansion and the relative minor role played by the mucosal hypertrophy would support the decision to excise the inferior turbinate bone at the time of septoplasty.     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉的电凝切断辅助超声刀切除鼻咽纤维血管瘤

摘要：目的探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉的电凝切断辅助超声刀技术在鼻咽纤维血管瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2005年5月~2015年4月安徽医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的16例鼻咽纤维血管瘤患者的临床资料。均为青少年男性,所有患者手术前行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography, DSA）,其中9例行超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术,然后在内镜下切除肿瘤;另7例术前没有行选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术患者直接行鼻内镜下电凝切断蝶腭动脉辅助超声刀技术切除肿瘤。比较两组手术时间、出血量、术后恢复时间、复发情况。结果两组手术时间、出血量、术后恢复时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;术后随访1～10年,两组患者均无复发。鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉的电凝切断辅助超声刀技术切除鼻咽纤维血管瘤避免了术前DSA的并发症及手术风险。结论鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉的电凝切断辅助超声刀技术是鼻咽纤维血管瘤切除一种安全、微创、有效的手术方法。术前是否选择行超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术要根据肿瘤的位置和分期以及术者的临床操作水平。     

Adenocarcinoma of the ethmoidal and nasal mucosa: lateral rhinotomy as a more conservative approach

Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are infrequent. In relation to salivary gland carcinomas of the naso-ethmoidal region and, due to its poor prognosis, a radical en bloc resection followed by radiotherapy is mandatory to control the disease. Surgically, naso-ethmoidal tumors must be managed by means of a combined craniofacial approach or using a lateral or total rhinotomy, a transpalatal or a transantral approach. We suggest the use of lateral rhinotomy for tumors of moderate size located homo-laterally, without involvement of the orbits, the cribriform plate, sphenoidal sinus or the clivus. A wide approach with minimal aesthetic and functional consequences is obtained by means of this method.     

Endoscopic cauterization of the sphenopalatine artery in pediatric intractable posterior epistaxis

Objective

To evaluate the rule of endoscopic sphenopalatine artery cauterization in posterior intractable epistaxis in pediatric age group as regard technical difficulty, efficacy, and safety in children.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Patients and methods

From March 2008 to February 2011, 7 children (4 male, 3 female) with idiopathic intractable posterior epistaxis, patients’ age ranged from 8 to 14 years (10.7 average). All patients underwent preoperative laboratory investigations to exclude bleeding or coagulation disorders and CT paranasal sinus. All patients underwent endoscopic sphenopalatine artery cauterization (7 procedures for 7 patients, 5 were in the right side and 2 were in the left side).

Results

postoperative evaluation showed no recurrence for epistaxis during the post operative follow up period. Also, no complications were found. The average follow up period was 17.8 months.

Conclusions

Endoscopic cauterization of sphenopalatine artery in pediatric age group was effective and safe technique providing that the surgeon has a good experience regarding pediatric endoscopic sinonasal anatomy. Minimal endoscopic technique in this age group is important to avoid unnecessary operative and postoperative complications. Avoid excessive cauterization to lateral nasal wall in this technique is crucial to avoid unexpected nerve injury or tissue necrosis.     

下鼻甲神经分布研究

目的：通过尸头解剖明确下鼻甲神经分布情况,为选择性切断支配下鼻甲神经治疗变应性鼻炎提供解剖基础。方法：4％多聚甲醛固定成人尸头标本20例（40侧）,从正中矢状位锯开,在10倍手术显微镜下解剖下鼻甲。结果：①鼻后下神经在黏膜和骨膜之间下行由下鼻甲附着处末端前方6～13mm处进入下鼻甲黏膜下,另有分支通过下鼻甲附着处末端进入下鼻甲黏膜下。②筛前神经在下鼻甲附着处上缘距前端2．0～4．6mm进入下鼻甲黏膜下。结论：鼻内镜下选择性地切断支配下鼻甲的神经支配是可行的。     

Impact of resection of the turbinates and the lateral nasal wall on particle deposition

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the investigation was to determine the influence of complete resection of the turbinates and the lateral nasal wall on nasal deposition of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm or less (pm10) and its relation to nasal patency and geometry. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Eight patients were enrolled in the study after unilateral sinus surgery for a unilateral inverted papilloma of the sinuses. Particle deposition from the inhaled and exhaled air was measured by means of a laser particle counter in the nasal valve area and the nasopharynx during nose-only breathing and nose-in, mouth-out breathing. The data on deposited fraction for the operated side were compared with the data for the untreated, healthy side. Rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry were performed. RESULTS: Particle deposition did not differ significantly between the operated and untreated sides of the nose at both detection sites. No correlation between the deposited fraction and rhinomanometric and rhinometric values was found. CONCLUSION: Radical resection of the turbinates does not seem to disturb particle deposition (pm10) measured in the nose to a significant degree. Factors other than impaction and sedimentation onto the mucosal surface of the turbinates seem to be sufficient for effective particle deposition after radical removal of the turbinates.