不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤手术治疗策略

2009年5月28日,在上海交通大学附属第一人民医院主办的"肩关节创伤及人工关节高级研讨班"上,欧洲著名肩关节外科专家、法国Arnaud Godenèche医生就"不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤的手术治疗策略"作了精彩报告.     

Arthroscopic treatment of massive rotator cuff tears

In the past 10 years, arthroscopic surgeons have gone from being unable to repair any rotator cuff tears arthroscopically to being able to repair virtually all rotator cuff tears, even complex massive tears, arthroscopically. The factors responsible for this rapid evolution have been: (1) recognition of the mechanical principles responsible for a secure repair (margin convergence, knot security, loop security); (2) recognition of major tear patterns that require different techniques of repair; and (3) development of instrumentation and arthroscopic portals that predictably accomplish secure repair of the rotator cuff and direct access to the pathologic areas. In the current study, the author analyzes each factor, anatomic and mechanical, that influences the quality of the repair, and explains how to optimize the overall repair by optimizing each step in the repair. In the author's series of arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears, the results have been gratifying, with massive tears achieving final results equivalent to those of smaller tears.     

巨大肩袖撕裂治疗现状

巨大肩袖撕裂是目前骨科疾病难点之一,对于其最佳治疗方式目前仍缺乏统一认识。治疗方式主要有药物治疗、物理治疗、康复治疗以及手术治疗等。对于可修复性巨大肩袖撕裂可尝试通过开放手术、关节镜辅助小切口治疗或全关节镜治疗,对于不可修复性撕裂可通过部分修复、肌腱移位、重建上方关节囊、补片增强、关节置换甚至关节融合等方式进行治疗。随着对肩袖撕裂的病因、损伤机制以及肩关节解剖力学等理解的逐步深入,同时得益于肩关节镜手术技术和关节镜器械的飞速发展,开发利用成体干细胞、富血小板血浆、新型修复补片材料等以降低手术失败率、术后再撕裂率以及关节僵硬等并发症,逐渐成为了目前研究的热点和重点。本文旨在对巨大肩袖撕裂治疗现状和最新研究进展进行综述,并探讨未来治疗研究趋势。     

Arthroscopic repair of large and massive rotator cuff tears

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of arthroscopically repaired large and massive rotator cuff tears at 1- to 5-year follow-up.Type of Study:Retrospective chart review.Methods:Sixty consecutive patients who had arthroscopically repairable large or massive tears were identified by retrospective chart review. Large tears are defined as defects in the cuff measuring from 3 to 5 cm and massive tears measuring greater than 5 cm. Ten of these patients were lost to follow-up before 1 year postoperatively and were excluded from the study. The remaining 50 were the focus of this study.Results:Thirty-seven patients had large tears and 13 had massive tears. Follow-up averaged 32 months (range, 12 to 63 months). Based on the University of California Los Angeles shoulder rating, 88% of patients had good or excellent outcomes. Although 6 patients were considered failures based on the UCLA score, 98% of patients were satisfied with the result. Only 1 of these failures underwent a second operation for revision repair. There was no significant difference in final scores when comparing the massive tears to the entire group, but all preoperative scores were lower for those with massive tears than the large tears.Conclusions:Arthroscopic management of large and massive tears results in good or excellent outcomes in 88% of patients, which is comparable to reported outcomes following open repairs.     

大型及巨大肩袖撕裂的肩关节镜下治疗

目的 探讨全关节镜下手术对大型及巨大肩袖撕裂进行治疗的手术技巧与临床疗效.方法 2004年3月至2008年9月对13例大型或巨大肩袖撕裂患者行肩关节镜下手术治疗,男3例,女10例;年龄45～72岁,平均58.3岁.4例有肩关节摔伤病史,3例有搬抬重物致伤史,其余患者无明显外伤史.肩关节疼痛、无力病史4个月～7年,平均10.6个月.关节镜下11例患者行肩峰成形术,8例行肩袖组织缝合锚修复,5例行单纯肩袖组织清理等.采用视觉模拟法(VAS)疼痛评分和加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)肩关节功能评分进行疗效评估.结果 所有患者术后随访16～32个月,平均18.2个月.术前VAS评分为(6.6±1.3)分,末次随访时为(1.5±1.1)分.术前UCLA肩关节评分为(11.2±2.2)分,末次随访时为(29.5±2.2)分.术前与末次随访时各项评分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肩关节镜下手术治疗大型及巨大肩袖撕裂是一种微创、有效、安全的治疗方式.     

Surgical treatment of tears of the rotator cuff in athletes

Forty-five athletes with either a partial or a complete tear of the rotator cuff were treated with anterior acromioplasty and repair of the tear. The minimum duration of follow-up was twenty-four months (average, forty-two months). Thirty patients had an incomplete tear and fifteen had a complete tear. Postoperatively, thirty-nine (87 per cent) of the patients stated that they were improved compared with their preoperative status, although only thirty-four patients (76 per cent) felt that they had a significant reduction of pain postoperatively. Objectively, twenty-five (56 per cent) of the patients were rated as having a good result, which allowed them to return to their former competitive level without significant pain. Twelve (41 per cent) of the twenty-nine athletes who had been involved in pitching and throwing returned to their former competitive status. Seven (32 per cent) of the twenty-two pitchers and throwers who had been active at a professional or collegiate level returned to the same competitive level. In our experience, a repair of the rotator cuff combined with an acromioplasty in a young athletic population provides satisfactory relief of pain but does not guarantee that the patient will be able to return to his or her former competitive status in all sports.     

Management of massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears

Massive rotator cuff tears pose a distinct clinical challenge for the orthopaedist. In this review, we will discuss the classification, diagnosis, and evaluation of massive rotator cuff tears before discussing various treatment options for this problem. Nonoperative treatment has had inconsistent results and proven unsuccessful for chronic symptoms while operative treatment including débridement and partial and complete repairs have had varying degrees of success. For rotator cuff tears that are deemed irreparable, treatment options are limited. The use of tendon transfers in younger patients to reconstruct rotator cuff function and restore shoulder kinematics can be useful in salvaging this difficult problem.Level of EvidenceReview Article.     

Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of massive tears of the rotator cuff

The objective of this paper was to determine the outcome of the transfer of the latissimus dorsi tendon in patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Eighteen patients of mean age 54 years (range 37-72 years) with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears were studied. The mean follow-up was 28 months (range 12-58 months). The postoperative Constant score was higher by an average of 21.15 points compared to the preoperative score (P=0.002); 88.8% of patients reported significant pain relief and improved mobility, particularly on external rotation. Postoperative resting antero-posterior radiography in neutral rotation revealed a mean 3.2-mm depression of the humeral head, due to the tenodesis effect of tendon transfer, thus, increasing the deltoid lever arm. These clinical results suggest that latissimus dorsi transfer is a useful surgical technique for treating massive irreparable postero-superior tears of the rotator cuff in young and/or active patients, providing significant pain relief and improved shoulder strength.     

A rat model of massive rotator cuff tears

Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are the most common tendon injury seen in orthopedic patients. Massive RCT does not heal spontaneously and results in poor clinical outcomes. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration in rotator cuff muscles are major complications of chronic massive RCT and are thought to be the key factors responsible for the failure of attempted massive RCT repair. However, the pathophysiology of rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fat infiltration remains largely unknown, and no small animal model has been shown to reproduce the histologic and molecular changes seen in massive RCT. In this article, we report a novel rat massive RCT model, in which significant and consistent muscle atrophy and fat infiltration were observed in the rotator cuff muscles after rotator cuff tendon transection and denervation. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle lost 25.4% and 28.9% of their wet weight 2 weeks after complete tendon transection, respectively. Six weeks after surgery, the average wet weight of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles decreased 13.2% and 28.3%, respectively. Significant fat infiltration was only observed in infraspinatus 6 weeks after tendon transection. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:588–595, 2011     

Reversed arthroscopic subacromial decompression for massive rotator cuff tears

This prospective study evaluates the results of a procedure for massive rotator cuff tears that we term reversed arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD). The procedure includes an arthroscopic debridement of the subacromial space and glenohumeral joint, an arthroscopic tuberoplasty, and depending on the pathologic condition of the long head of the biceps, a biceps tendon tenotomy. Reversed ASD avoids a classic acromioplasty in order to preserve the integrity of the coracoacromial arch. Twenty-three patients with a mean age of 69 years underwent this procedure. After a mean follow-up of 40 months, the age-adjusted Constant score increased significantly, from 65.9% to 90.6% (P <.001), with 14 excellent, 5 good, 2 satisfactory, and 1 poor result. Preexisting osteoarthritic changes increased significantly but had no impact on the final clinical results. The acromiohumeral distance decreased from 5.1 to 4.5 mm (P =.004). There were no complications directly related to the surgical procedure. When compared with classic ASD studies for massive rotator cuff tears, we obtained similar midterm results with regard to pain relief, functional recovery, and patient satisfaction. We, therefore, conclude that reversed ASD with tenotomy of the long head of the biceps tendon offers a less invasive treatment strategy for massive rotator cuff tears while preserving the integrity of the coracoacromial arch.     

巨大肩袖损伤关节镜手术治疗进展

巨大肩袖损伤的手术治疗是骨科医师面临的一个挑战,且肩袖撕裂后肌腱回缩、粘连及脂肪浸润会进一步加大手术修复难度,所以如何更好地修复巨大肩袖损伤成为了目前研究的热点与难点。近年来,随着关节镜技术不断发展,肩关节镜手术已成为治疗巨大肩袖损伤的金标准,但其不同术式的适应证、效果及联合应用仍存在争议。笔者认为对于功能要求较低的老年患者,可行肩关节清理联合肩峰成形术或肱骨大结节成形术,可短期缓解患者肩关节疼痛;对于伴有肱二头肌长头腱损伤的患者,肱二头肌长头腱切断或固定术效果显著;完全修补术依旧是巨大肩袖撕裂的一线治疗方法,而对于无法完全修补的巨大肩袖撕裂可行部分修补术;对于功能需求较高的年轻患者,补片增强技术可带来良好的效果;对于肩关节内外旋能力受限且功能要求较高的患者,建议选用肌腱转位术;对于无明显盂肱关节炎、三角肌力量较好、功能要求较高的患者,上关节囊重建术更具优势。此外,肩峰下假体植入术因其创伤小、费用低、相对安全等优点成为目前研究热点,其长期效果仍需进一步证实。     

Surgical and nonsurgical management of rotator cuff tears

Although rotator cuff tears may be asymptomatic, symptomatic tears have had treatment varying from nonoperative therapy and debridement with subacromial decompression to operative repair. The benchmark for comparison should be nonoperative treatment when deciding to proceed to operative repair. This review will analyze the recent peer-reviewed publications describing results of operative repair, how this regimen differs with nonoperative treatment, and any outcome differences between operative and nonoperative treatment. Operative repair has consistently shown a higher rate of pain relief in patients (85%) and a better return of strength. Nonoperative treatment is expected to produce satisfactory relief of pain in only 50% of patients and no improvement in strength at long-term follow-up.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 5 (May-June), 2002: pp 527–531